Chapter 22 Section 4 The rise and fall of frontier regimes

During the Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties, there were several regimes that coexisted with the Central Plains Dynasty in China, mainly including: The Turks originated from the upper reaches of the Yenisei River in today's Russia, and later moved to the northern foot of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang.In the 5th century AD, it was conquered by Rouran and moved to the Altai Mountains.However, in the middle of the 6th century, it quickly became stronger, destroyed Rouran, and established a vast khanate, which included the central and western parts of Inner Mongolia, the Mongolian Plateau, southern Siberia in the east and west of Lake Baikal, most of today's Xinjiang, and the Central Asian Aral Sea. , the Amu Darya River, the Syr Darya River, and the Chu River Basin to the east of Lake Balkhash, the Yazhang (the leader's residence) was built in the eastern section of the Hangai Mountains in Mongolia today.

In 582 (the second year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign), the Turks split into two parts, east and west, roughly bounded by the Altai Mountains.The East Turks built their tooth tents on the west bank of the Orhun River in the northwest of Harhelin, Mongolia, and the West Turks built their king's court (the residence of the king) on ​​Sanmi Mountain (now at the southern foot of North Tianshan Mountain in Kuqa, Xinjiang). The Eastern Turks were destroyed in the Tang Dynasty in 630 (the fourth year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty). In 682 (the first year of Tang Yongchun), the country was re-established. It was called the post-Turkic state in history. The territory was roughly the same as before it was destroyed. In Ligan and Selenge River Basin, there are Huihe [hehe], etc., and the rule is unstable. In 44 years (the third year of Tianbao in Tang Dynasty), it was destroyed in Huihe.

The Western Turks were destroyed by the Tang Dynasty in 659 (the fourth year of Tang Xianqing). Huihe was originally one of the fifteen tribes of Tie Le, and its subjects belonged to Turks.After Tianbao first destroyed the Turks, it basically inherited its territory, and the Yazhang was still built between the present-day Hangai Mountain and the Orkhon River.Because of his meritorious service in helping Tang pacify the Anshi Rebellion, the relationship with the Tang Dynasty became closer. In 788 (the fourth year of Tang Zhenyuan), it was renamed Uighur.Later, it expanded westward across the Altai Mountains, expelled Tubo, acquired the area north of the Tianshan Mountains, and once entered the Fergana Basin in Central Asia.However, Ge Luolu, who once formed an alliance with the Uyghur (huhu) against the Turks, moved westward from the upper reaches of the Irtysh River and set up its capital in Suiye City (near Tokmak in today’s northern Kyrgyzstan), so the western Central Asia region is Ge Luo Lu all.In the later period of the Uyghurs, they repeated the mistakes of the Turks. They were destroyed in Xiajiasi in 840 (the fifth year of Tang Kaicheng) amid civil strife and natural disasters.

Most of the Uyghurs moved westward, and the two main branches later established a relatively stable territory. Xizhou Uyghur, located in the eastern section of Tianshan Mountain, in the area from Urumqi to Hami in Xinjiang today, with the old city of Gaochang in Xizhou as its capital, also known as Gaochang Uyghur and Gaochang.By the beginning of the 12th century, the territory expanded to the Tarim River Basin, which is now the Kuqa area.Later, it became a vassal state of the Western Liao Dynasty, which belonged to Mongolia in the early 13th century, and became a territory directly under the Yuan Dynasty in the middle of the year.

The Hexi Uighurs are located in the middle of the Hexi Corridor, with Ganzhou (where the government is located today in Zhangye, Gansu) as the center. It was destroyed in Xixia in the early 11th century. Another group moved to the Chu River Basin west of Congling, defected to Ge Luolu, called Congling West Uyghur, and established the Black Khan (Kara Khanate) together with Ge Luolu and other tribes in the early 10th century. During the Sui Dynasty, the tribes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were not unified. There were Baoji and Sun Bo in the middle, Dangxiang, Jialiang, and Fuguo in the east, and Nüguo and Xiangxiong in the west. By the beginning of the 7th century, three major forces had formed—Tuyuhun, Subi (Sun Bo, Sun Boru) and Tubo.Tuyuhun was destroyed in the Sui Dynasty and restored at the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, but it was destroyed again in 635 (the ninth year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty) and became part of the Tang Dynasty.However, Tubo rose during the period of its Zanpu (leader) Songtsen Gampo, and moved its capital to Luoxie from Shannan Pibo City (now Qiongjie County, Tibet) and annexed the Subi and Yangtong tribes. , broke Dangxiang and Bailan, defeated Tuyuhun, obtained its old land, conquered the big and small Bolu in the present-day Kashmir region to the west, and took Nibala (now Nepal) and other places to the south. And it occupies the western part of Sichuan, the northwestern part of Yunnan and other places.After the Anshi Rebellion, Tubo expanded eastward and southward, and acquired a large area of ​​land in the Tang Dynasty. From the late 8th century to the beginning of the 9th century, the territory of Tubo reached its peak. It stretched from Congling in the west to Longshan and the western edge of the Sichuan Basin in the east, from the Tianshan Mountains and Juyanhai in the north to the southern foot of the Himalayas in the south. In the middle of the 9th century, civil strife broke out in Tubo, and the country declined, and then it was divided internally. In the 10th century, only a small part remained in the Helong area. The Achai at the southern foot of the Qilian Mountains belonged to the Tuyuhun tribe who belonged to Tubo. Si, with Bowo and Gan in the east, and Tibet in the west, the Ngari region and Kashmir region today are divided into Nali, Guge, Burang, Rituo, Mayu and other ministries.

There are many tribes on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. In the early Tang Dynasty, Rongzhou and Yaozhou were respectively set up in Yibin, Sichuan and Yao'an, Yunnan to control them. In 649 (the 23rd year of Zhenguan), Mengshe Zhao, one of the six edicts of Wuman, established the Dameng regime in Weishan County, Yunnan today.Because it is the most southern of the six imperial edicts, it is called Nanzhao. At the beginning of the 8th century, Tubo invaded the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.In order to fight against Tubo, the Tang Dynasty supported Pi Luoge, the leader of Mengshe Zhao, to unify the six imperial edicts, and he was named the king of Yunnan. Nanzhao moved its capital to Taihe City (now Taihe Village, Dali City, Yunnan).During the Tianbao period (742-756 A.D.), Nanzhao annexed Dongzhao and Xizhao, and expanded eastward, occupying the Cuan nationality area. In 750 (the ninth year of Tianbao in Tang Dynasty), Piluoge rebelled against Tang Dynasty and captured Yaozhou. The next year, it attached itself to Tubo.After the Anshi Rebellion, it expanded to the north and seized the surrounding areas, and built and expanded the east city in today's Kunming city to control the southeast. In 794 (the tenth year of Tang Zhenyuan), he turned to unite with the Tang Dynasty to fight against Tubo, and seized the governorship of Shenchuan (now Jianchuan, Heqing, Lijiang, Zhongdian, Yunnan) and Kunming City (now Yanyuan County, Sichuan). Conquer Mangman, Black Tooth and other tribes.

In 779 (the 14th year of Dali in the Tang Dynasty), Nanzhao moved its capital to Yangjuba [mie Nie] City (now Dali City, Yunnan Province). Its heyday territory included all of present-day Yunnan, most of the south of the Dadu River in Sichuan, western Guizhou, and Naga in northern Myanmar. Mountains and east of the Salween River, northern Laos and other places. In 902 (the second year of Tang Tianfu), the aristocrat Zheng Maisi seized power, and established the Dachanghe Kingdom the following year. In 928 (three years after Tiancheng in the later Tang Dynasty), the Zhao family seized power and changed the name of the country to Tianxing. In 929, the Yang family seized power and changed the name of the country to Yining. In 937 (the second year of Tianfu in the later Jin Dynasty), Duan Siping replaced the Yang family and established the Dali Kingdom, with Dali as the capital (formerly Yangjumei City) and Shanchan (formerly Tuodong City) as Tokyo.During this period, the country's territory changed little except for a slight shrinkage in the northeast.

After Goguryeo was destroyed in the early Tang Dynasty, Goguryeo placed Da Zuorong in Yingzhou in western Liaoning.After the Khitan rebellion occupied Yingzhou, Da Zuorong led his troops into the Mohe area and became the leader of the Mohe people. In 698 (the first year of Tang Shengli), the Zhen (Yizuozhen) Kingdom was established, with Xianzhou (now Dunhua City, Jilin) ​​as its capital . In 713 (the second year of Tang Xiantian), he was granted the title of Bohai County King by the Tang Dynasty and renamed Bohai. In the middle of the 8th century, the capital was moved to Shangjing Longquan Mansion (now Tokyo City, southwest of Ning'an County, Heilongjiang).In its heyday, there were five capitals, fifteen prefectures, and sixty-two prefectures in the territory. Its territory stretched to Nong'an and Lishu in Jilin in the west, Changtu and Kuandian in Liaoning, Yuhai in the east, and Hegang, Tongjiang, Fuyuan and Heilongjiang in the north. To the east, south to Dandong City, Liaoning, northeast to the Longxing River in North Korea.

In 926 (the first year of Khitan Tianxian), it was destroyed by Khitan and changed to Dongdan State, which became a vassal of Khitan. In 928, it moved to Liaodong, and in 982 it was incorporated into the Liao Dynasty.