Chapter 17 Section 1 School Education in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

From the first year of Jian'an at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 196), Cao Cao moved to Xuchang as the emperor, to the ninth year of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty (AD 589), which lasted 394 years, known as the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties in history.It went through Wei, Jin, Southern Dynasties (Song, Qi, Liang, Chen) and Northern Dynasties (Northern Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou).The long-term turmoil affected the normal order of schools. During this period, schools were abandoned and abandoned, especially government schools, which greatly reduced in number. The general trend of school education was declining, showing a state of fad and disuse.But some new types of schools have also emerged.

Before the Western Jin Dynasty, the State of Wei once established Taixue, and Emperor Wen of Wei officially restored Taixue in Luoyang in the fifth year of Huangchu (224 A.D.).The school system still follows the old system of the Han Dynasty.However, due to the disputes between the Three Kingdoms, most of the Tai students were evading military service, and their academic level was low. Only 10 of a hundred people could pass the exam. The establishment of Guozixue in the Western Jin Dynasty was in the fourth year of Xianning, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty (AD 278), and there were one Guozi Jijiu and one doctor each to teach students.In the third year of Emperor Hui Yuankang (AD 293), it was clearly stipulated that disciples from officials to rank five and above were allowed to enter Guozixue, while Taixue became a place for students below rank six to study.This is the beginning of the establishment of Guozixue for the children of the gentry in ancient my country in addition to the Taixue, and it is also a reflection of the political privileges enjoyed by the aristocratic class in the school education system.This separation of Guozixue and Taixue directly affected the school education system after the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

Due to the relatively stable political situation in the Northern Wei Dynasty, school education was more developed than that in the Southern Dynasty.The Northern Wei Dynasty emphasized Confucian classics, established Guozixue and Taixue, established four primary schools, and opened the Imperial Family School.Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty admired Han culture and encouraged Sinicization.In the 17th year of Taihe (AD 493), after the capital was moved from Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi Province) to Luoyang, the speed of Sinicization was accelerated, and it was ordered to ban Hu clothing and use Chinese instead.He also changed his surname to the Han surname Yuanshi, and advocated intermarriage with the Han nationality.These measures promoted the development of education and played an active role in national integration.The establishment of the prefecture-state school education system in the local area was first initiated by the Northern Wei Dynasty.The method is to specify the number of doctors, teaching assistants, and students according to the size of the county: two doctors, four teaching assistants, and 100 students in large counties; two doctors, two teaching assistants, and 80 students in sub-counties; There is one doctor, two teaching assistants, and 60 students; Xiajun has one doctor, one teaching assistant, and 40 students.It is also stipulated that doctors must be broadcom classics, of high moral character, and be over 40 years old.The students should "advanced to the high school, second to the middle", that is, to recruit children from rich and noble families first, so that the nobles can enjoy privileges.

In the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were prefecture schools. During the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Ping ordered the prefectures to set up academies, but the prefecture school education system was established in the Northern Wei Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Wei Ming of the Three Kingdoms (AD 227), Wei Kaizuo invited a doctor of law to teach criminal law and recruit disciples of law. This was the beginning of ancient law schools in my country.Later Qin Yaoxing (394 A.D.) set up a law school in Chang'an, called all county officials who did not hold full-time positions to study, and selected those with excellent grades to return to the county to serve as prison litigators.In the fourth year of Tianjian (A.D. 505), Emperor Liangwu of the Southern Dynasty also added a "Doctor of Law" and set up a specialized school of law.

When Emperor Wu of the Western Jin Dynasty established a doctor of calligraphy, he set up disciples to teach calligraphy, with Zhong Yao (you You) and Hu Zhao as the standard.This is the beginning of the ancient Chinese calligraphy college. In the 15th year of Yuanjia, Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties (AD 438), four schools of Confucianism, Xuan, History, and Literature were opened. "History" and "Literature" which studies poetry and essays stand side by side.Although these schools did not exist for a long time, this divisional teaching system had a direct impact on the development of specialized schools in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and it can also be said that this is the beginning of future generations of divisional universities.

In the 20th year of Yuanjia, Song Wendi of the Southern Dynasties (AD 443), medicine began to be established.In the Northern Wei Dynasty, there were also doctors of imperial physicians and assistant professors.This is the beginning of my country's ancient medical colleges. The above shows that the ancient Chinese junior colleges are in their infancy, which will have an impact on the future development of junior colleges and the system of teaching by subject.It also shows that "Confucianism alone" was gradually replaced by "Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism"; the teaching of science and technology began to gain a certain position in school education.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, official schools declined, but private schools flourished. Famous Confucians gathered to give lectures still played an important role, and it was not uncommon for students to have hundreds or thousands of students.In the Southern Dynasties, Liu Yu (Huan Huan) of the Qi Dynasty had a greater influence.Liu Yu was very famous, and Fan Zhen (about 450-about 515 AD), a famous god-destroyer, was his student.During the reign of Emperor Wu of Liang, five academies were opened to teach Confucian classics, which is a typical example of the development of private schools.At that time, Yan Zhizhi in Chaozhou was the most famous.He is very good at lecturing scriptures, with clear layers and clear reasoning. Every time he lectures, students from the five halls come to listen, and there are often more than a thousand students.What a grand occasion!

The combination of Confucianism, metaphysics, Buddhism, and Taoism is the characteristic of private lectures in this period.For example, Xu Xiaoke of the Chen Dynasty not only taught metaphysics, but also mastered the Five Classics. He taught Buddhist scriptures in the morning, and lectured on the "Li" Sutra and "Zuo Zhuan" in the evening, and hundreds of people were trained.The form of lectures was influenced by Buddhism and metaphysics. During the Liang Dynasty, it was popular to give lectures and lectures, and the number of people attending the lectures sometimes reached as many as a thousand.During the Liang and Chen dynasties, lectures were sometimes held in palaces and sometimes in monasteries.According to records, Chen Houzhu once ordered Zhang Xie, a master of Confucianism, to give lectures on "Laozi" and "Laozi" in Wenwen Hall; later Chen Houzhu went to Kaishan Temple and ordered Zhang Xie to give lectures. Listen together.Wang Jia, a native of Longxi, doesn't make friends with the world, but digs cliffs and lives in caves. There are hundreds of disciples and apprentices, all of whom are caves.Zhang Zhong of Mount Tai said, "He teaches in form but not in words." His disciples mainly watched him cultivate Qigong's form Kung Fu, and he did not teach lessons. This is a Taoist education method. From this, we can also see that ancient Qigong education was still very popular.

Science and technology education was also an important content of private schools at that time.Such as teaching astronomy, arithmetic, medicine, and pharmacology, teaching methods have also been improved.Wang Wei of the Southern Dynasties studied Materia Medica in depth, and often took two or three students to pick herbs and tried them himself to verify the credibility of "Materia Medica".He inherited the tradition of attaching importance to practice in the work of picking herbs in ancient Chinese medicine.It can be said that it is a good way of education to bring students to pick and try herbs.

Women's lectures also appeared during this period. For example, Wei Cheng's mother Song inherited the family to learn the pronunciation and meaning of "Zhou Guan", and she continued to teach during the war.Later, when Wei Cheng served as the Taichang official of Fu Jian in the former Qin Dynasty, he set up a lecture hall for the Song family at home and taught 120 students.The Song family taught through the crimson veil, named Xuan Wenjun.What's more striking is that there were women who were appointed as doctors in the Southern Dynasties. For example, Han Linying of Wujun (now Suzhou, Jiangsu) was good at diction. She is a Ph.D. and teaches Liugong Calligraphy. People respectfully called her "Han Gong" at that time.During the reign of Empress Chen, Yuan Dashe, a palace official who knew literature, and others were appointed as female bachelors, which is also very meaningful.Wang Rong, a learned and talented man in the Southern Qi Dynasty, was directly taught by his mother Xie Huixuannv when he was a child. He Chengtian, the creator of "Yuanjiali", lost his father when he was young, and was also educated by his learned mother Xu.

In this period, children's books also developed."Zi Xun" written by Fan Xiu (xiu Xiu), and "Young Xun" written by Wang Bao already have the nature of children's textbooks.The "Thousand-Character Essay" written by Zhou Xingsi during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty extracted 1,000 different characters from Wang Xizhi's posthumous writings and compiled them into four-character rhymes. It is a comprehensive textbook based on literacy education and feudal ideological education and common sense education. "Thousand Characters" began in the Sui Dynasty and continued to be popular until the beginning of the 20th century. It is one of the oldest elementary school textbooks in Chinese history.In terms of content, it organizes commonly used words into smooth sentences that can express certain meanings. In terms of language, it has natural rhymes, simple structure, and is easy to read and recite. Its ingenious biography" is unique.