Chapter 17 Section 3 Stability in Confrontation: Reunification and Restoration of the North

Tuoba Xianbei moved from Wuyuan to Shengle (now north of Helinger County, Inner Mongolia) in 258 (the third year of Wei Ganlu) and formed a tribal alliance.When it was handed down to Luguan (reigned from 295 to 308 AD), there were three branches: one in the north of Shanggu, west of Ruyuan (now west of Fengning County, Hebei), and one in Daijun Canhebei (now Shanxi To the north of the west of Datong City, one is located in Shengle, and the scope of control extends to the south to the Sanggan River in today's Shanxi.At that time, there was another Baibu Xianbei living in the northern part of Bingzhou (now the northwestern part of Shanxi). In the fourth year of Jin Yongjia (310 A.D.), Tuoba leader Yi Lu assisted Liu Kun, the governor of Jin Bingzhou, to defeat Baibu Xianbei and Tiefu Xiongnu Liu Hu as a reward He was granted the title of Daigong, and obtained the land of five counties, and the territory expanded to present Daixian, Shuozhou and Fanzhi in Shanxi. In 315 (the third year of Jin Jianxing), the Dai Kingdom was established, with Pingcheng (now Datong City) as its southern capital.In the thirty-ninth year of the founding of the country (AD 376), it was destroyed by the former Qin Dynasty.

In 386 (the eleventh year of Jin Taiyuan), Tuobagui collected the old tribes and restored the country. In the same year, he moved the capital to Shengle, which was called the State of Wei, and was called the Northern Wei Dynasty in history.In the third year of Emperor Shi's reign (398 A.D.), the capital was moved to Pingcheng.The Northern Wei Dynasty seized most of the territory from Houyan and Xia, and successively destroyed Beiyan and Beiliang, and basically unified the north during the reign of Emperor Taiwu Tuoba Tao (424-451 AD).In the 17th year of Emperor Xiaowen Taihe (493 A.D.), the capital was moved to Luoyang.

When the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the north, the territory was roughly north to the north of the Sino-Mongolian border. The Mongolian Plateau and the upper reaches of the Yenisei River and Lake Baikal have Rouran, Gaoche (Chile), Qigu and other tribes. Among them, Rouran and the Northern Wei Dynasty It is the neighbor and the most powerful. There is a Khan Court in Checherleg, the eastern section of the Mongolian Hangai Mountains.The eastern boundary of the Northern Wei Dynasty had retreated to the west of the Liaohe River, controlling the lower reaches of the present-day Daling River, and Liaodong became the scope of Goguryeo.The Xirong Xiaowei Mansion of the Northern Wei Dynasty was stationed in Jini (now Ruoqiang County, Xinjiang), and controlled Yanqi (now Yanqi County, Xinjiang) and the Shanshan area, but failed to expand to other areas of the Western Regions.The southern boundary is south of the present-day Yellow River, occupying the central part of Henan and the northwestern part of Shandong.

In the twenty-seventh year of Song Yuanjia in the Southern Dynasties (AD 450, the eleventh year of Taiping Zhenjun in the Northern Wei Dynasty), the Northern Expedition failed. Northern Jiangsu.But the Northern Wei Dynasty had lost control of the Western Regions in the west and retreated to Yiwu (now Hami City, Xinjiang). In the third year of Yongxi in the Northern Wei Dynasty (534 A.D., the sixth year of Datong in Liangzhong), Emperor Xiaowu failed to crusade against the powerful minister Gao Huan.Leaving Guanzhong, relying on Yuwentai to establish the capital in Chang'an, known as the Western Wei Dynasty in history.Gao Huan made Yuan Shanjian the emperor and moved the capital to Ye, known as the Eastern Wei Dynasty in history.The boundary between the Eastern and Western Wei was roughly in the Yellow River, the southwest of today's Shanxi, the west of Henan, and the north of Hubei.

In the fifth year of Wuding in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (547 A.D., the second year of Datong in Liangzhong), Hou Jing surrendered Liang from Henan, expanding Liang's territory to the north of the Huaihe River.At this time, Kualu (reigned 529-591 AD), the leader of Tuyuhun, called Khan Jianguo, and in 540 (the sixth year of Datong in the Western Wei Dynasty) took Fucheng City (near the mouth of the Buha River on the west bank of Qinghai Lake today) as his capital.The Western Regions of the Western Wei Dynasty were occupied by Tuyuhun, Yiwu was occupied by Rouran, and the western border retreated to Dunhuang.

In the eighth year of Wuding of the Eastern Wei Dynasty (550 A.D., the 16th year of Datong of the Western Wei Dynasty, and the first year of Liang Dabao), Gao Yang abolished Emperor Xiaojing and established himself. The country was named Qi, and it was called Northern Qi in history. In the second year of Emperor Abolition of the Western Wei Dynasty (553 A.D., the second year of Chengsheng Liang), Yizhou of Liang was captured, and Jiangling, where Emperor Yuan of Liang was located, was captured the following year. Its territory increased to the west of Hubei and Sichuan.Present-day Guizhou and Yunnan nominally became part of the Western Wei Dynasty with the ownership of Yizhou, but they have actually been occupied by local ethnic groups.The Western Wei Dynasty set aside several counties near Jiangling to establish Xiao Xi as Emperor Liang, and as a vassal, he was called Houliang in history.

In 557 (the eighth year of Tianbao in the Northern Qi Dynasty and the second year in Liang Taiping), the Northern Zhou Dynasty replaced the Western Wei Dynasty.At the same time, the Northern Qi seized the land between the Jianghuai River and the Huaihe River in the Southern Dynasty, so Chen's northern border had retreated to the Yangtze River.