Chapter 10 The Appearance of the Seventh Score

From the Wei, Jin to Tang and Song Dynasties, with the development of agriculture and horticulture, many plant genealogies closely related to botany emerged.Pulu is a special book about a certain plant or a certain type of plant, which varies in length, covers a wide range of areas, and is rich in content.The more important existing records include: Dai Kaizhi's "Bamboo Book" in the Jin Dynasty, Lu Yu's "Tea Classic" in the Tang Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu's "Luoyang Peony Records" in the Song Dynasty, Chen Zhu [zhuzhu] "Tongpu", Cai Xiang's "Litchi Spectrum of Peony, Wang Guan's "Peoniaceae Spectrum", Zhou Shihou's "Luoyang Flowers and Trees", Liu Meng's "Chrysanthemum Spectrum", Wang Zhuo's "Sugar Spectrum", Shi Zhengzhi's "Chrysanthemum Spectrum", Han Yanzhi's "Orange Record", Fan Chengda's "Fan Cun Chrysanthemum Spectrum, Fancun Plum Spectrum, Chen Renyu's Fungus Spectrum, etc.

"Bamboo Book" is the earliest existing monograph on bamboo in my country.Bamboo is a perennial plant of Gramineae, mainly produced in the Yangtze River Basin and Jiangnan provinces.The hometown of the author Dai Kai - Wuchang is a place rich in bamboo.In addition to his "Bamboo Book", he also wrote "Bamboo Records".The author recorded 61 varieties in "Bamboo Book" through field investigation.Their species, origin, characters and uses are described.The distribution of bamboo has obvious regional characteristics. Generally, the northern regions mainly produce scattered bamboo species, while the southern regions produce more clustered bamboo species.Dai Kaizhi knew about this. In "Bamboo Book", there is a conclusion of "Five Ridges are actually multiplied".The so-called Wuling included southern Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan in ancient times. "Wuling Shifan" means that the above-mentioned areas mainly produce clustered bamboo species. The bamboos listed in the "Bamboo Spectrum" produced in South China are also bamboo species.

Lu Yu (728-804 A.D.) in the Tang Dynasty wrote the first scientific and technical monograph on tea in my country (and in the world).It is described that tea trees grow in the south, and the height of the tree is one or two feet, or even tens of feet.The shape of the tree is like a melon, the leaves are like a gardenia, the flowers are like a rosebush, the seeds are like a palm, the trunk is like a clove, and the root is like a walnut. Processing and drinking are given a comprehensive introduction.On this basis, my country's unique tea culture has been formed, which has a profound impact on future generations and the world.

In the Song Dynasty, a large number of Pulu appeared and reached a climax.The study of economic trees is "Tong Pu", the author is Chen Zhu from Anhui in the Northern Song Dynasty.Through his own practice, he described the characteristics of various tung trees in detail from various aspects such as morphology, biology and anatomy.For example, to write about the white flower paulownia: the wood texture structure is thick, the material is soft; the leaves are round, large and pointed, smooth; the young leaves are hairy and triangular; the flowers are open before the leaves, white, the flower center is red, with dark red spots; It is two-chambered, and the seeds in the small white membranous wings on the fleshy placenta are in the shape of long black spots...Compared with Zihuatong (Paulownia tomentosa): the wood texture is fine and the material is strong; the leaves are triangular and round, green in color, with many hairs. The leaves are smooth, the leaves are hard, and the petioles are raised; the flowers are purple, and the leaves are opened first; the fruit is sticky, and the structure of the fruit is similar to that of Baihuatong, and the seeds are smaller.In the book, it is quite correct to classify the variants of P. japonica, P. chinensis and another P. chinensis into one category, which is equivalent to the genus Paulownia in the family Scrophulariaceae in modern plant taxonomy. "Tong Pu" also makes a comprehensive discussion on seedling breeding, afforestation technology, processing and utilization, which is very valuable.

"Orange Record" (AD 1178) written by Han Yanzhi in the Southern Song Dynasty is the earliest monograph on orange plants in my country.The book consists of three volumes, the first and second volumes describe the varieties and characteristics of oranges.The appearance and interior of varieties such as yellow tangerine, tangerine, bag tangerine, cotton tangerine, sand tangerine, litchi tangerine, oil tangerine, green tangerine and milk tangerine are compared and explained. The color is blue and green, and the color is green and green. The taste is already cherished without waiting for the frost, and the color will not change between the branches left behind. If you pick it in the middle of winter, the business will be like new." Han Yanzhi first divided citrus trees into three categories: tangerine, tangerine, and orange. Each category is divided into several types.This classification is scientific and still has practical significance.The third volume records the cultivation, management, processing and utilization methods of oranges. When it comes to orange tree diseases and insect pests, watering, picking, storage, treatment and medicinal use, Han Yanzhi believes that "orange peel is most beneficial to medicine".

The emergence of a large number of animal and plant genealogy records in the Song Dynasty, especially plant genealogy records, played a great role in the dissemination and development of botanical knowledge and had a great impact.The British science historian Joseph Needham spoke highly of it.He said: "In the Song Dynasty, the most distinctive thing at that time was the countless monographs on animals and plants." "Some of the botany works are much more advanced than the early European botany works in the 15th and 16th centuries." It is not true. Overrated. Relatively speaking, there are very few animal genealogy records during this period.Here is a brief introduction to the two works "The Book of Birds" and Zheng Qiao's "A Brief Introduction to Insects, Plants and Trees". The first volume of "The Book of Birds" was written by Shi Kuang in the Zhou Dynasty with the old title, and was annotated by Zhang Hua in Jin Dynasty, but this is problematic.It is generally believed that it was probably written during the Tang and Song Dynasties. "The Book of Birds" is the earliest work on birds in my country.The book records more than 70 kinds of birds, including harriers, ospreys, parrots, mandarin ducks, partridges, golden pheasants, wagtails (jiling Jiling), and describes their names, morphological characteristics, and living habits.For example, it is pointed out that the characteristics of the golden pheasant are "the belly has a collection of words"; Frost〕flying and falling frost' reflects the understanding of migratory bird migration and phenology.

"Insects, Plants and Trees" was written by Zheng Qiao (AD 1102-1160) in Song Dynasty.The whole book divides organisms into two classes: vegetation (plants) and insects (animals); head.In the plant part, species with similar traits (such as plum, pear, peach, papaya, etc.) are also arranged together; it is pointed out that the palm [guangguang] palm, palm sunflower, coconut, betel nut, and doro are similar to palms (now Palmaceae) ), basically correct.This method of classification and arrangement of sub-categories within a large category reflects the natural groups and kinship of animals and plants to a certain extent.The book also theoretically puts forward the premise and requirements of studying flora and fauna, and the principles of writing flora and fauna.