Chapter 26 Section 2 School Education in the Qing Dynasty

During the nearly 200 years from the first year of Shunzhi (AD 1644) to the 20th year of Daoguang (AD 1840), school education in the Qing Dynasty basically followed the old system of the Ming Dynasty, and was also divided into two categories: central government schools and local government schools. In the Qing Dynasty, Guozijian, also known as Guoxue and Taixue, was established in the first year of Shunzhi.Six halls are set up for lectures, and the six halls are for straightforwardness, Taoism, sincerity, justice, aspirations, and broad career.There are also 521 numbered rooms for students to study.

The students of Guozijian are commonly called Jiansheng.Because of their different qualifications, they are divided into tribute students and supervisor students.There are six kinds of Gongsheng: Sui Gong, En Gong, Ba Gong, You Gong, Fu Gong and Li Gong.The so-called Sui Gong is also called Chang Gong. Each prefecture, prefecture, and county school selects a number of tribute students according to the quota every year, so it is called Sui Gong.The so-called tribute means that whenever a country celebrates a celebration or a new king ascends the throne, it will specially select students to be imprisoned.The so-called Bagong students are not limited to the granshan students of Fuzhou County School, but are selected from the first and second class students in the scientific examination, so they are called Bagong.You Gong selected "those with excellent literary skills" to be imprisoned every three years, and they were limited to Linsheng and Zengsheng.Fugong means to select the students who are listed in the deputy list in the township examination to enter the prison.Example Gong donated money to the prison for the students.Sui Gong, En Gong, Ba Gong, You Gong, and Fu Gong were called the "Five Gongs" at the time, and they were considered to be the right way to distinguish them from Li Gong.There are four kinds of supervisors: grace supervisor, shadow supervisor, excellent supervisor and regular supervisor.The so-called benevolent supervisors are those who are admitted by students of the Eight Banners officials.Manchu and Han civil officials with fourth rank in Beijing, foreign officials with third rank and above, and military officials with second rank and above sent one son to prison as a prison student.Excellent supervisors are excellent epiphyte learners.Regular prisons are people who enter prisons through donations from ordinary people. Like regular tributes, they are considered miscellaneous.The emergence of Ligong and Lijian reflected the development of commodity economy and the cultural and educational needs of the merchant class.

In the Qing Dynasty, Guozijian directly taught courses including doctors, teaching assistants, Xuezheng, Xuelu, etc.On the first and fifteenth day of each month, each supervisor goes to the Guozijian to accompany him to the Imperial College for offering wine and offering libations, and then he listens to the lectures on "Four Books", "Xing Li" and "Tongjian" by officials in the six halls, and listens to the lectures on "Five Classics" by doctors.After listening to the lecture, each supervisor read the sermon, re-speaks, writes, and recites the lessons.If anyone fails to understand, please go to the lecturer's office for an explanation, or ask the instructor in the West Chamber.On weekdays, teaching assistants, Xuezheng, and Xuelu classes are used to formulate meanings - stereotyped essays and policy discussions.It can be seen that Guozijian not only emphasizes teachers' teaching, but also emphasizes students' self-study and questioning.

The life of Dr. Guozijian is also very poor.Kong Shangren (AD 1648-1718), the sixty-fourth grandson of Confucius, was born in Qufu, Shandong. When Emperor Kangxi visited Qufu to worship Confucius in the south, he was called to lecture on the scriptures.He said in the preface to "Forty Poems of Yantai Miscellany": "Snail lives outside Xuanwu Gate, fifteen miles away from Taixue. There are six church sessions per month, and it is 2,200 miles round trip at one year old; ten years Doctor, those who have been in the museum for six years have traveled 13,200 miles." Please see his two poems:

The previous poem describes the poor life of "Feltpo" and "Ermaojia" and the melancholy of old age through the description of the scenery around the doctor's hall of Guozijian.The latter poem describes Kong Shangren and the astronomical mathematician Mei Wending (AD 1633-1721), both living a poor life of "begging for rice in Chang'an" and "walking in the world of mortals". The study time of supervisory students in Guozijian was not uniform. In the fifth year of Yongzheng (AD 1727), it was stipulated that all kinds of supervisory students should study for three years.There are two kinds of examinations: monthly examination and quarterly examination: the monthly examination is held every month, and the chief examiner takes the test; the quarterly examination is held every three months, and the chief examiner is Jijiu.Those who rank first in the monthly examination will be given one point, and those who rank second will be given half a point.For those who have "five classics and complete history" and are good at calligraphy, even if they fail in composition, they will be given one point.Accumulate eight points within one year to pass, but the number of places shall not exceed 10 per year.The qualified ones will be consulted and sent to the Ministry of Officials by the Imperial College, and will be recruited according to the results after the Ministry of Officials has passed the examination.Those who still want to stay in prison if they fail to pass the points within one year can do as they please.

The chief officer of Guozijian was originally a priest and secretary of industry. In the third year of Yongzheng (1725 A.D.), another minister of supervision and supervision was appointed as the supervisor of Guozijian. In the Qing Dynasty, Guozijian implemented the teaching system of divided fasting.In the second year of Qianlong (AD 1737), according to the suggestion of Sun Jiagan, Minister of Criminal Affairs and Minister of Management and Supervisors, Guozijian implemented the teaching system of "classics and righteousness" and "management" in accordance with the "Suhu Teaching Law" of Hu Yuan in the Song Dynasty. "Jingyi" takes the "Imperial Compilation of Classics" as the main textbook, and also includes theories of various schools; governing affairs teaches military punishment, heavenly officials, river canals, music laws, and algorithms, etc., specializing in one thing or concurrently governing several things .At that time, famous sages were in charge of six halls, and each specialized in teaching classics.Because Emperor Qianlong attached great importance to Guozijian, Sun Jiagan "strictly set up courses and prepared rewards and incentives"; the teachers in each class selected relatively outstanding talents at that time, which can be described as "a very short-term choice". Therefore, Guozijian has reached its heyday at this time.

The Qing court was extremely strict with the teachers and students of the Imperial Academy. It had formulated 28 "supervisory regulations", requiring the main officials and teachers of the Imperial Academy to clarify their responsibilities, play the role of "model" and "example", and "explain carefully". Not good enough”, even the teacher will be punished together. In the Qing Dynasty, Guozijian also accepted foreign students. At that time, Ryukyu, Russia and other countries often sent students to study in Guozijian.Foreign students also "give silver, rice and utensils every month", and the treatment is very good, and they return to their own countries after they complete their studies.

There were "Zongxue" and "Jueluoxue" in imperial clan official school in Qing Dynasty. "Zongxue" is a school specially set up for the children of the Qing clan. "Jueluo School" is a school specially set up for the children of the Qingaixinjueluo family. "Jueluo School" belongs to the nature of Zongxue, but its students come from a wider source than Zongxue, extending to the entire Aixinjueluo clan.In some places, Zongxue and Jueluoxue are combined into one. The Banner Schools established for the children of the Eight Banners in the Qing Dynasty included the "Eight Banners Official School", which was under the Guozijian; "Jingshan Official School" and "Xian'an Palace Official School", which were under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.In addition, the Qing government set up banner schools for the children of the Eight Banners, including "Shengjing Official School", "Eight Banners Mongolian Official School", "Eight Banners Free School", "Eight Banners Teaching Field Official School", "Eight Banners School" and so on.It is an important feature of the school education system in the Qing Dynasty to attach importance to the education of banner people's children and set up banner schools widely.

However, after the mid-Qing Dynasty, most of the royal family and ministers’ children were quite corrupt. Some people described the noble school at that time: “The students in the noble school are all the children of princes, Baylors, and clans, so the meals are very rich and exquisite. There is a table for each person, and there is a daily meal. It takes seven or eight taels of silver in Kuping. If you fail, you will be scolded, and you will even throw a bowl. The general office and teachers are the slaves of the students. Teachers have to send people to invite people. Some people invite them four or five times, and they stop at noon. When they arrive at the classroom, they will ask for lunch. As soon as the Beijing tune came out, people at that time thought it was Anyuanyun." ("Grand Views of the Unofficial History of the Qing Dynasty" Volume 2) Beijing Zhuzhi Ci in the late Qing Dynasty also satirized the aristocratic schools, and the Ci said:

Mathematics in the Qing Dynasty was established in the third year of Qianlong (AD 1738). It recruited 12 students each from Manchu and Han, and 6 students from Mongolian and Han troops (in the Qing Dynasty, the people of Liaodong in the Eight Banners were called the Han Army). It was affiliated to Guozijian, also known as For Guozijian computing. The Russian Literature Museum is a Russian language school established in the Qing Dynasty to train Russian language talents. It was founded in the 22nd year of Qianlong (AD 1757). It was originally a place for Russian businessmen who came to Beijing. It specialized in translating Russian characters, and selected 24 students from the Eight Banners officials to study in the library." At the beginning, Russians stationed in Beijing were hired as teachers, and students who passed the examination were retained.

In the Qing Dynasty, there were government schools, prefectures, counties, and health schools, which were the same as those in the Ming Dynasty. The so-called health schools were established in military garrisons to educate "children of military officials". state school. Students from prefecture, prefecture, and county schools are commonly referred to as students. Like the Ming Dynasty, they are divided into three types: Linshan students, Zengguang students, and affiliated students.Newcomers are called attached student members. They have to pass two examinations at the age and department.Each school has no quota for the number of students attached to it, but there is a quota for the number of students who are attached to the school and Zengguang.The examination methods of local government schools in the Qing Dynasty were divided into two types: annual examination and scientific examination: the annual examination was held once a year, and the scientific examination was held every other year, both of which were administered by Xuezheng.Those listed as excellent in the annual examination papers can be promoted, such as epiphyte students can make up for Zengguang students, and Zengguang students can make up for Shanshan students; those listed as inferior can be descended in order.The best ones or those who have been in school for the longest time can be promoted to the Central Government School Guozijian, and they are Bagong students, Yougong students and the like.If the examination papers of the scientific examination are classified as excellent, then they are eligible to take the provincial examination, and other grades are also awarded separately. The treatment of local government schools in the Qing Dynasty was far inferior to that in the Ming Dynasty. In addition to being promoted, they could only make up for the granary students.Ordinary students are exempted from corvee service after enrolling in school; those whose families are poor and unable to support themselves will be given school land and rented grain as relief.Anyone who travels to a distant place to study, goes to the place where his grandfather or father lives, or is temporarily ill, must be given a leave of absence to make up the exam.In case of parents' funeral, they will be exempted from the test for three years.Any student who commits a crime with minor circumstances and shows repentance is allowed to reinstate after changing his name; if he has already been convicted, he is allowed to take another trial under his original name.If the crime committed is trivial, the local officials will report to the academic officials and the instructors to warn them, and not to flog them like ordinary people. The reward and punishment methods will be reported by the academic and political associations and the instructors to the academic department, which will then be reviewed and approved by the academic department.The best students with the most outstanding behavior will be admitted to the Imperial College; the next level will be rewarded for promotion; the worst ones will be removed.The evaluation of the pros and cons of students is entirely based on the "Inscription on the Inscription on the Inscription of the Instructor" issued in the ninth year of Shunzhi (AD 1652) and the "Sixteen Articles of the Holy Edict" issued in the thirty-ninth year of Kangxi (AD 1700). Although the "Inscription on the Inscription on the Inscription of the Inscription" puts forward some specific requirements for the behavior, study and teaching of local government middle school students, its essence is to prohibit students from interfering with social reality, deprive them of the right to form associations and publish, and require them to become "loyal ministers". "Honest official" and willingly served the Qing court. The "Sixteen Articles of the Holy Edict" also takes feudal politics and ethics as the standard, and puts forward clear requirements for students' thinking, behavior, study, life and other aspects. guidelines. The Qing Dynasty inherited the Ming Dynasty’s tradition of widely establishing sociology, and in the ninth year of Kangxi (AD 1670) ordered the establishment of sociology and social teachers in all provinces.Sociology is a kind of local official school established at the lowest level in township areas.In the first year of Yongzheng (1723 A.D.), the regulations on the administration of sociology were re-examined, affirming the interrelationship between sociology and prefectural, state, and county schools in terms of educational system, and proposing that those who have excellent academic performance in sociology should pass the examination. Students can be promoted to prefectural, state, or county schools; otherwise, if the grades are not good, they will be returned to the original social school. In the Qing Dynasty, admiral Xuezheng was established in each province, referred to as "Xuezheng" for short. Officials such as ministers and Jingtang were filled by Jinshi backgrounds to take charge of local cultural and educational affairs.The term of office of the school administrator is three years. During the three years, he tours the prefecture and Zhili prefecture twice in the three years. The students selected by the prefecture, prefecture, and county will be tested.Xuezheng is also directly under the governor of the local teaching posts, and teachers must be guided and assessed by the local governor, but in the system, the local governor does not treat teachers as subordinates, and they are generally called "teachers".In the Qing Dynasty, all civil servants avoided their native places, and only the teaching positions were mainly from the province, but they still avoided their own prefectures or Zhili prefectures.