Chapter 18 The origin and development of the first section inkstone

Inkstone is a stationery that grinds pigments (mainly ink).It evolved from the grinding utensils and toning utensils of the primitive society. Regarding inkstones in ancient times, the "Four Books of the Study Room" records: "In the past, the Yellow Emperor got a jade button, which was treated as Mo Haiyan. The seal script on it said: 'The inkstone of the Emperor Hong'." Here, the Emperor Hong refers to the Yellow Emperor. , since there was no "seal script" in the legendary Huangdi era, from this point of view, this record is not reliable, and this device may be a tripod for later generations (the fake character Zhongchang character is replaced by Guang).Now there are two earliest inkstones found. One is found in the Beishouling site belonging to the early Yangshao Culture in Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. The stone inkstone is 17.8 cm long and 14 cm wide. About 5000 years.The other is found in the Jiangzhai site belonging to the early Yangshao Culture in Lintong District, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province. The stone inkstone is 8 cm long and 6.4 cm wide. 7.1 cm, 2 cm deep circular socket.The inkstone cover is also made of stone and is flat and trapezoidal.When the two inkstones were unearthed, there were red pigments left in the mortar, which shows that they are both grinders with the function of toning.

In the Yin and Shang Dynasties, brushes were more sophisticated, so other stationery that matched them, including inkstones, were also more advanced.A palette was once unearthed from the tomb of Fu Hao in the Yin Ruins of Anyang City, Henan Province (Fu Hao was the consort of Wu Ding, the 23rd king of the Shang Dynasty).Two inkstones of the Zhou Dynasty were unearthed in Luoyang City, Henan Province. One is rectangular and polished with coarse sandstone; the other is bull-shaped and made of jade.Vermilion remains on the surfaces of both inkstones, indicating that these "stone inkstones" were still used as color palettes at that time.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there are only some records about inkstones. "School of the Study" says that "there is a stone inkstone in the Confucius Temple of Lu State, which is very simple and simple, covering the life of the master." It is recorded that in the Spring and Autumn Period, Fan Li, a great official, had a stone inkstone. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, stone inkstones were also unearthed from the Qin Tomb in Sleeping Tiger Land, Yunmeng County, Hubei Province discovered in 1975.The inkstone is processed from irregular diamond-shaped pebbles, 6.7-7 cm long, 5.3-6 cm wide, and 2 cm high.Attached with a research stone, 2.2 cm high, is also simply processed pebbles.Most of the early stone inkstones were of this shape and were simply processed from natural stone. They were all crushed and ground with natural mineral ink or artificial ink with a grinding stone.

Many inkstones from the Han Dynasty were unearthed.For example, the rectangular lacquer-box stone inkstone unearthed in 1981 from Jinqueshan Western Han Tomb in Linyi County, Shandong Province (now Linyi City) is 21.5 cm long, 7.4 cm wide, and 0.9 cm high.Inkstone box with wooden body, painted inside and outside, inlaid with stone slabs, with research stones on top of the slate slabs, writing brushes, wooden tablets, etc. were unearthed at the same time.In the ancient tombs of the Han Dynasty, rectangular stone slabs were unearthed, and they were equipped with exquisite wooden or lacquer boxes.This kind of slate is also called black board, which can be used to grind black powder for beauty. "Songs of Chu" has the words "powder is white and black is black, and Shi Fangze is only".Stone slabs can also be used to grind ink for painting and writing, so they are also called stone inkstones.A lacquer inkstone inlaid with silver foil was unearthed from a tomb of the Western Han Dynasty in Han (hanhan) Jiang County, Jiangsu Province.The body of the inkstone is painted with black lacquer, the sides are decorated with silver foil figures, animals, and the back of the inkstone is decorated with vermilion lacquer ground, decorated with black clouds and flying dragons and phoenixes.The invention and use of lacquerware in my country was relatively early. This piece of lacquer inkstone is exquisite in craftsmanship and exquisitely decorated, which shows that lacquerware has developed greatly in the Han Dynasty.It also shows the richness and uniqueness of Chinese inkstones.Lacquer inkstones were also made and used in later dynasties.

In 1955, a stone inkstone of the Eastern Han Dynasty was unearthed in Cang County, Hebei Province (now Cangzhou City).The inkstone cover is carved into a pair of coiled dragons, the mouths of the two dragons are connected, the neck is open, the middle waist is circled, and the legs are crawling.This inkstone is also attached with a research stone, and there is a groove in the center of the inkstone cover. When the inkstone cover and the inkstone body are matched, it can accommodate the research stone.The whole stone inkstone is ingeniously designed, vivid in shape and exquisite in craftsmanship.The shape and production of stone inkstones in the Eastern Han Dynasty have taken a step forward compared with the stone inkstones before the Western Han Dynasty, which were mostly in the shape of simple cakes or plain panels. In 1978, a three-legged round stone inkstone was unearthed in Nanle County, Henan Province. The inkstone cover is extremely exquisitely carved, with six intertwined flying dragons in relief, dragon scales engraved in the shadow, and water waves engraved around it.The six flying dragons gather together to play with orbs and cleverly form the cover button.Such a clever cloth is still rare, and it is actually a masterpiece of Han inkstone.What is more striking is that this inkstone has an inscription of 44 characters, the cover button is the word "jun", the bottom of the inkstone is the word "five baht", and the inkstone mouth is surrounded by official characters: "Yanxi three years in July Renchen Shuo seven Ri Dingyou Jun Gao moved to the governor, three lords and nine ministers, two thousand stones, the king's life is like a stone, and the life test period is as long as the eternal code, and the research will be two thousand." The inscriptions on the inkstone are important for understanding social history and the situation of the owner of the inkstone. It is one of the important cultural contents of the "Four Treasures of the Study".

In addition to stone inkstones, there were also pottery inkstones and copper inkstones in the Han Dynasty.The pottery inkstone is like the 12 peaks of the Han Dynasty, 18.5 cm long, 21.5 cm wide, and 17.9 cm high. , Surrounded on three sides, there is a dragon head under the middle peak, and there is a hole for water injection. Under the left and right peaks, there is a statue of a negative mountain, surrounded by Yu Jiufeng to form a semi-circular inkstone hall, with three legs under the inkstone body.The design of pottery inkstone is novel and unique, and the whole is harmonious.Among the Han inkstones, there is also a stone inkstone in a copper box unearthed in Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province in 1969, commonly known as a gilt animal-shaped copper inkstone, which is 25 cm long, 14.8 cm wide, and 10.5 cm high.The inkstone is in the shape of a volleyball beast with two horns, two wings and four claws. Its mouth is open and its teeth are exposed. It has a body made of gilt copper and is inlaid with nearly a hundred red coral, lapis lazuli and turquoise beads.The copper inkstone is divided into upper and lower parts. The upper back is the inkstone cover, and the lower abdomen is the inkstone. The surface of the stone is smooth and moist.The whole body of the inkstone box is gilded, with brilliant luster, gorgeous decoration and exquisite decoration, which can be described as extremely rich.It is not only a treasure of Han inkstone, but also a masterpiece in the history of inkstone.

"Qi Min Yao Shu" quoted the Eastern Han Dynasty political commentator Cui Shi [Shi Shi]'s "Si Min Yue Ling", saying, "Inkstone ice release, order young children to enter primary school, learn chapters." "Inkstone ice, order young children to read "Book of Filial Piety" ", chapters, enter elementary school." It shows that the inkstone was widely used in the study of primary school children at that time, which also shows that the amount of inkstone in the Han Dynasty increased. Judging from the unearthed situation, there are many types of inkstones, including stone inkstones, pottery inkstones, lacquer inkstones, and copper inkstones.Inkstone styles are also varied. In addition to rectangles and circles, there are also scoop-shaped, peak-shaped, skip-shaped, and animal-shaped shapes. Many inkstones are also accompanied by exquisite inkstone boxes.The production of inkstone is getting better and better, and it has evolved from simple stationery to arts and crafts.These all show that the quality of Han inkstones has changed a lot compared with the previous generations.

The improvement and development of Han inkstone in terms of quality and quantity is also reflected in the theoretical understanding of inkstone. "Shuowen Jiezi" says: "Inkstone, stone slippery." "Inkstone, (Shimi) [mo Mo] also." ((Shimi) is the original character of grinding). "Shiming" says: "Inkstone, Yanye. Researching inkstone and Ruye." From these explanations of "inkstone", we can see that we have a deeper understanding of the nature of inkstone in terms of functions and other aspects. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the level of inkstone making has been further developed.There are more varieties of inkstones, and there are porcelain inkstones, silver inkstones, jade inkstones, wooden inkstones and so on.In the shape of the inkstone, it began to tend to be finalized.Circles, rectangles, etc. became the basic forms.At the same time, the inkstone decoration is more artistic.

According to the "Four Spectrums of the Study": "Wei Wu's "Shang Miscellaneous Book" says: 'The imperial objects include a sterling silver ginseng belt inkstone, and sterling silver ginseng belt round inkstones of four sizes each.'" This means that Emperor Wu of Wei At the time of Cao Cao, there were already silver inkstones.Ge Hong in the Jin Dynasty said in "Xijing Miscellaneous Notes": "Use jade as the inkstone, and it is not ice." This shows that there were also jade inkstones at that time.Fu Xuan of the Jin Dynasty said in "Fu of Inkstone" that "wood is valuable and soft", and "Four Puzzles of the Study" said: "Because we know that there are wooden inkstones in ancient times."

Porcelain is a great invention in ancient my country.my country's original porcelain appeared around the Shang Dynasty.Now it is generally believed that the transition from primitive porcelain to mature porcelain was not completed until the Eastern Han Dynasty.Interestingly, in recent years, Jin Dynasty porcelain inkstones have been unearthed. Unearthed in Ma'anshan City, Anhui Province in 1958, there was a celadon-glazed three-legged porcelain inkstone, a round inkstone plate with edges on the periphery and three bear-shaped feet on the bottom, with a diameter of 11.3 cm and a height of 3.6 cm.The body of this inkstone is white with ashes, and the body and bottom of the inkstone are covered with celadon glaze, with small cracks. It is a famous "Yuezhou kiln" celadon product.Since the celadon is produced in Jiangnan, and the main production area is in Zhejiang (such as Yuezhou Kiln), many porcelain inkstones have been unearthed in Jiangnan.Because the porcelain is relatively hard and has little elasticity when grinding, it is not ideal for use.However, in places where special stone inkstone materials have not been found, porcelain inkstones can be produced in large quantities, which can meet certain needs of education, culture, and art development.Therefore, the emergence and development of porcelain inkstone is still of great significance in the history of inkstone.From the Jin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, porcelain inkstones were produced.

In addition to porcelain inkstones, there are also Jin Dynasty pottery inkstones unearthed. In 1958, four square pottery inkstones were unearthed from four Eastern Jin tombs in Nanjing, one of which was a three-legged round gray pottery inkstone. There are quite a few women who love calligraphy.It reminds us of Mrs. Wei, the teacher of "Sage of Calligraphy" Wang Xizhi and female calligrapher of Jin Dynasty.It is said that the "Bi Zhen Tu" written by Mrs. Wei talked about the "Four Treasures of the Study": "The paper is also the array; Comparing the "Four Treasures of the Study" to a battlefield of weapons and weapons, it seems that this woman is really about to be "cut down". In addition to those unearthed and recorded in literature, Jin inkstones are also reflected in ancient paintings.In the "History of Inkstone" written by Mi Fu in the Song Dynasty, it is recorded: "Jin inkstones can be seen in Jin Gu Kai's paintings... there are ten-hoof round bronze inkstones such as (钅奥) [aoao]." This shows that Mi Fu was in Gu Kaizhi's In the painting, I have seen copper inkstones that are full of shapes and shaped like pancake utensils. In recent years, stone inkstones from the Northern and Southern Dynasties have also been discovered.For example, in a brick tomb of the Southern Dynasties in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province in 1975, a five-legged porcelain inkstone with animal hooves was unearthed.Stone inkstones were also unearthed in the Northern Wei Dynasty during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In 1970, a stone carved square inkstone was unearthed in a Northern Wei Dynasty tomb in Datong City, Shanxi Province. It was 21.2 cm long, 21 cm wide, and 8.5 cm high.There is a square inkstone pool in the middle of the inkstone surface, and the rest of the inkstone are embossed with music and dance, riding beasts, panlongs, and birds.Before the Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang, its capital was Pingcheng (now Datong).This place is the hub of exchanges and trade between the Northern Wei Dynasty and the countries of the Western Regions, and it is influenced by West Asia in terms of cultural and geographical features.The carving style of this square inkstone reflects this feature intensively.The lotus petal decoration on the side of the inkstone and the plump warriors all have the style of West Asia; the birds, beasts, fish, and dragons carved on the inkstone body are common patterns in Han portraits, which have the artistic characteristics of the Han Dynasty in my country.This perfect and ingenious combination not only reflects the specific historical and geographical environment of the Pingcheng area of ​​the Northern Wei Dynasty at that time, but also reflects the cultural and artistic exchanges between China and foreign countries at that time. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, especially in the Tang Dynasty, the prosperity of economy and culture, the improvement of painting and calligraphy all promoted the development of stationery.In terms of inkstone shape, it tends to be more circular and skip-shaped (rectangular), and the inkstone hall and inkstone pool are integrated into one.In terms of inkstone materials, stone inkstone and pottery inkstone are dominant.Especially in the selection and production of stone inkstones, Duan inkstones, She inkstones, Lu inkstones and Chengni inkstones, known as the "Four Famous Inkstones", appeared, which opened a new chapter in the history of Chinese inkstone making. Many inkstones from the Sui and Tang dynasties were unearthed and handed down, especially Tang inkstones. In 1952, a Sui inkstone was unearthed in Wuwei County, Anhui Province.Round shape with a diameter of 19 cm and a height of 6.8 cm.There are 21 hoofed feet underneath, the body of the inkstone and the pool are covered with ocher glaze, the bottom and the inside of the ring foot are exposed dark gray tires, the surface of the inkstone is slightly convex, surrounded by a pool of water, this is what is commonly called "Piyong inkstone". "Piyong" was originally a university established by the emperor of the Western Zhou Dynasty. "Book of Rites" said: "The university is in the suburbs, and the emperor called Piyong." Cai Yong said in "Ming Tang Yue Ling Lun": "Piyong's name is "take its surrounding water, and the circle is like a wall."Why is it designed in this shape?Ban Gu's "Baihu Tongyi" in the Han Dynasty explained: "Bi is the one who devised it. The roundness of the biscuit is also based on the ruler. It is on the side of the Yongshui, and the teaching of the elephant is also popular." "Inkstone Zan" said: "The round is like a plate with a bulge in the middle, and the one surrounded by water is called Piyong inkstone." Piyong inkstone is a masterpiece of using stationery to ingeniously educate and propagate. Most of the pottery inkstones and porcelain inkstones in the Tang Dynasty were Piyong inkstones.For example, a Tang Dynasty 22-pillar round pottery inkstone in the Palace Museum in Beijing has a diameter of 34 cm and a height of 15 cm.Made of round pottery, the inkstone on the upper layer is patterned with nipples and flower buds, and the lower part is lined with alternate embossed animal faces and nipples.There are 22 pillars at the bottom. The heads of the pillars are all animal heads, and the bottom of the pillars are animal feet. There is also a white porcelain inkstone with many feet in the Tang Dynasty in the Palace Museum in Beijing, which is round, 16 cm in diameter, 5.9 cm high, and has 26 hoof feet.In the history of our country, when porcelain first appeared, it was celadon and black porcelain, and white porcelain appeared around the end of the Northern Dynasties.The successful firing of white porcelain is an important achievement in the history of Chinese porcelain.In the Tang Dynasty, celadon porcelain represented by Zhejiang Yue Kiln and white porcelain represented by Hebei Xing Kiln were formed. These two kiln systems are generally referred to as "South Qingbei Beibai".The white porcelain of the Tang Dynasty was very famous, and the use of white porcelain to make inkstones widely used in society is also a good illustration of this. In 1979, in Fengcheng County (now Fengcheng City), Jiangxi Province, there was also a porcelain inkstone with multiple feet in the Tang Dynasty, which was round, 16 cm in diameter and 5.5 cm in height.The inkstone has a slightly concave heart, many hoofed feet, two olive-shaped pen holders on one side, and the whole body is covered with yellow-brown glaze, which is crystal clear and bright in color and beautiful in shape.This is a Piyong inkstone with a pen holder.In addition, a Piyong inkstone with both a pen holder and a water bowl was also found.It shows that the form of Piyong inkstone is developing and changing, and its function is becoming more and more perfect. Among the Tang inkstones that have been handed down, there is one side with three plum blossom stone inkstones that is very unique.This inkstone is a double-sided inkstone, rectangular, 27.5 cm long, 20.7 cm wide, and 5.5 cm high.On one side, there are double halls and double pools for the cross boundary, and the inkstone pool is two plum blossoms; on the other side is the single hall, and the inkstone pool is a plum blossom.The color of the stone is deep purple, and the body of the inkstone is thick and stable.The inkstone is used on both sides, and the design concept is ingenious. Song inkstone still inherited the style of Sui and Tang Dynasties inkstones, focusing on practicality and less decorative processing.Chaoshou inkstone is a type of inkstone in which the surface of the inkstone has a slight slope, naturally forming an inkstone hall and an inkstone pool, and the bottom of the inkstone is hollowed out to form two walls.The so-called copying hands means that when holding the inkstone, it is convenient to copy the bottom of the inkstone by hand.Because the bottom of the inkstone is hollowed out, the weight of the inkstone is reduced and it is easy to carry.This type of inkstone belongs to the phoenix-shaped system, which is in the same line as the skip-shaped inkstone of the Tang Dynasty.It can also be said that Chaoshou inkstone evolved from the rectangular stone inkstone of the Han Dynasty earlier.Chaoshou inkstone has been developed to a mature stage in the Song Dynasty. Its shape can make the surface of the inkstone be used reasonably and effectively. It is easy to make, economical and practical. It is a conventional shape in the history of inkstone. In the Song Dynasty, tile inkstones were also popular.According to some records, there were tile inkstones in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties.For example, it is said in "Scholar's Four Spectrums": Wu Rong at the end of Tang Dynasty had "Ode to Ancient Tiles and Inkstones" "Don't say that it is soft but not strong, and the soil [shan] is a tile. Don't say that it is abolished and not used, and the tile is not used." Inkstone." To chop tiles into inkstones is to make tile inkstones. In the "Four Books of the Study Room", there is another Five Dynasties "Seng Guanxiu's poem on inkstone: '...you should grind for a long time, and nothing will be seen as rubble. If people don't give up, it can be compared to Langgan [lang ganlanggan]'", it seems I am talking about tile inkstone, and compare tile inkstone to a beautiful stone. The tile inkstone of the Song Dynasty, "Scholar's Four Books" said: "Wei Tongque Terrace site, people often found its ancient tiles, carved them into inkstones, very skilled, and stored water for several days without seepage. It is said in the world: the ancients made this platform. , its tiles are used by pottery people to filter the mud with 絺绤 [chixi], and the crushed walnut oil is squared [zhi], so it is different from other tiles." The ancient tiles of Quetai are used to make tile inkstones, which have good performance and can "storage water for several days without seepage".According to historical records, when Tongquetai tiles were made, the selected pottery clay was filtered through Gebu, and walnut oil was used to shape and fire it, which is different from ordinary tiles.In addition to using the ancient tiles of Tongquetai to make inkstones, there were also tile inkstones made of Weiyang palace tiles in the Han Dynasty.There are illustrations and records about the tile inkstone of Tongquetai and the tile inkstone of Weiyang Palace in the "Xiqing Inkstone Book" of the Qing Dynasty.Although there are "fish eyes" mixed in, some will can still be seen. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, the inkstone making industry has further developed.In the Song Dynasty, there were many inkstone writings [ji jue jijue], such as Mi Fu's "Inkstone History", Gao Sisun's "Inkstone Notes", Li Zhiyan's "Inkstone Book", and Su Yi's bamboo slips "Student Four Books" These are important documents for the study of inkstone history. The form of the Yuan Dynasty inkstone is generally a continuation of the Song inkstone form, and various inkstone materials are produced, and the style is a bit rough and simple.A kind of warm inkstone also appeared in Yuan Dynasty.As mentioned earlier, Cui Shi of the Han Dynasty said in "The Moon Order of the Four Peoples": "The inkstones are frozen in the first month", which shows that there is a phenomenon of inkstones freezing in winter.Tang Bingjun of the Qing Dynasty said in "Study of the Study Room": "The weather is very cold, and the water freezes,...the ice is piled on the inkstone." In order to prevent freezing, people also thought of many methods, such as "lime soup, can avoid freezing, Or a pre-ground ink meter, put it in a tube and hang it in your arms." etc.In order to prevent freezing, a kind of warm inkstone was also invented. The book said: "In the severe cold of winter months, the inkstones are frozen, and the shops all use tin to make pen holders, put oil cups on the bottom to ignite, and grind ink on the top... three layers of inkstones are made, and the upper layer is hooked on all sides. A thin endstone is used in the center to grind ink. The high part of the inkstone is used as a tin pool to store water. The bottomless void in the lower layer can be placed in a small furnace to store charcoal and keep warm. The middle layer accumulates hot water to make the water The air is steamed and always wet. The inkstone is not dry, it’s really good.” This is a very ingeniously designed warm inkstone, which is divided into three layers, the upper layer is embedded with inkstone, the middle layer stores water, and the lower layer is a heating charcoal stove.The more common warm inkstone has only two floors, the upper layer is inkstone, and the lower part is equipped with a cave to burn charcoal fire.For some warm inkstones, the lower part is made into a drawer-type charcoal tank, which is more convenient to use. In the collection of the Shanghai Museum, there is a warm inkstone with hollowed-out and engraved patterns from the Yuan Dynasty, which is two rectangles made of the same copper inkstones stacked together.It is 17.1 cm long, 9.5 cm wide and 6.8 cm high.The oblong inkstone hall and the inkstone pool are in the shape of a half moon.The sides of the inkstone are open-carved with coiled rings around them, forming regular twig-wrapping patterns.The lower layer is a drawer-type charcoal tank with a pull ring on the drawer surface.In addition, the Beijing Capital Museum also has a collection of warm stone inkstones from the Yuan Dynasty. Xu Yisheng, a poet of the Qing Dynasty, wrote a poem "Storing Inkstone": "Writing thoughts are flying suddenly, and ice is condensed on one side of the inkstone. Burn the remaining charcoal, and the melting place is subjected to Xuanshuang. Adjust the Xie to leave the ridge, and neutralize the cool [yuyu] cool. No need Oh, colored pens, expressing algae with brilliance.” This means that the poet’s literary thoughts are surging, but the inkstone is frozen, and the charcoal is burned to warm the inkstone, and the carbon is black and ice white.Adjust water and fire, neutralize heat and cool.No need to write, the rhetoric is light.Warm inkstone prolongs the use time of inkstone, broadens the applicable area of ​​inkstone, contributes to the development of culture, art and education, and facilitates commercial activities and daily life. It is indeed an ingenious design. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, great changes have taken place in the craftsmanship of inkstone production, from focusing on practical stationery to gradually evolving into ornamental arts and crafts.The production style changes from simplicity to luxury, from simplicity to complexity.Since the Ming Dynasty, the number of inscriptions on inkstones has increased, including prayers, chanting, inscriptions, notes, etc.Some inkstone inscriptions have a high historical use, some inscriptions have literary and artistic value, and some inscriptions have calligraphy appreciation significance. Inkstones of the Qing Dynasty, in addition to the existing inkstones of the previous generation, were extremely extravagant and capable, and there were even "inkstones" that had no or little abrasive properties and were only selected because of their rarity and cost. Such as crystal, emerald, jade, lacquer sand, ivory, feeder and so on.In terms of the subject matter of inkstone body decoration, the content expressed by Qing inkstones is also extremely extensive.Flowers and trees, insects, fish, birds and animals, clouds, sun and moon, mountains and rivers, historical allusions, figures and gods, inscriptions on gold and stones, famous calligraphy and paintings, etc. are all inclusive.In the production process, there have been antique, imitation, and simulation craft inkstones.Local characteristics and different genres also appeared in the carvings.For example, there is the "Zhe School" that advocates beauty, timelessness, elegance and refinement; there is the "Guang Zuo" that pursues full decoration and complicated patterns;Literati buy inkstones, known for their elegance, with a bookish air; folks prepare inkstones for reuse, with a simple taste.Qing inkstone is really colorful and full of beautiful things. It is a glorious era in the history of inkstone. The prosperity and development of the inkstone altar in the Qing Dynasty was also reflected in theoretical research. No matter in the court or in the folk, there were collation, research, discussion and concluding treatises. "Xiqing Inkstone Book" records the royal inkstone collection of the Qing Dynasty in the form of pictures and texts.There are a total of 240 inkstones of various types recorded in this spectrum. Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty said in the preface: "There are a lot of inkstones in the inner government, either handed down from the Sheng Dynasty, or abandoned since the beginning of the country... because of the order of the inner court Hanchen Zhenhe [hehe] grade map. Spectrum." The editors of "Xiqing Inkstone Spectrum" are Yu Minzhong, Liang Guozhi, Dong Hao and others.Drawing is for Yingzhao et al.Some of the records in the inkstone spectrum are inkstones collected as cultural relics from the Han and Tang Dynasties to the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and some are engraved products from the Ming and early Qing Dynasties. "Fan Li" said: "There are two hundred inkstones from the past and the present, and Tao is the first in the Han Dynasty [pipi]. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, the old system of Chengni was the Xu Liyan. The stone is the Jin inkstone first, and the Duanshe ( Up and down (left Dan right only)) [huo Huo] all the old stones in the village belong to Yan." Another feature of "Xiqing Inkstone Book" is that in addition to explaining the inkstone, it also includes inkstone pictures. "Fan Li" said: "Predecessors' inkstones are often detailed in the description but not in the diagram... It is the scale drawn by the spectrum that is collected using the line method. If it is not enough, mark the first part of the inkstone diagram to its shape. The depictions, such as Penglai Daoshan, Lanting, etc., are detailed to Kui [kui Kui] snails and birds, all of which are imitated in detail, but for stone damage, eye-wormed Venus, and emeralds, they are especially dyed and dyed, and each is born. There is one picture that covers three or four sides." The scale and shape of the inkstone map are accurate, vivid and lifelike. "Xiqing" is another name for the South Study Room in the palace in the Qing Dynasty.Nanshufang, also known as Nanzhai, was the place where the emperors of the early Qing Dynasty studied.In the Qing Dynasty, the "Xiqing Inkstone Book" compiled by the court's rich collection and strong strength played the role of "using the capital of the study to preach the word". "Xiqing Inkstone Spectrum" is a precious inkstone history document with high historical value. The "History of Inkstone" written by Gao Fenghan in the Qing Dynasty is also a very famous "Inkstone Code".Gao Fenghan was a painter in the early Qing Dynasty. He was fond of collecting inkstones and stored more than 1,000 square inkstones. Later, he selected the best ones and made inscriptions. After hand-painting, he engraved them by himself. ".Gao Fenghan's "History of Inkstone" consists of four volumes, all titles, calligraphy and traces are available, and the meaning of sentences and artistic conception is inscribed. It is actually an art treasure integrating gold and stone, calligraphy and painting, poetry and prose. Gao Fenghan's "History of Inkstone" was later planned and engraved by Wang Xiang, Wang Yingshou, and the famous calligrapher Wu Xizai, and it was passed down.There are 112 copies of inkstone pictures in the copy, and a total of 165 inkstones are collected.At the beginning of the volume, there is Gao Fenghan's own inscription "Mofang Founded the Country", on the second page there is a portrait of Gao Fenghan's "Lonely Crane in the Sea of ​​Clouds", and there are many prefaces and postscripts written by Qing Dynasty calligraphy theorist Bao Shichen and others. In Gao Fenghan's "History of Inkstone", there are many descriptions and discussions about the material, product name, production, etc. of famous inkstones.Through Gao Fenghan's "History of Inkstone", you can also learn about Gao Fenghan's information about inscription inkstone, inkstone making, and Tibetan inkstone.Many inkstone inscriptions and inscriptions by Gao Fenghan are also excellent works.For example, "The humble bronze sparrow, thin and young, the mausoleum's fuss is loud and loud, and the trial and throwing the ground are sonorous"; "The town of Mo is majestic, the sky is vast"; Its quality is clear." The "Little History of Inkstone" written by Zhu Dong in the Qing Dynasty said: "Donggu is not literary, and he has this habit. The old pits and ancient tiles in Duanshe are studied in the thirteen directions. Zhai'." He collected the works on inkstone in the past dynasties, sorted out and studied them, and wrote this book.Xue Xu said in the book: "Taking ancient and modern books on inkstone, imitating the examples of historians, a total of four  [juan volumes] (the same volume characters), called "Little History of Inkstone"." A word has no origin, no word is not subtle, and no picture is not wonderful." The book mainly discusses the stone inkstones and stone-end Chengmu inkstones, ancient bricks, ancient tiles, jade crystal agate and other places in Duanzhou, Shezhou, Qingzhou, Tanzhou and other places. Inkstone, iron copper silver inkstone.There are 12 historical treatises on inkstone, as well as Fu, Wen, poem, Ci and inscription, etc. At the back of the book are "Thirteen Ancient Inkstone Pictures" and "Zhugong's Inkstone". "Little History of Inkstone" also has "Mo Kao" at the end. "Little History of Inkstone" is a concise and concise reader of inkstone history with extensive materials and precise exposition. In the Qing Dynasty, Wu Lanxiu wrote the book "History of Duanxi Inkstone", which consists of three volumes, and the first volume is devoted to inkstone pits.The second volume introduces inkstone materials, inkstone styles, inkstone values, and methods of using and storing inkstones.The second volume records the tribute inkstone and the opening of the pit. "History of Duanxi Inkstone" is a famous work introducing and discussing inkstone, especially Duanxi inkstone. It is a must-read book for understanding Duanxi inkstone. The inkstone calligraphy of the Qing Dynasty surpassed the sum of previous dynasties, providing us with valuable information for understanding and studying ancient Chinese inkstones.In addition to the ones introduced above, the famous ones include Ji Yun's "Yuewei Thatched Cottage Inkstone Book", Tang Bingjun's "Scholar's Research on Illustrations" and so on. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, especially in the Qing Dynasty, due to the extravagance of the royal family and the love of literati, the mining, production, carving and decoration of inkstone products have reached unprecedented heights.In the inkstone industry of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it can be said that inkstone theories have to be published repeatedly, and they are huge and magnificent.Famous artists of inkstone art come forth in large numbers, and the stars are shining brightly, soaring to the sky.In the history of inkstone, it is indeed "Song Gao Weiyue, steeper than the sky".