Chapter 8 Section 4 Eastern Zhou Dynasty (Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period)

At the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, You Wang was licentious and immoral, and he abolished Shen Empress and established Bao Si (si 4) as empress.In 771 BC, the father of Empress Shen, Marquis Shen, led a dog army to attack and kill King You at the foot of Mount Li, and the Western Zhou Dynasty perished.After succeeding to the throne, the crown prince became King Ping, and under the escort of Jin, Qin, Zheng, Wei and other princes, he moved eastward to Luoyi in 770 BC. The subsequent Zhou Dynasty was called the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in history.The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two phases, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The former is named after the annals "Spring and Autumn" of the State of Lu, and the latter is derived from the "Warring States Policy" compiled by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty. At present, the historical circles generally regard 770 BC to 476 BC as the period During the Spring and Autumn Period, the period from 475 BC to 221 BC was the Warring States Period.

In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the emperor of Zhou had only the false name of "co-lord".In the Spring and Autumn Period, there were more than 140 princes, big and small, among which the main 13 were: Lu, Qi, Jin, Qin, Chu, Song, Wei, Chen, Cai, Cao, Zheng, Yan, and Wu.After fierce competition and annexation, only about 30 countries remained by the end of the Spring and Autumn Period.In this process, the territory of a big country generally continues to expand, but due to endless wars, the territory is unstable. There are also non-Chinese tribes among the countries in the Central Plains. Today, there are Chidi and Lu clans at the eastern and western foothills of the southern Taihang Mountains, present-day Shanxi and northern Henan, and there are Baidi in present-day northern Shaanxi. The other species of Baidi are Xianyu and Fei Drums, etc. are distributed in the central part of Henan today. In the areas of Yishui and Luoshui in Henan, there are Yangju, Quangao, Yiluo[luoluo] Rong, and Luhun Zhirong. There is Mao Rong in Pinlu, Shanxi today, and Ruchuan in Henan today. Barbarian.There are also many Yidi tribes around the princes, such as Shanrong, Donghu, and Sushen in the northeast; Qiang, Linhu, and Loufan in the northwest; Yi.

At the beginning of the Warring States Period, the State of Yue destroyed Wu in 473 B.C., and its power expanded to the Shandong Peninsula until now. present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu).In 453 BC, the three families of Han, Zhao and Wei divided up the state of Jin, and in 403 BC they were recognized as vassals by King Zhou.The dictatorship of the Tian family in the Qi State was also recognized as a prince by the King of Zhou in 386 BC, actually replacing the Qi State of the Lu family.Since then, Qin, Chu, Han, Zhao, Wei, (Tian) Qi, and Yan have become the most powerful seven vassal states, which are called the "Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period" by later generations.However, the territory directly under the king of Zhou was shrinking day by day, and by 367 BC it was divided into two small states, the Eastern Zhou (the west area of ​​Luoyang City, Henan Province today) and the Western Zhou Dynasty (the southwest area of ​​Gongyi City, Henan Province today).

The State of Qin established its capital at Yong (southwest of today's Fengxiang County, Shaanxi), and later moved to Jing〔jing〕yang (northwest of Jingyang County, Shaanxi), and Yue〔yue〕yang (northeast of Lintong County, Shaanxi), 350 BC The capital was Xianyang (now northeast of Xianyang City, Shaanxi).The Wei State was initially capitalized in Anyi (northwest of Xiaxian County, Shanxi Province), and was established in Daliang (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province) in 361 BC.South Korea initially used Pingyang (southwest of Linfen City, Shanxi) as its capital at first, and moved its capital to Yiyang (west of Yiyang County, Henan Province) and Yangzhai (Yuzhou City, Henan Province) successively. After Zheng was destroyed in 375 BC, it moved to Xinzheng (now Xinzheng City).The capital of Zhao State was moved from Jinyang (southwest of Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province) to Zhongmu (west of Hebi City, Henan Province), and was established in Handan (now Handan City, Hebei Province) in 386 BC.The state of Chu established its capital in Ying (ying Ying) (northwest of Jiangling District, Jingchuan City, Hubei Province today), and moved its capital to Chen (now Huaiyang County, Henan Province) and Juyang (now Fuyang City, Anhui Province) under the attack of Qin State in 278 BC. North), moved to Shouchun (now Shou County, Anhui) in 241 BC.The relocation of the capital roughly reflects the development and change process of the territory of these vassal states.The capital of the State of Qi has always been Linzi (northeast of the old Linzi in the northeast of Zibo City, Shandong), and the capital of the State of Yan has been in Ji (now Beijing). The borders of the two countries are relatively stable.

At that time, Rong Zhai and other non-Chinese tribes and countries were partially destroyed by vassal states, such as Dali, Yiqu, Quyan, Mianzhu, (豸厡) [Huanhuan] in Guanzhong, and Shu in the south of Qinling Mountains. , Ba, Ju (ju Ju) and other countries were destroyed by Qin, Linhu and Loufan in the north were destroyed by Zhao State, and Donghu was expelled from the Great Wall by Yan State; the other part is still distributed in the surrounding areas, such as Qin, Zhao, Yan To the north of the Three Kingdoms were the Xiongnu, in the northwest of the Qin State there were the Yuezhi [zhizhi], Wusun, and Xizhi, and to the south of Bashu there were Ruo [zeze], Bo [bo Bo], Qiong [qiong poor], Wei, Yelang, Qilan, Dian and other barbarians in the southwest, Jiuyi and Baipu in the southwest of Chu State, Dongyue (Ouyue, Minyue), Yangyue, Luoyue, etc. in the south of Yue State, and Hui, Fa, and Luoyue in the northeast of Yan State. Gao Yi, Su Shen, etc.

In the late Warring States period, the Qin State became stronger and stronger. From 330 to 328 BC, it captured the Xihe and Shangjun of the Wei State in the west of the Yellow River; in 316 BC, it destroyed Ba and Shu and occupied the present Hanzhong Basin and Sichuan Basin; The Jianghan River Basin including Duying; the Western Zhou Dynasty was destroyed in 256 BC; the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was destroyed in 254 BC.After Qin Wangzheng ascended the throne in 246 BC, he accelerated the pace of destroying the six kingdoms: Korea was destroyed in 230 BC; 〕Northeast of the county); in 226 BC, the land of Yan was taken, and the king of Yan moved eastward to Liaodong; in 225 BC, Wei was destroyed; In the same year, the Dai was destroyed, and the king was captured; in 221 BC, Qi was destroyed, and the king of Qi was captured; so far, except for Wei, which was retained as a vassal, all the other vassal states have been eliminated.