Chapter 5 Section 3 The Development of the Official School System in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Formation of "Six Arts" Education

The Western Zhou Dynasty is a typical slavery state in Chinese history. It has a history of about 300 years, from about the 11th century BC to 771 BC. It was the period when the Chinese slave society developed to its heyday.The Western Zhou Dynasty inherited the school education system of the Xia and Shang Dynasties, established a typical system of slavery, government and education that combined politics and education, and formed the "six arts" education that combines both civil and military skills. According to the records of ancient books, official studies in the Western Zhou Dynasty can be divided into national studies and rural studies.Guoxue is located in the royal city where the emperor of Zhou is located and the capitals of the vassal states. It is divided into two levels: primary school and university.The primary school is in the palace in the city, and the university is in the southern suburbs.Xiangxue is divided into "Xiang", "Xu", "School", "School" and so on.

There is a sentence in "Da Yu Ding" written by King Kang: "Nv (Ru) sister (Mei) Chen has a big dress, and Yu Jia (Wei) is my primary school." "The younger sister of the present case is connected with Mo, and it is said that when the knowledge of Tongmeng was not yet developed, Yu's father passed away almost early, so Yu inherited a prominent position when he was young. King Kang ordered him to enter Guihua Primary School to further his studies." It can be seen that there were indeed some nobles in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Primary school is a place of learning for ignorant children.

There is also a passage in the "Teacher (Up (Left Wei, Right) Down) (皀殳) [li gui Li Gui]" written by King Xuan: "Only (in) Xi Xianwang Primary School, female (ru) is sensitive, and both Destiny girl (ru) (shangyuxiapo) [geng geng] is the (ancestor) kaosi Xiaofu." This inscription not only proves that the royal family has a noble primary school, but also proves that the ancient records about Shaofu and Yueguan authenticity.According to relevant experts' textual research: "Xiaofu should be read as Shaofu." Combined with "Da Dai Li Ji Bao Fu": "As long as the prince is young and long knows the concubine (matching) color, he will enter the primary school, and the younger ones will learn the palace. Also... the ancients left at the age of eight and went to the foreign house, learning small skills and performing small tasks. They tied their hair and went to university, learned great skills, and performed high standards.” It shows that this type of primary school belongs to the noble primary school of the court, His students are the crown prince, the prince of Gongqing, the legitimate son of the doctor and Yuanshi, etc. "Book of Rites · Kingship" says: "The primary school is set to the left of the south of the palace", that is, this kind of primary school is set up near the palace, which may be for the convenience of the children of nobles to go to school.The chief guards of the palace, Shi Shi and Bao Shi, also serve as primary school teachers.

Each vassal state also has its own Guihua primary school. "Gongyang Zhuan" commented in the fifteenth year of Xuangong: "The princes Suigong elementary school is the best in the emperor, and he studied in the university." In the Western Zhou Dynasty, in addition to the Guihua primary school on the left side of the palace, there was also a primary school in the western suburbs.According to "Book of Rites King System": Zhou people set up "Yu Xiang", "Yu Xiang is in the western suburbs of the country". "Benwen Tongkao School Kao" notes: "Yu Xiang is in the western suburbs of the country, and there is also a primary school." This type of primary school may be a noble primary school in the palace, and the level of enrolled students may be lower, or belong to the children of small and medium-sized slave owners and aristocrats. . The note in the fifteenth year of Xuangong in "Gongyang Zhuan" said: "The elders teach in the school, the eight-year-old learns elementary school, and the fifteen-year-old learns university. Xiang, the outstanding students of Xiang are transferred to Chinese studies and studied in elementary schools.” Judging from the tone of the full text, students who are excellent in the "school room" in Lizhong can be promoted from "Xiangxue" to "Xiang", and then to Guoxue. And this Guoxue will not be the noble primary school of the court, but may be "Yu Xiang" located in the western suburbs.Such students who go through several selections and selections before being promoted to primary schools of Chinese studies are of course not too young, so there is a legend: "Only enter primary school at the age of fifteen." The commentary to "Da Dai Li Ji·Bao Fu" says: "It is also said that those who enter elementary school at fifteen and enter university at eighteen, it is said that those whose surnames are established, enter elementary school at fifteen, and those who are early enter university at eighteen." This explanation is more reasonable.In ancient times, primary school students were not strictly limited to children, and the age of enrollment was from 8 to 15 years old.Perhaps this is related to the rank of the nobility. The children of high-ranking nobles enter school earlier, while the middle and lower nobles enter later. That's why there are various sayings about the age of enrollment.

According to the annotation of "Da Dai Li Ji Bao Fu", the age of princes and princes entering the primary school of Guoxue is eight years old. "Gongyang Zhuan" note: "Rite, the sons of the princes are taught by Shaofu at the age of eight, and they are taught in elementary school. They are small in career and small in practice." Knowing, schooling to learn books counts." The basis for entering primary school at the age of eight was proposed.According to "Shangshu Dazhuan", the age for the princes of Gongqing and the sons of the officials and scholars to enter the primary school of Guoxue is about 10 or 13 years old. , probably around 15 years old.According to the "General Examination of Documents · School Examination", children under Gongqing may not be able to enter the primary school of Chinese studies at the beginning, but learn in the family school first, and only when they are about 13 years old can they enter the primary school of Chinese studies.And the prince of the country can enter the elementary school of Guoxue at the age of eight.It can be seen that the primary school enrollment age in the Western Zhou Dynasty was related to the patriarchal hierarchy.

According to "Zhou Li·Diguan Situ", the primary school of the Western Zhou Dynasty emphasized moral education, and paid attention to educating noble children with morality. "Book of Rites · Nei Ze" said: "Ten years out, I will teach outside, live outside, learn calligraphy... I will learn children's rituals day and night, please forgive me. For ten or three years, I will learn music, recite poems and dance spoons. I will become a child. , learn archery." There are etiquette, music and dance, archery, driving, calligraphy, calculation, etc., and the teaching content is relatively comprehensive, which shows that the primary education in the Western Zhou Dynasty emphasized the cultivation of the moral code of conduct of slave owners and nobles and the training of knowledge and skills in social life.

Judging from ancient books and documents, Western Zhou University has names such as "Dongjiao", "Dongxu", "Piyong", "Pangong", "Chengjun", "Guzong", "Shangxiang" and "Taixue". ; Judging from the bronze inscriptions, Western Zhou University has names such as "Piyong", "Xuegong", "Dachi" and "Shelu".In the university, the king of Zhou will hold ceremonial ceremonies, sacrificial activities, practice archery, music and dance, etc., as said in the chapter "Zhuangzi · Tianxia": "King Wen has the joy of Piyong."

Universities in the Western Zhou Dynasty—Piyong and Pan Palaces were generally located in the suburbs, surrounded by pools, with hall-style thatched houses built on the high ground in the middle, and vast gardens nearby. There were birds and animals in the gardens, and swimming fish in the pools.This shows that the facilities of Western Zhou University are relatively primitive, mainly consisting of thatched halls, surrounded by gardens and pools.The children of the nobles shot fish and birds in the garden pool, and drove to besiege wild animals.The fishing and hunting activities in Western Zhou University are a kind of practical training to cultivate students' practical ability.However, Western Zhou University is not only a place where noble children study, but also a place where noble members collectively salute, gather, have dinner, practice martial arts, and play music. It also has the nature of auditorium, conference room, club, sports field and school. venue for the event.This shows that Western Zhou University was not yet fully specialized, and was integrated with the social life of the nobility.The public activities in Western Zhou University mainly focused on saluting, archery, driving, playing music, and dancing, and the main content of its teaching was also on ritual music and archery. Children were trained to become rulers, and rites and music were an important means for the nobles to consolidate their internal organization and rule the people at that time; at the same time, the nobles wanted to train their children to become military backbones to defend the vested regime, and archery was military training, and dancing with the nature of military training.

In addition to Piyong and Pangong, there were other universities in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The "Dongjiao" mentioned in "Book of Rites King System" to support the elderly, and the "Dongxu", "Gu Zong" and "Shangxiang" mentioned in "Book of Rites King Wen Shizi" are all universities. "Dongjiao" means "Dongxu". "Da Dai Li Ji Bao Fu": "When the emperor enters the East, he respects his relatives and respects his benevolence." "The emperor enters the South, and his teeth value his trust." Enrolling in Beixue is noble and honorable." "The emperor entered Taixue, and he was asked by his teacher." The east, south, west, and north schools mentioned here seem to have drawn us the composition pattern of Western Zhou University.Dongxue is Dongxu, which is a place for practicing dance and learning to fight, and is presided over by musicians; Western learning is Guzong, a place for practicing etiquette and offering sacrifices to ancestors and sages, and is presided over by ceremonial officials; Xiang is a place for learning books, presided over by the edict; as for Nanxue, some say it is Chengjun, a place for learning music, presided over by Da Siyue.Some of Taixue said it was the school of the central government, which might be Piyong or Mingtang.Combining the central and surrounding four schools in this way, there are actually five schools. "General Examination of Documents · School Examination" said that these schools were "built together on the same hill".According to the "Book of Rites·Ming Tangwei", the State of Lu also had to establish four generations of learning, that is, the Xiang of the Yu family, the preface of the Xiahou family, the Guzong of Yin, and the contemporary Zhou learning - Pan Palace, which seems to be the same here. Establishing the four generations of learning together, and putting these schools in the "Mingtang position", this combines the four learning and Mingtang together.The East, West, North, South, and North Schools are combined with Mingtang as the center to form a university, not several independent universities.

Elementary schools and universities located in the capital are collectively referred to as Guoxue.The local schools located in the administrative districts of the six townships on the outskirts of Wangdu are collectively referred to as Xiangxue.According to "Book of Rites Xue Ji", the rural school in the Western Zhou Dynasty is: "The family has a private school, the party has a school, and the art (so) is orderly." "Zhou Li" also said: "The township has a school, the state is orderly, the party has a There is a school, and there is a private school." "Mencius" only said: "Zhou said Xiang."

According to "Zhou Li Da Situ": "Five families are compared, five ratios are Lu, four Lu are clans, five clans are parties, five parties are states, and five states are townships." According to "Zhou Li Suiren" : "Five families are neighbors, five neighbors are lis, four lis are Feng [CUO Cuo], five Fengs are bis, five bis are counties, and five counties are Sui." The former refers to the suburbs of the country, while the latter refers to the outer suburbs outside the township.The school in the township is mainly "Xiang", and the school in Sui is mainly "Xu". The "Dang You Xiang" mentioned in "Xue Ji" and the "orderly township" mentioned in "Zhou Li" refer to the township organizations in the suburbs. Both the township and the party's schools are called "Xiang".Therefore, "Book of Rites King System" said that if there are people in the village who are not handsome, they should report to Situ, and then learn the etiquette in the village to influence them. "Xiangjiuyi" also said: "The host greets the guests outside the Xiangmen." People who have not been taught repeatedly [quanquan] will "move it", and learn from it, that is, the "preface" to influence.If it doesn't change, it will be "screened in the distance, lifelong disdain".This also shows that the township is dominated by Xiang, so the preface is the main one. The private schools and schools in the Western Zhou Dynasty may not be the real schools for seeking knowledge. The "school" may be a hall by the door. Respect the elders and so on. "Erya·Shi Gong" said: "The door in the palace is called the door...the hall next to the door is called the school." The note says: "School" - "Jiamen Hall." It can be seen that the original meaning of "School" Just a side view.According to "Lue Shuo" in the fifth volume of "Shangshu Dazhuan": "Forty-five days from the winter solstice, I started to study Fu Nongshi. The old man sat in the right school, the old man sat in the left school, the rest of the sons finished, and then all Returning. Evening is the same. The rest of the sons enter, the father's teeth go with them, and the brothers' teeth go with geese. Friends don't pass each other. Light responsibilities are combined, and heavy responsibilities are divided. Those who are awarded the white are not accompanied. It is the same when going in and out." Sitting there, inspecting and admonishing the people who come in and out, they should be arranged in order of age, and they should not exceed each other. The young people should carry things on behalf of the old people. Although "School" also played the role of management and teaching, it was not a school in the strict sense. The same is true for "school". According to the commentary in "Gongyang Biography", this kind of "school" is to select elders with high morality to come here after the autumn harvest for education. It seems to be a kind of "winter learning" nature. Carried out during slack.In addition, the names of "school" and "xue" are often used interchangeably, such as Xiangxue can also be called Xiangxue.For example, in "Zuo Zhuan", it was recorded in the 31st year of Duke Xiang that Zheng Zichan did not destroy the township school, and Zheng's country school was called the township school.Shuyun: "School is an alias for learning." He also said that "people of Zheng traveled to the township school to discuss governance", which also shows that the township school has a role of "discussing politics".Zheng Zichan's purpose of not destroying the township school is also to preserve the good tradition of "discussing politics".The so-called old-age begging and sayings in the rural schools of the Western Zhou Dynasty also maintained this good tradition. To sum up, it can be seen that the Western Zhou Dynasty academic system is shown in the following figure: The education system of the Western Zhou Dynasty was a combination of government and education, and the integration of officials and teachers.The teachers in the school are all held by officials, the officials are the teachers, and the teachers are the officials.The teacher must be an official or retire.The important ministers of the country, the Taishi, Taibao, and Taifu, are also the teachers of the emperor. "Da Dai Li Ji Bao Fu" said: "In the past, Zhou Cheng Wang You, in his infancy, called the Duke to be the Taibao, Zhou Gong was the Taifu, and the Taigong was the Taishi. Bao, to protect his body; Fu, Fu's virtue and righteousness; Teacher, the lesson of the Tao. This is the position of the three lords. Therefore, to set up the three young masters, all go to the doctor. They are called Shaobao, Shaofu, and Shaoshi, who are with the crown prince Yan." The three gongs have division of labor and work closely together; Taishi, to teach lessons; Taifu, to teach his virtue; Taibao, to protect his body.The third young master is the assistant of the third prince, and he goes in and out with the prince's residence. The third young master assists the three princes, assists the emperor, and teaches the prince.Later, the official system of the Western Zhou Dynasty was gradually divided, and Shibao became the special name for the prince's tutor, while the minister who was in power to assist the minister was not named as Qingshi.From the division of officials and officials, it can also be explained that the initial teacher-insurer was a post that combined officials and teachers. The situation of Chinese studies, rural studies and court education in the Western Zhou Dynasty was basically the same, and they were both officials and teachers.Guoxue is presided over by Da Si Le (Da Le Zheng), who is the official of the state and is responsible for religious sacrifices and state ceremonies.There are many officials under Da Si Le who are in charge of their duties.According to the "Book of Rites · King Wen's Son", in addition to Dalezheng, there are Xiaolezheng, Daxu, Xiaoxu, Dasicheng, Shishi, Shicheng, Taifu, Shaofu, Shishi, Baoshi etc. There are similar records in "Zhou Li Chun Guan".They are not only the official officials of the state, but also the teachers of Chinese studies, undertaking the education and teaching work of the state.Most of them belonged to the state ceremonial officials, but the Shi family and the Bao family belonged to the state Situ and also controlled the military equipment of the royal family. "Shi" was originally the title of an officer, "Shi" refers to a senior officer, and "Master" is a higher-ranking officer than "Shi".In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Shi Shi and Bao Shi, who served as the captains of the king's guard, were not only responsible for major affairs such as guards, entourage, and army, but also took charge of the education of noble children.Later, "teacher" was changed to the title of educator, so the name "teacher" actually originated from military officers. As for the teachers of rural studies, they are also concurrently served by national and local administrative officials at all levels, and are presided over by Da Situ.According to "Zhou Li Local Officials", in addition to Da Situ, there are also township teachers, township officials, governors, Dangzheng, etc. They are all hosts and teachers of local township studies.There are also doctors and scholars who have become officials (that is, retired), and they also directly serve as teachers of rural studies, called "father teacher" and "young teacher".For example, "Shang Shu Da Zhuan" Volume 5 "Lue Shuo" contains: "Doctors and scholars become officials at seventy, and they grow old in the countryside. Doctors are fathers and teachers, and scholars are young teachers." The teaching content of Western Zhou Guoxue includes four aspects of morality, behavior, art, and etiquette, and the six arts such as ritual, music, archery, and number are the basic content.In college, the focus is on poetry, book, ritual and music, and in primary school, the focus is on the number of books.The study of archery, in addition to imparting and cultivating relevant knowledge and skills, also focuses on matching with the teaching of ritual and music.The educational content of Xiangxue is not as detailed as that of Guoxue. "Li" is a political ethics class. "Li" includes the entire hereditary system of patriarchal clan hierarchy, moral norms and etiquette. "Zuo Zhuan Eleven Years of Yin Gong": "The rites are those who manage the country, order the society, order the people, and benefit the successors." The nature is related to the future and destiny of the country, including laws and moral norms in all aspects of political system, economy, military and social life, reflecting the needs of the hereditary system of patriarchal clan in the Western Zhou Dynasty. "Etiquette" is the most important course in the university.The children of the nobles learned the "rituals". In political activities, diplomatic activities and moral life, their actions will conform to the norms, stand firm on the position of the nobles, show the dignity of the nobles, and be conducive to being an official and governing the people.The "rituals" taught in universities are the "five rituals" that are common in noble life: auspicious rituals, fierce rituals, guest rituals, military rituals, and honorary rituals.Auspicious rites talk about sacrifices to respect the ghosts and gods of the country; auspicious rites talk about funerals and burials to relieve disasters and mourn death; Drink wedding crowns and other festive activities to be close to all people. "Zhou Li Da Zongbo" talks about "Five Rituals" with a total of 36 items, all of which are important ceremonies of the state. Children of nobles must be familiar with it if they want to be in politics.Not only must you know and salute, but you must also abide by certain requirements and regulations in terms of appearance.The Bao family is also responsible for teaching the "six rituals": the appearance of sacrifices, the appearance of guests, the appearance of the court, the appearance of mourning, the appearance of the army, and the appearance of chariots and horses.Learning etiquette is not only about etiquette, but also practical learning and practice, repeated practice. "Etiquette" is not only the essence of self-cultivation for noble children, but also a tool for them to use the world.Therefore, "ritual" is a political, ethical and moral education class. "Music" is a comprehensive art class.Guo Moruo said in "The Bronze Age": "The so-called music in old China contains a wide range of content. Music, poetry, and dance are originally a trinity. Needless to say, plastic arts such as painting, sculpture, and architecture are also included. , and even ceremonial guards, field hunting, delicacies, etc. can be covered. The so-called "music is music", anything that makes people happy and allows people to enjoy their senses can be broadly called "music." Zheng Xuan's note in "The Book of Songs Zheng Feng Zi Jin": "The ancients taught poetry and music, recited it, sang it, played it, and danced it." It shows the diversity of its forms.At Western Zhou University, Da Si Yue presided over the music teaching, and educated the noble children with music virtue, music language, music and dance.The so-called morality includes neutrality (speaking from the heart, neither rigid nor soft), only mediocrity (showing respect to gods, responding with courtesy), and filial piety (filial piety to parents, friendship with brothers).The so-called happy language includes Xingdao (using things as metaphors, citing the past and the present), satire (reciting familiar Chinese words, reciting with rhyme), and speech (directly expressing one's own ideas, answering others' questions).The so-called music and dance include Yunmen, Dajuan (Yellow Emperor Music), Daxian (Yao Music), Daqing (Shun Music), Da Xia (Yu Music), Dalu [huo Huo] (Tang Music), Dawu (Wu Wang Music) ) and other six generations of music and dance, also known as six music. The six generations of music and dance mentioned in "Zhou Li Da Si Yue" are "Da Wu", which is the main content of university study.In addition, musicians also teach college students to learn small dances: 帗〔fu skin〕 dance (dance with colorful silk ribbons in hand, or dance with colorful bird feathers in hand), feather dance (dance with bird feathers in hand to sacrifice to the four directions), Huangwu (dancing with colorful feathers to pray for rain), Yanwu (dance with yak tail to worship Piyong, and also used in Yanyue), Ganwu (dance with shield to sacrifice mountains and rivers) , Renwu (dancing with bare hands and waving sleeves to worship the stars).There is also a kind of "elephant dance", which is dancing with a pole.Dance is divided into two categories: civil dance and martial dance.Holding a 籥 (instrument) Zhai (toba) and dancing is a civil dance; holding a dry (shield) Qi (axe [yue Yue]) and dancing is a martial dance. "Cloud Gate", "Da Zhang", "Da Shao" and "Da Xia" belong to Wen Wu; "Da Lu" and "Da Wu" belong to Wu Wu.These music and dances are used in different occasions. Among them, "Da Wu" is the national music of the Zhou Dynasty, which is actually a large-scale song and dance drama based on the theme of King Wu of Zhou Dynasty Ke Yin.Its tunes have long been lost, while the lyrics are basically preserved in "The Book of Songs Zhou Song", and it is said that it may have been composed by the Duke of Zhou. "Dawu" music and dance is an important content of Western Zhou University education, and all noble children must learn it. "Book of Rites Nei Ze" mentions that noble children learn music, recite poems, and dance "spoon" (wen dance) at the age of 13; they become children at the age of 15 and dance "xiang" (wu dance). "Zhou Li·Da Si Le" mentions that "the son of a handsome country dances".The royal family of the Western Zhou Dynasty attached great importance to music and dance. According to "Zhou Li·Chun Guan", the royal family's music and dance institutions have nearly 1,500 people who play music, sing, dance and other staff, from Dasi Yue to below, which shows how much they attach importance to. The close cooperation between "ritual" and "music" is emphasized in the education of Western Zhou University. "Book of Rites·Wen Wang Shizi" said: "Every three kings teach the world with ritual and music. Music is to cultivate the inside, and ritual is to cultivate the outside. Ritual and music are intertwined in the hands, and the shape is produced on the outside. That's why it is successful [ yi translation], respectful and gentle.” The function of ritual is to restrain people’s external behavior, which has a certain degree of compulsion; while music focuses on cultivating people’s inner emotions, so that rituals that are originally compulsive to a certain extent can be self-satisfied inner spiritual needs.Therefore, the "Book of Rites · Music Book" says: "Those who have music are also those who understand ethics." Music is an ethical and moral education through aesthetic education and art education. "Le Ji" also said: "Music is the same, ritual is different; the same is a blind date, and the different is respect." The purpose of music education is to enhance the unity of the nobles, and then reconcile the contradictions between classes and levels. .This kind of ritual and music education played an important and positive role in changing social customs, stabilizing social order, and strengthening the connection between the princes and the royal family during the period of upward development of Western Zhou society.Therefore, it is believed that: "To change customs and customs, there is nothing good at music; to govern the people, there is nothing good at etiquette." Ritual and music education has become the center of Western Saturday arts education. "Shooting" and "imperial" are military training courses. "Sho" means archery, and "Yu" means driving.Chariots at that time were heavy weapons. Generally speaking, each chariot had three soldiers: the left held a bow, the right held a spear, the middle drove the chariot, and 72 chariots, horses and infantry followed.King Wu defeated Yin with 300 leather chariots and 3,000 people from Huben (warriors). Thanks to political agitation, he quickly won a decisive victory in destroying Yin.It can be seen that the chariot is very important in the war.But to master the tactics of chariots, you must learn the two martial arts of "shooting" and "defending". "Archer is a man's business." The children of nobles in the Western Zhou Dynasty had to receive formal training when they reached the age of elementary school. Those who could not shoot arrows could not be called men. "Shooting" is an important subject in Chinese studies and rural studies, and there are certain places for coaching.There are five styles of coaching, with corresponding five standards.According to Zheng Xuan's explanation: One is "white arrow"-penetrating the target and exposing the arrow.Focus on training the arm strength to open the bow.The second is "Shenlian" - after the first arrow is shot, the last three arrows hit twice in a row.Focus on training the speed of launch.The third is "Shan [yan eye] note" - the arrow enters the target, the feather neck is high, and the arrow is low.The most important thing is to train your strength to be sharp so that the arrow can pass through objects.The fourth is "Xiangchi" - "Xiang" means humility.The ruler and his subjects shoot at the same time, and the ministers are not allowed to stand side by side with the ruler, but must step back a foot. The emphasis is on training the character of humility.The fifth is "Jingyi"—shoot four arrows in a row and all hit the target and form the shape of the word "well".The key is to train the accuracy of archery. "Book of Rites Sheyi" said: "In the ancient system of the Son of Heaven, the princes offered tribute to the Son of Heaven every year. In sacrifice, its capacity is not comparable to ritual, its integrity is not comparable to music, and the middle and young are not comparable to sacrifice." It is said that the emperor of the Western Zhou Dynasty stipulated a system, and the princes recommended scholars to the emperor every year, and the emperor tested them in the palace of shooting. archery.If the appearance and movements are in line with etiquette, the festival is in line with music, and the number of times you hit the target is high, you can participate in the sacrifice ceremony of the emperor.If the appearance and action are not in line with etiquette, the festival is not in line with music, and the number of times of hitting the target is small, then you are not allowed to participate in the sacrificial ceremony of the emperor.He Xiu's "Chunqiu Gongyang Zhuan Jiegu" said in the fifteenth year of Xuangong: "If you act the same, you can couple. If you don't, you can shoot it, and then you can rank it." The level of archery skills is distinguished, and the winner is awarded a certain title.Therefore, the Western Zhou Dynasty attached great importance to archery coaches, and archery training was also very strict. Chinese studies and rural studies had to prepare conditions for noble youngsters to participate in big archery and rural archery.Every year before the big festival, an archery competition is held to select warriors. The ceremony is grand and decorated with rituals and music. There are also five coaches for "Yu", referred to as "Five Yu" for short: one is "Ming and Luan" - "He" is in Shi, "Luan" is in Heng, "He" and "Luan" are both decorated on the car When the car is driving, the bell resonates rhythmically.The second is "Zhushuiqu" - driving along the zigzag side of the ditch without letting the car fall into the water.The third is "passing the king's watch" - "the king's watch" is the Yuanmen with flags inserted, the Yuanmen is in a dangerous place, and a stone step is placed in the middle of the Yuanmen as an obstacle.When the car enters the shaft gate, the gap between the two sides of the front of the car and the stone step is only five inches.The fourth is "Dancing Intersection" - the car is on the intersection, driving back and forth, rotating moderately, in line with the rhythm of the dance.The fifth is "chasing birds to the left" - when chasing birds and beasts, one must be good at blocking them to the left so that the monarch can shoot and hunt, because rituals stipulate that the monarch should shoot from the left when hunting. "Book of Rites · Qu Lixia": "Ask the son of a doctor, if he is older, he will be able to drive; if he is young, he will not be able to control him." Ask the son of a doctor, if he is older, he will answer that he can drive a car; if he is young, he will answer: Still can't control the car.It can be seen that when the children of nobles reach a certain age, they must be trained in driving skills, and the elders are distinguished by whether they can drive or not.Driving must be calm, agile, proficient, and be able to cooperate with the shooter at any time to create favorable shooting opportunities. Therefore, learning to drive requires rigorous training in order to meet the requirements of the above five standards. Before the emperor of Zhou went to the expedition, he had to go to the ancestral temple to worship and ask for orders, which was called "complaining to the ancestors"; then he went to the university to hold a pre-expedition military meeting to formulate a combat plan.The class teacher returned triumphantly, and also returned to the university to hold a "dedication ceremony" ceremony to pay homage to the "sages and teachers" and present prisoners to report their meritorious deeds.The university is an important activity place for the emperor of Zhou, and also a place for competing for the selection of imperial candidates.These all show that the Western Zhou Dynasty attached great importance to the training of archery and paid attention to the close connection between the teaching of archery and real life. "Book" and "Number" are basic cultural courses. "Book" refers to written text. "Number" refers to calculation, algorithm.The tools for writing in the Western Zhou Dynasty were knives, brushes, bamboo and wood, and the characters were in big seal characters.In the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were already calligraphy books (textbooks) for primary school character teaching.According to "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi": ""Shizhen [Zhou Zhou]" fifteen chapters." The note said: "During the time of King Xuan of Zhou (827-782 BC), Tai Shizhen wrote fifteen chapters of seal script." : "The author of "Shi Zhen Pian" is also a children's book taught by historians in Zhou Dynasty." This is the earliest children's literacy textbook recorded in the history of ancient Chinese education, which has been lost today.Primary education in the Western Zhou Dynasty began with literacy and writing. "Book of Rites Nei Ze" proposes "a few days of nine years of teaching" and "a ten-year study of calligraphy". Ten Jiazi, know and write Fang Ming (the names of East, South, West and North).At that time, the direction of identification was mainly based on astronomical phenomena.At that time, people used methods such as the sun shadow of sunrise and sunset, the sun shadow at noon, and the position of the North Star at night to determine the direction. "Zhou Li" proposed the general name of "Six Books". Later scholars have different interpretations of the names and order of the Six Books, but they all believe that there are six ways to form Chinese characters. "Hanshu Yiwenzhi" said: "The ancients entered elementary school at the age of eight, so Zhou Guanbao took charge of raising the sons of the country, and taught the six books, which are pictographic, imagery, imagery, imagery, Zhuanzhu, and borrowing, which are the foundation of character creation." It is proposed that the composition of characters has the above six aspects, and it also points out that the literacy teaching in the Western Zhou Dynasty is classified according to the method of composition of characters.Zheng Xuan put forward in "Zhou Li·Bao Shi Zhu" that the content of the six books is "pictographic, knowing, transcribing, dealing with things, borrowing, and homophonic." Xu Shen proposed the most representative "Shuowen Jiezi" in "Shuowen Jiezi". "Six Books" said: ""Zhou Li", entered elementary school at the age of eight, and the Bao family taught the son of the country. Pictographs, pictograms, painted into objects, and interrogated according to the body, the sun and the moon are also. The third is called pictograms, and pictographs are named after things, and analogies are used to complement each other, which is also true of rivers and rivers. Fourth, understanding, understanding, analogy Heyi, in order to see the reference [hui Hui], Wu Xin is also. The fifth is to transfer annotations. Those who transfer annotations, build a class, agree to accept each other, and pass the test. It's true for the commanding officer to entrust the matter." The so-called "referring to things" refers to using symbols to indicate meanings, such as adding "one" under the tree as the base (tree root), and adding "one" above the tree as the end (tree tip).The so-called "pictography" is to describe objective things, such as "sun" like a red sun, "moon" like a crescent moon, and "mountain" like a towering peak surrounded by mountains.The so-called "phonetic" refers to the combination of meaning symbols and phonetic symbols. For example, the radical of the word "fish" indicates the general category of fish, and then it is combined with other characters to form "carp", "crucian carp", "eel", "eel", etc. , indicating different types of fish, which is a combination of shape and sound.The so-called "knowing" means combining two or more words to express a new meaning, such as "pointy" for upper, smaller, lower, and "bright" for left sun and right moon.The so-called "zhuanzhu" refers to the mutual interpretation of synonyms of the same radical, such as "old, kaoye", "kao, old also." Words, but there is no such character, so we borrowed homophones to express, such as "Ru" originally means the name of water, borrowed as a second-person pronoun, meaning "you".In short, the teaching of characters in Western Zhou schools is based on the method of forming Chinese characters and teaching them in the "six books" category, so that students can master the sound, shape, and meaning of each Chinese character. The teaching of "number" developed greatly in the Western Zhou Dynasty. According to research, six-year-old children in the Western Zhou Dynasty began to learn numbers from one to ten.Nine-year-old children learn "counting days", which refers to learning the method of recording dates, first learning how to record the days of Jiazi, and then gradually deepening.Ten-year-old children begin to learn "shuji".The so-called "meter" refers to the cultivation of general computing ability.The first thing to learn is the decimal notation method.This counting method was in the advanced ranks in the history of mathematics development.Next, learn how to calculate.An important calculation method in ancient China - calculation was completed in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States, but it is not denied that there were simple counting and simple arithmetic operations before the Spring and Autumn and Warring States. "Zhou Li · Di Guan · Bao Shi" proposes that the number of Western Saturday arts is "Nine Numbers".In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zheng Xuan proposed the "Nine Numbers" in his notes: "Fang Tian, ​​Corn, Difference, Shao Guang, Shang Gong, Even Losing, Equation, Winning Insufficiency, and Side Points."The so-called "square field" refers to issues such as the calculation of the area of ​​​​the field.The so-called "corn" refers to the problem of proportional exchange.The so-called "difference", also known as "decay", is about the level-proportional distribution problem.The so-called "shaoguang" - "shao" means "how many", and "guang" means "wide", it talks about the method of using square root and cubic root in volume calculation.The so-called "shanggong" - "shang" is "merchant", "gong" is "engineering", it is about the calculation of engineering, especially the calculation of volume.The so-called "equal transportation" refers to the reasonable arrangement of transportation, payment, distribution of corvee and other issues according to conditions such as population and route.The so-called "equation" refers to simultaneous linear equations and the problem of positive and negative numbers.The so-called "insufficient win" is also called "insufficient profit", which refers to the use of hypothetical methods to solve difficult problems.The so-called "side note" refers to the "Pythagorean Theorem".Learning the above nine calculation methods is a higher teaching requirement. The "Nine Numbers" has been handed down, and after continuous supplementation, processing, and arrangement by later generations, it was compiled into "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic" around the time of the end of the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms.The "Nine Numbers" of the Western Zhou Dynasty laid the foundation for the later "Nine Chapters of Arithmetic", which shows that the mathematics teaching content of the Western Zhou Dynasty is relatively rich. In short, the content of "number of books" in the "Six Arts" is very extensive, just as Shu Tianmin, a scholar of the Yuan Dynasty, said in "Compendium of the Six Arts": "Among the six books, astronomy, geography, people, events, and things are all comprehensive. Prepared...the magical effect of writing is so great." For example, there is a kind of Chinese characters called "the pure form of heaven and earth", teaching this kind of characters, it is necessary to introduce astronomical knowledge such as sun, moon, cloud, rain and so on to children And geographical knowledge such as mountains, waters, rivers, and springs. In the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, "literary and artistic" education centered on ritual and music was formed, which reflected the characteristics of both civil and martial arts and all kinds of education, and reflected the glory of the early development of Chinese civilization. The Western Zhou Dynasty made great progress in science and technology, such as astronomy, calendar, medicine, architecture, smelting, and machinery manufacturing; No emphasis on technology education.This is a characteristic of ancient Chinese school education.The teaching of science and technology is through other channels. Specialized officials wish, history, medicine, divination, and "all kinds of crafts", which are passed on from father to son, and become "world industry" from generation to generation. School education in the Western Zhou Dynasty is related to "world industry". Parallel.