Chapter 11 Section 3 The Academy and the Spread of Neo-Confucianism in the Yuan Dynasty

The "Sinicization" policy of the Yuan Dynasty had been initially formed in the early Yuan Dynasty, and "respecting Confucius and Confucianism" was the basic content of "Sinicization".However, at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, because the North and the South "didn't know how to teach" at that time, Song Dynasty learning had not yet spread to the north, and the north was still a study of "sentence reading".After entering the Central Plains and marching into the Southern Song Dynasty, Neo Confucianism gradually spread northward. "Respecting Confucius and Confucianism" developed into "respecting Confucianism", and this change is closely related to the development of academies.

The Taiji Academy, first established in the Yuan Dynasty, was not only the beginning of the academy in the north, but also the first base for the spread of Neo Confucianism in the north. Hao Jing said in "Tai Chi Academy Notes": "It was built in Yandu, stored Jianghuai books, set up Zhou Zi (Dun Yi), engraved "Tai Chi Tu", "Tong Shu", "Xi Ming" is equal to the wall. Please Yunmeng Zhao Fu was a teacher of Confucianism, and Youbeiping Wang Cuizuozhi selected handsome and knowledgeable people as students of Taoism, put forward the original principles, and named them Taiji, so Yiluo's learning spread all over the world."

"Song History·Zhao Fuzhuan" also said: "The biography and annotations of the classics written by Cheng and Zhu are all recorded in Fu Shu (Yao Shu)", "It is because Xu Heng, Hao Jing, and Liu Yin all got their books. Respect and believe in it", "Cheng Zhu's learning is known in the north, and it will come back from the beginning." Xu Heng is the best among Zhao Fu's hundreds of disciples.When he learned the meaning of Confucianism from Zhao Fuchu, he once said to his disciples: "What was taught and accepted in the past is like Meng Lang. Now I have heard the preface to learning. If you must follow suit, you should abandon the practice of chapters and sentences learned the day before. Engaged in primary school sanitation and coping, thinking that the foundation of morality, otherwise you should seek other teachers." So all the disciples "learned the orientation and burned it in brief, so that no matter how big or small, they all entered from elementary school." Straighten out and be beautiful like a grass, and it is said that you think about it all night long, and you don’t know how to dance with your hands or your feet.” With his efforts, Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism was established as the program for the examiners in the examination room, and was listed as the content set by the education officials. .

In addition to Xu Heng, Zhao Fu's disciples also included Yao Shu, Hao Jing, Dou Mo, Liu Yin, Liang Shu, Zhao Yu (yuyu) and so on.All these people had important influence on the development of Yuan Dynasty Academy.Some founded academies by themselves, and some founded academies by their disciples, and all of them took Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism as the purpose and content of their lectures.Such as: Liu Yin, a native of Rongcheng, Baoding (now Xushui, Hebei).He stayed in the Yuan Dynasty for life without being an official, and lived in the countryside all his life. He founded Jingxiu Academy to teach apprentices and lectures for 25 years.He highly praised the masters of Neo Confucianism, "Shao (Yong) is the best, Zhou (Dunyi) is the best, Cheng (Er Cheng) is the most righteous, Zhu Zi is extremely big, he does his best, and he perseveres with righteousness." It is said that in his teaching, "the dignity of the teacher, the students who make their own doors, teach them with the materials and tools, and they will all achieve success."

Confucianists in the south established academies and spread Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism more vigorously.For example: Jinhua Wang Bo, who learned from Zhu Zi's three biography.Lectured in Shangcai Academy; Xu Qian, who lives in Bahua Mountain, Dongyang, has a lot of scholars. Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces invited him to build the Four Sages Academy; Scholars deeply admire his learning, and many of them are willing to follow him. He built the Ming Jing Academy and served as the head of the mountain; As the head of Donghu Academy, he learned from scholars and benefited the public; Tong Shu, who entered the Yuan Dynasty but was not an official, Zhao Shiyan, the censor of Xingtai in Shaanxi Province, please set up Luzhai Academy in Fengyuan, and there were more than a thousand scholars successively; Zhou Renrong, who was taught by nature and reason The purpose is to work as an article, and to beautify the academy's mountain chief.

Cheng Duanli also had a great influence on Yuan Dynasty academies and the dissemination of Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism.Cheng Duanli successively served as the head of Jiaxuan Academy and Jiangdong Academy.Cheng Duanli learned from Shi Mengqing, and passed on Zhu Xi's study of "Ming style and practical application", and there are many scholars and disciples.His "Cheng's Family School Reading Agenda" followed Zhu Xi's academic spirit and method of "reading poorly" and "reaching daily use", and became the general teaching guideline for academies and government schools at all levels in the Yuan Dynasty.His "Lecture Notes of Jiangdong Academy on Jiqing Road" further elaborated Cheng Zhu's way of learning and the way of studying, and explained Zhu Xi's reading method one by one. Self-observation, focus on exertion, respect and uphold the six principles, known as "Zhu Zi's method of reading".He claimed: "Weijinglu (that is, the academy) was first built, and it was not a husband's job to show respect to the barbaric bandits. At the beginning of bearing poverty, he dared to use Zhuzi's reading method, and he first talked about it with his comrades. In order to seek the meaning of learning together, so that in the future, the righteous and benevolent will become familiar, and virtuous talents will emerge in large numbers, then Zhu Zi's teachings will not be empty words, and the elite house will not be empty, and it will not be beautiful!"

Most of the academies in the Yuan Dynasty aimed at imparting Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism.However, Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism in the Yuan Dynasty had undergone profound changes.The lectures in the academies all have the tendency and characteristics of "harmony with Zhulu" to varying degrees. Zhao Fu, who lectured at Taiji Academy, was the first scholar who passed on Zhu's learning to the north.However, in his academic education thought, he has incorporated Luxue factors.People say that Zhao Fu is "happy with easy and honest", and easy means simple and straightforward.He advocated "enriching one's heart, not losing one's roots", and taught people to "self-study and read "Yi" to seek the intentions of King Wen and Confucius".In terms of Bo Yue and the relationship between the main and the end, it is different from Zhu Xi's general observation, fragmented and trivial, but it incorporates the meaning of seeking the original heart, which is similar to Lu Xue's simple work.Xu Heng, who learned from Zhao Fu, is known as "the first person after Zhu Zi" and is also regarded as adhering to Zhu's learning.In fact, he did not strictly abide by the threshold of Zhu Xue, but agreed with the proposition that the law of heaven bestowed on the human heart, emphasizing the power of knowing one's mind and knowing one's ability.Xu Qian, who is called "Er Xu" together with Xu Heng, is not a "family member", and has mixed with Lu Xue's theory of mind.He even believes that beyond the heart of seeking, it is impossible to exhaust all things in the world, and "seeking extensively with words" is tantamount to abandoning the basics and chasing after the end, "If you don't respect virtue, you can't learn about Taoism."It almost negates the important propositions of Cheng Zhu's "learning from things" and "reading poor reason".

Wu Cheng is the main representative of Yuan Agents in the south. He is as famous as Xu Heng in the north, and is known as "Southern Wu and Northern Xu".Wu Cheng learned from Cheng Ruoyong, a disciple of Rao Lu.Rao Lu was originally a disciple of Huang Gan, a high-ranking student of Zhu Xi, but he did not stick to the school of Zhu Xue, "in his later years, he was different from Zhu Zi".Cheng Ruoyong has taught Linru Academy for more than 20 years. Although he taught people with Zhu Xi's theory, it "does not fully conform to Zhu Zi's meaning".Wu Cheng went further on the road of deviating from Zhu Xue and "reconciling Zhu and Lu", so that he was suspected of "Zong Lu's backing Zhu".Wu Cheng believes that the so-called dispute between Zhu and Lu was actually created by Zhu Lu's mediocre disciples. Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan "two masters are teaching one."

Wu Cheng had a great influence on the development of Yuan Dynasty Academy. He studied in Linru Academy in his early years and studied with Cheng Ruoyong, leaving good memories and deep impressions.He recalled in "Preface to Sending off Huang Meng'an, the head of Linru Academy": "When I traveled in the past, there were old Confucian scholars who exposed the leader, and sometimes Yan dragged the train to the bottom, shoulder to shoulder, and heel to each other, and talked about morality and theory. Those who write articles are gentle. Those who come to gather in the daytime are like a market, and those who stay at night are like a home.” Later, he studied under Cheng Shaokai.Cheng Shaokai "tasted to build a Taoist academy, with the theory of Zhu and Lu".

Wu Cheng has deep affection and full understanding of the academy.He himself has been giving lectures under the name of "Caolu" for a long time, and he is also enthusiastic about helping and supporting others to set up academies.For example: in the fourth year of Dade (1300 A.D.), Anle Xia Youlan planned to build Aoxi Academy. Wu Cheng "discussed with him" and personally reviewed the public transfer documents advising him to apply for the academy; in the seventh year of Yanyou (1320 A.D.), he went to Wang Wang's private school gave lectures and formulated the rules of the private school. In the first year of Taiding (AD 1324), Wang's private school was awarded Ejiangdong Academy.He was invited to give lectures in foreign academies many times, such as: in the fifth year of Yanyou (AD 1318), he gave lectures in Yongfeng Wucheng Academy; in the following year, he gave lectures in Jiangzhou Lianxi Academy.

Most of Wu Cheng's disciples are enthusiastic about academy education and actively spread the purpose of "harmony with Zhulu". Yu Ji is Wu Cheng's most proud disciple.From the age of 15 in the 23rd year of Zhiyuan (AD 1286) to the age of 25 in the second year of Yuanzhen (AD 1296), he traveled with Wu Cheng for 10 years.Yuji attaches great importance to the lectures in the academy. In his early years, he named his bookstore "Shao'an", and in his later years, he gave lectures in Chongren Mountain under the name "Shao'an". As more and more scholars came, it was too much to accommodate. His disciples helped him expand the scale. For Shao'an Academy.He is often invited to give lectures in various academies, cares about the development of academies in various places, and has many insightful insights into academies education.He has successively written more than 10 manuscripts on the Academy, such as the Record of the Academy.For example: in the second year of Zhida (AD 1309), "Cilizhou Tianmen Academy" was written; in the fourth year of Yanyou (AD 1317), "Xishan Academy" was written; in the first year of Taiding (AD 1324), "Gu Danyang Academy" was written. Shanchang Majun's Tomb Inscription", "Heshan Academy Records" and "Tengzhou Xingshan Academy Xuetian Records" in the first year of Zhishun (AD 1330), and "Guangze County Yunyan Academy Records" in the third year of Zhishun (AD 1332) ", "Lanshan Academy", "Reconstruction of Zhangyan Academy" in the first year of Zhiyuan (AD 1335), "Nishan Academy" in the third year of Zhiyuan (AD 1337), and in the fifth year of Zhiyuan (AD 1337) In 1339), he wrote "The Story of the New Library Pavilion in Nanxuan Academy", and in the first year of Zhengyuan (1341 AD), he wrote "The Story of Pingshan Academy", "The Story of the Reconstruction of Wen Gong's Ancestral Hall in Kaoting Academy", and "The Story of Fuzhou Linru Academy's Restoration of Nanhu Lake".It has left valuable historical documents for the Academy of Yuan Dynasty. Among Wu Cheng's disciples, there are also many who founded academies or gave lectures in academies, and expounded "Meeting Zhulu".For example: Xia Youlan, donated 500 mu of land to create Aoxi Academy. The purpose of the academy is "filial piety, loyalty, courtesy, righteousness and shame, and restraint of this heart... The way to find the edge is to study the Four Books, the Five Classics, and books that are not beneficial to read at the beginning. Praise the friendship, carve useless articles to show off the flowers."Wu Cheng praised him for "knowing the way of Confucius, so he had both the meaning of the academies he created in the Song Dynasty and later Song Dynasty." In fact, he fully affirmed that he took the advantages of Zhu and Lu and underestimated the shortcomings of the two.Another example: Yupan [panpan], the younger brother of Yuji, once served as the head of Qingxiang Academy in Quanzhou.Bao Xilu was educated by Wu Cheng, and was once the head of Longxi Academy. He advocated that "to teach people, one must first teach virtue and then literature and art".Zhang Jian, deeply appreciated by Wu Cheng, was once the head of Jingxing Academy. It is worth noting that Rao Lu, Cheng Ruoyong, Cheng Shaokai, Wu Cheng, Yu Ji, etc. all felt that the "fragmentation" of Zhu Xue was becoming more and more biased, and explored how to absorb the strengths of Lu Xue to make up for the shortcomings of Zhu Xue, so as to develop and perfect Zhu Xue. Learning, and embarking on the road of "reconciling Zhu and Lu", can also be said to be "from Zhu to Lu". In the Yuan Dynasty, there were also a group of scholars who advocated "a peaceful meeting between Zhu and Lu", who "entered Zhu from Lu".They also feel that there are many disadvantages in Lu Xue, and they want to make up for the shortcomings of Lu Xue with the strengths of Zhu Xue, so as to develop and promote Lu Xue.Its important representatives include Shi Mengqing, Zheng Yu and so on.They also had an important influence on the development of Yuan Dynasty academies.Shi Mengqing, whose name is Jingqing, entered the Yuan Dynasty without being an official. He set up a teacher in the village, gave lectures constantly, and all scholars followed him.He gave lectures in Tiantai Mountain for eight years.His disciple was Jian Jingqing Academy.He advocated: "There are four main principles of learning and learning: one is Shangzhi, the other is respect, the third is poor reasoning, and the fourth is self-reflection" ("Song Yuan Xuean · Jingqing Xuean").It clearly reflects the academic characteristics of "He Hui Zhu Lu".Zheng Yu gave lectures in Shishan, and his disciples built Shishan Academy because of its location.He clearly put forward Zhu Lu's idea of ​​"combining comprehensiveness", "The two gentlemen (Zhu Lu) started from each other, and they took the prosperity of Taoism as their own responsibility... From my point of view, Lu Zi's quality is brilliant, so he is so simple; Zhu Zi's quality is solid, Therefore, it is very dense. Because of the closeness of its quality, each of them is a student, so the way they enter is different. And finally, the three cardinal guides and five constant principles, benevolence, righteousness and morality, how can there be any difference!" "Zhu Zi said that teaching people to learn Often, Lu Zi's theory is superior and unique. The two schools of thought cannot be free from disadvantages. Lu's theory has its disadvantages, such as Shizi's empty talk and cleverness. The merits of extending knowledge; Zhu's learning, its disadvantages are also like the vulgar Confucianism's pursuit of practice and ink, so that it is lazy and sluggish, and there is no effect of its efforts. But what is the crime of Mr. Er's words and teachings? He is a scholar of the latter It’s bad for you.” He thinks: “Scholars in recent times don’t know what their abilities are, and they first establish similarities and differences. Zong Zhu destroyed Lu, and Dang Lu was not Zhu. These are all bad academic customs, not good weather.” ("" Shi Shan Ji Send Ge Zixi’s Preface to Wuchang Studies) He advocated that each should learn from its strengths, complement each other’s weaknesses, see its strengths and prevent its weaknesses, and discard its weaknesses to promote its strengths. However, his simple and bright theory has never been a ignorant statement, so it has been passed on for a long time, and it is impressive when applied to political affairs, but there is no habit of laziness. The preface, and what he sees, is unavoidable for the mistakes of those who know it. Therefore, although it is more than enough for self-study, those who learn it may have the disadvantage of failing to succeed. Scholars should learn Zhu Zi's learning, but there is no need to slander Jiashan also." ("Shishan Collection·Book with Wang Zhenqing") In the fierce and complicated long-term school disputes, it is really commendable to have such insights. The Academy of the Yuan Dynasty played a unique role in promoting the "Sinicization" policy, accelerating the feudalization process in the Yuan Dynasty, promoting academic exchanges between the North and the South, and reconciling the dispute between Zhu and Lu.Academy education has been further developed, enriched and perfected in this historical process.