Chapter 27 Section 5 Jimi Prefecture in Tang Dynasty and Jimi Duwei in Ming Dynasty

Although the above-mentioned military-administered and military-guardian administrative regions are different from official administrative regions, the tribute registrations are reported to the relevant departments of the central government.In addition, there is another type of informal administrative area, which is loosely controlled by the central government, and the number of tribute registrations is not as high as that of the Ministry of Households. Moreover, the characteristics of the administrative area are not obvious, that is, there is no clear hierarchy, size, and boundary. The tribal rule is a military organization attached to the frontier, which was called Jimi Prefecture in Tang Dynasty and Jimi Guardhouse in Ming Dynasty.The so-called restraint means rule in name, and the original meaning is bondage.

In the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong of Jimi Prefecture had a great reputation after he pacified the Turks. Therefore, all the tribes and barbarians in the Northwest belonged to each other, expressing their allegiance.The imperial court set up prefectures and counties according to their tribes, and the larger tribes were set up as the governor's mansion, and their leaders were the governor, governor, and county magistrate, and a hereditary system was adopted.These prefectures and counties are called Jimi prefectures.During the Tang Dynasty, 856 Jimi prefectures were established successively, all of which were divided by the governors and guards of the border prefectures.If divided by ethnic minorities and the areas they belong to, then:

Turks, Huihe, Dangxiang, and Tuyuhun belonged to Guannei Road, with 29 prefectures and 90 prefectures; the other tribes of Turks, Xi, Khitan, Mohe [mohe Mohe], Jianghu, and Goryeo belonged to Hebei, with 14 prefectures and 46 prefectures ; Turkic, Huihe, Dangxiang, the other tribes of Tuyuhun, Qiuci, Khotan, Yanqi, Shule, the Hu in Hexi, and the sixteen countries of the Western Regions in Longyou, there are 51 prefectures and 198 prefectures; There are 261 prefectures in Jiannan; 51 prefectures in Jiangnan; 92 prefectures in Lingnan; and 24 Dangxiang prefectures, whose affiliation is unknown.

There are a huge number of prefectures and prefectures, and the situation is very different. Some have tighter controls, some have looser controls, and some are just names, and it is impossible to distinguish them in detail.Some with tighter control are not much different from Zhengzhou. There are counties under the prefecture, and there are registered households.Some Zhengzhous can also be converted into Jimi states. For example, there are six prefectures in the south of the Yangtze River: Zang, Yan, Zhuang, Chong, Ying, and Ju (now central and southern Guizhou). State. Jimi Prefecture, which is loosely controlled, has neither counties nor registrations.I only know that it was placed by a certain tribe.There are even some prefectures that only have the name of the state, or even only registered.The most vivid example is the Persian Dudufu, which was the most remote Jimifu in the Tang Dynasty.During Emperor Gaozong's reign, Persia was in turmoil and was invaded by the Great Food Kingdom. The king was killed, and his son Belus went to Chang'an to ask for help. The journey was too far, and the sender only went as far as the Western Regions, and Belus did not return to Persia, but was detained in Tocharo. Even so, the Persian Governor's Mansion was still listed among the prefectures of Jimi in the Tang Dynasty.

Similar to the Jimi prefecture in the Tang Dynasty was the Jimi Capital Si Weisuo in the Ming Dynasty.The Dusi Weisuo was a self-contained military institution in the Ming Dynasty, and it was also a form of administrative district.On the outskirts of these Dusi Weisuo, the Ming Dynasty also established a kind of Dusi Weisuo with a weaker control and a prison nature. The most important ones are as follows: The land under the jurisdiction of Nuergandu is extremely wide, from the Xiliao River and the Yalu River to the north of the Outer Xing'an Mountains, including the entire Heilongjiang River Basin.The capital is located at the mouth of the Heilongjiang River in today's Russia, where the famous Yongning Temple stele stands, indicating China's exercise of sovereignty over the region.In the late Ming Dynasty, the Nurgan Dusi actually ceased to exist, but its affiliated Jianzhouwei and other prison guards still existed.The ancestors of Nurhachi, the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty, once served as officials of Jianzhou Wei.Nurgan Dusi had 384 guards in its heyday.

Uzangdu Division and Duo Gandu Division are set up in Tibet.Tibet has officially entered the territory of the Central Plains dynasty since the Yuan Dynasty. With the rise of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang realized that to control Tibet, he must use religious methods to guide him because of his customs.Therefore, envoys were sent to Tibet to solicit widely, and they also recognized the official positions conferred by the Yuan Dynasty in Tibet, and asked these officials to go to Nanjing to take up their posts again.So Wusizang took the emperor's teacher to Nanjing to meet Zhu Yuanzhang, and the Ming court named him the national teacher of the Blazing Buddha Treasure, and set up Wusizang and Duogan in Tibet as commanders and envoys, and included them in the territory of the Ming Dynasty.On the surface, the establishment of the capital is a military management method, but in fact the capital is just a name, and it still uses religious and cultural forms to communicate.Therefore, the emperors of successive dynasties continued to bestow the titles of the leaders of different sects in Tibetan Lamaism as national teachers and Buddhist sons of the Western Paradise, ruled with their old customs, and transformed them into phases to respect the Ming Dynasty together.In this way, the Tibet region remained very stable throughout the Ming Dynasty, and the two capitals were changed to Xuanweisi in the late Ming Dynasty.

Hami and other Jimi guards were located west of Xingdusi in Shaanxi Province, in the border area of ​​Gansu, Xinjiang, and Qinghai today. In the early Ming Dynasty, there were Hami, Handong, Anding, Quxian, Aduan and other Jimi guards.Formal prefectures and counties were established in this area in the Tang Dynasty, and later became the habitat of various tribes after being ruled by the Tubo, Xixia and Yuan dynasties.The military strength of the Ming Dynasty was not enough to establish a formal guard here, so Jimiwei was set up to manage it. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, all the guards were lost in Turpan.

Attachment: The army in the Song Dynasty mentioned many types of military-controlled administrative regions, but none of them used "military" as the general name of the administrative region.Although there were administrative districts with the general name of "army" in the Song Dynasty, they were formally unified county administrative districts.The organizational system of the army came from the Tang Dynasty. It was originally subordinate to the Jiedushi. It was the name of the army, not the name of the administrative division. In the system of the early Tang Dynasty, the military region was separated from the administrative region, and three levels of military units were established at the border: Jiedushi-jun-shouzhuo. Each level had its station and jurisdiction, but it did not become an administrative division.In the late Tang Dynasty, Jiedushi's jurisdiction evolved into the highest administrative district - Fangzhen (Dao).During the Five Dynasties, military activities were frequent, and the armies began to be side by side with the states, dividing the territory and governing, and the name of the military brigade gradually became the name of the administrative district.

After the Song Dynasty, from the border to the inland, there were administrative divisions with the general name of the army, and they were the first-level administrative divisions of the unified county together with the government, prefecture, and supervision.However, the status of the army is relatively low, which is equivalent to an inferior state, which is the so-called "same lower state".Originally, the military was placed on the border for the purpose of defense, and placed in the interior for the purpose of appeasement.If a certain place was originally under the jurisdiction of a county, once the place is not stable, the army may be set up to govern it strictly, thus becoming a unified county administrative area.The army may also be promoted to a state, but it does not mean the loss of security functions, but it means that it has been upgraded from a quasi-state-level unit to a formal state-level unit.States can sometimes be abolished as an army, which does not mean the strengthening of their military status, but only the reduction of their political status.

So in the Song Dynasty, the title of the army became just a sign of the status of the political region.Although the status of the army is lower than that of the state, it is higher than that of the prison.For example, the Guiyang Supervisor on Jinghu South Road was established for the mining industry, but it was changed to the army in the Southern Song Dynasty. This only shows that Guiyang's status has improved, not because of the cessation of the mining industry.Judging from the example of setting up armies in the Five Dynasties, counties, towns, ferries, prefectures, and prisons can all set up armies, and they can be promoted or demoted without obvious rules.As for the difference between the army and the number of troops, it has already been said before, so I won't repeat it here.