Chapter 13 Section 2 Wang Yangming and His Postgraduates and Ming Dynasty Academy

Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism, an academic school in the early Ming Dynasty, some people said: "All the Confucians in the early Ming Dynasty are all descendants of Zhu Zimen's tributaries", "This is also a 'Shu Zhu', and the other is also a 'Shu Zhu'", the court respected Cheng Zhu Confucianism, respecting Cheng Zhu's Confucianism as the official orthodox thought, "doesn't talk about the learning that is not for the sages and sages."Zhu Xue became more and more fragmented and complicated, rigid and sluggish, without originality and lifelessness.

In the first year of Zhengde (1506 A.D.), Wang Yangming was relegated to Longchang, Guizhou as a postman because he was involved in the political struggle between the eunuch Liu Jin and the Taoist official Dai Mi when he was in charge of the Ministry of War.This provided him with a great opportunity to devote himself to academics and reflect on Neo Confucianism, so he immersed himself in reading "Yi", and invited students from far and near to talk to each other, and founded Longgang Academy.The "Doctrine" was promulgated to show all the students in Longchang, and encouraged them with "resoluteness, diligence, reformation, and responsibility for goodness".He first put forward bold doubts about Zhu Xi's theory of "observing knowledge through investigation of things", and once he advocated "conscience", at that time, "scholars who admired people gathered to listen to the lecture, residents gathered around and looked at it like a block, and scholars' habits changed." , a sensation.

In the fourth year of Zhengde (1509 A.D.), Wang Yangming was invited to give lectures at Wenming Academy, and he first advocated the theory of "unity of knowledge and action". Children from prefectures and counties came to ask for advice. Hundreds of tricks".Since then, Wang Yangming's theory of "conscience" and "unity of knowledge and action" have become popular all over the world, which is quite refreshing in the society and academic circles.Since then, Wang Yangming has given lectures at Xiulianxi Academy in Jiangxi successively, "Scholars from all over the world converge [fucou Fucou]"; gathered disciples to give lectures at Bailudong Academy, "exposing the teaching of conscience", hoping to understand this learning with fellow disciples; With the support and invitation of Nan Daji, the governor of Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, "Pijishan Academy, gathering scholars from Bayi", more than 300 scholars from Huguang, Guangdong, Zhili, Nangan, Anfu, Xinjian, and Taihe sat around and listened; and Jianfu in Guangxi Wen Shuyuan, spreading its teachings of "enhancing conscience" and "integration of knowledge and action".

Wang Yangming's academic thoughts and activities greatly promoted the vigorous development of the academy in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and the prosperity of the academy also provided the most suitable form and place for the dissemination of Wang Yangming's theory.Yangming's learning is "attached to the southeast scene" and is "popular all over the world". His disciples and disciples are all over the country, and academies have been established all over the country. In the central Zhejiang area, there are many disciples of Wangmen, and their influence is also great.The main representatives include: Qian Dehong, who studied under Wang Yangming in his early years, Fan Yinnian of Tongyi, and dozens of people gathered in Zhongtian Pavilion to make progress together.In the seventh year of Jiajing (1528 A.D.), Wang Yangming went to Sitian, Guangxi. He and Wang Ji "lived in the Yuezhong Academy". Chu, Guang, famous districts and Austria, all have lecture houses." Wang Ji, who learned from Wang Yangming, "For more than forty years in the forest, he gave lectures every day, from the two capitals to Wu, Chu, Fujian, Yue, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang. , all have lectures and sacrifices.” Huang Wan [Wan Wan], who studied under Wang Yangming, advocated the theory of “conscience” as the core, and absorbed Zhu’s “learning and thinking” of “on-the-ground work”, and had two discussions with Wang Ji "deep debate".It has attracted many scholars and enlivened the academic atmosphere of the academy.In addition, Zhang Yuanchong, when he was an official in Jiangxi, established Zhengxue Academy, held lectures with Dongkuo, Luocun, and Fengtan, and built Huaiyu Academy.Cheng Wende, who was deposed as Xinyi Dianshi, was invited by Governor Tao Xie to host Cangwu Academy.

In the area on the right side of the river, there are many disciples of the Wangmen.Huang Zongxi once said: "Only Jiang You got the true biography of Yao Jiang's study, Dong Kuo (Zou Shouyi), Nian'an (Luo Hongxian), Liangfeng (Liu Wenmin), Shuangjiang (Nie Bao) were selected, and then passed on as Tang Nan (Wang Shihuai) and Simo (Wan Tingyan) can both deduce the unfinished meaning of Yuan Yangming." ("Ming Confucianism Case Jiangyou Wangmen Xue Case") Zou Shouyi is the main representative of Wang Xue in Jiangyou. He has never stopped giving lectures throughout his life, and has built Gufu Academy and Bailu Academy successively.He was particularly keen on joint lectures, and gave lectures in Fufu Academy. In spring and autumn, "all the township officials who are in the county will join the association." "Wang Gen of Yantongmen and all the sages gave lectures to promote the ceremony, and the wind moved the neighboring counties." Throughout most of the south of the Yangtze River, especially in Jiangxi, there are often "thousands" of disciples.

Luo Hongxian (Nian'an), Nie Bao (Shuangjiang), Ouyangde, Zou Shouyi, etc., all taught by Wang Yangming, emphasized the study of conscience, and built Longjin Academy to give lectures.When Nie Bao was the governor of Fujian, he built Yangzheng Academy, "using Ming Zhengxue". Zou Yuanbiao, a late student of Yangming, was reviled for admonishing Zhang Juzheng, and was relegated to Nanjing for three years because of Shangshu.In the early years of Tianqi, he built the Shoushan Academy in the capital, where he lectured with Feng Gongding and became one of the important leaders of the Donglin Party.

The schools of Wangmen in Jiangsu and Anhui are called "Nanzhong Wangxue".The main representatives are: Huang Provincial Capital (Wuyue), Zhu Dezhi (Jinzhai), Tang Shunzhi (Jingchuan), Xu Jie (Cunzhai) and so on.Lectures are popular in Jiangsu and Anhui areas, such as: Jing County Shuixi Association, Ningguo Tongshan Association, Jiangyin Junshan Association, Guichi Guangyue Association, Taiping Jiulong Association, Guangde Fuchu Association, Jiangbei Nanqiao Jingshe, Xin'an Chengshi World Temple Fair , Taizhou Xinzhai Lecture Hall, etc., are all specific organizational forms of Wangmen Disciples Academy Lectures.

There are mainly Jiang Xin (Daolin) and Ji Yuanheng (Anzhai) in Hubei area.Jiang Xin learned from Wang Yangming in his early years, and later learned from Zhan Ruoshui. Therefore, he advocated that "Li Qi, Xinxing, people and self are inseparable", which has both Wang Xue and Ganquan Xue.Zhengxue Academy and Civilized Academy were built successively.Apprentices gathered. There are also descendants of Wang Xue in Shandong and Henan, such as Mu Konghui (Yuan), You Shizhao (Xichuan), Meng Huali (Yunpu), etc., respectively in Yuanxue Academy, Jianda Academy and Sui (qiu) West Academy Lecture.

Taizhou School is an important school of Yangming School, but it is quite different from Yangming School in terms of academic purpose. Most of its representatives are from the lower class of society, advocating that "the people's daily use is the way", which has a strong civilian color, often Known as the "Leftist" of Wang Xue, it had a great influence on later generations, and many radical democrats until modern times were quite influenced by it.Taizhou School is also closely related to the prosperity of Ming Dynasty Academy.Wang Gen is an important representative of the Taizhou School. From the 15th year of Zhengde (1520 AD), he followed Wang Yangming, treated each other day and night, and gave lectures along the way. Comrade General Assembly", presided over the teaching affairs of Anding Academy in Taizhou, and then went to Jinling to give lectures at Xinquan Academy with Zhan Ruoshui, Lu Nan (nannan), Zou Shouyi, Ouyang De, etc.After Wang Yangming's death, most of his disciples went to the funeral, and then, "the comrades of the assembly gathered to give lectures in the academy", and "there were many travelers from all over the world, and they shared and developed the daily learning of the common people".He Xinyin heard that Wang Gen wanted to set up a book for his studies, so he gave up his career in the imperial examinations and devoted himself to gathering disciples to give lectures.Later, in order to avoid the persecution of the bureaucrat Yan Song, he did not go anywhere often. He traveled for half a day, reaching Bamin in the south, Hangzhou in the east, and Chongqing in the west.Luo Rufang was punctual in the Ningguo Mansion, and preached the "Nangan Township Covenant" personally written by Wang Yangming. Later, he gave lectures at Guanghui Temple in the capital. Zhejiang and Jinling traveled between Fujian and Huang, benefiting from Zhang Huang's learning, so the disciples were full, and he never regarded himself as a teacher." Fang Xuejian, who once served as the son of the state to offer wine, later left his job to give lectures, bishop at Ziyang Academy, and created " "Songshi Meeting" had a great influence on the development of the academy's meeting system.Zhou Rudeng gave lectures at Tianzhen Academy, Cihu Academy, and Lushan Academy successively, and contributed a lot to the academy lectures.

It can be said that the academies in the Ming Dynasty prospered because of the lectures given by Wang Yangming and his successors, and the prosperity of the academies in the Ming Dynasty also provided opportunities and conditions for the development and dissemination of Wang Xue.