Chapter 14 Chapter Two

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the famous "Chengxintang Paper" was produced in Xuanzhou area. "Chengxintang" is the place where Li Yi, in the Southern Tang Dynasty, visited Jinling (now Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province) to read official documents and study.Song Chen Shidao's "Houshan Tan Cong" said: "Chengxintang, the residence of Yan in Jinling, where the ancestors of the Southern Tang Dynasty celebrated." Regarding the Chengxintang paper, Cai Xiang of the Song Dynasty said in "Four Comments on the Study Room": "Li Zhu Chengxintang It is the first, and it is Chujiangnan Pool and She Erjun." Chi (now Guichi County, Anhui Province) and She Erdi are both in Xuanzhou area, and they are called "Chengxin Tang" because they are stored in Chengxin Hall. Hall paper". "She County Chronicles" said: The paper "skin is like an egg membrane, as hard and clean as jade, thin and smooth, and it was crowned for a while."Due to its high value, only court painters can use it.Together with Jing Hao, Guan Tong, and Ju Ran, the landscape painter Dong Yuan, who is collectively known as the Four Great Painters, was the deputy envoy of Beiyuan at that time, known as "Dong Beiyuan" in the world.People commented that his paintings are "like Wang Wei in ink and wash, and like Li Sixun in coloring".The famous painter used Chengxintang paper for painting.In his "Beach of the Stream", he used Chengxintang paper very well to show his skills in using ink.

After the fall of the Southern Tang Dynasty, Chengxintang papers were scattered into the hands of literati in the Song Dynasty, and people rushed to compose poems and praise it as if they had found a treasure for a while.For example, Liu Chang, a Confucian scholar in the Song Dynasty, obtained a hundred pieces of Chengxintang paper from the palace, and wrote a poem saying: "At that time, one piece was sold for a hundred gold, and there were tens of thousands of scrolls in Chengxintang... There is nothing in the world. I got it from the old mansion One hundred pieces." Later Liu Chang gave some to Ouyang Xiu, a writer of the Song Dynasty, and after Ouyang Xiu got the paper, he also made a poem to match it, and donated two pieces to Mei Yaochen, a writer of the Song Dynasty.After Mei got the paper, she complained that Liu Chang didn't give him the paper, and on the other hand, she was happy to get the paper from Ouyang Xiu.In "Yiyun and Yongshu (Ouyang Xiu's word Yongshu) Chengxintang Paper, Answering Liu Yuanfu (Liu Changzi's original father)" said: "It's strange that he didn't send me the paper, and he was good at speaking like this. In previous years The two axes are presented by the public, and they are cherished and never opened today. Wen Gao Mo Miaogong is the first, and this paper should be used to pass on to the future." In another poem "Yongshu Sends Two Papers of Chengxintang", it is said: " People from the Eastern Dynasty came from Dongjun yesterday, and the two scrolls of ancient paper were sealed with teng (teng vine). It was as slippery as spring ice and dense as a cocoon, and the heart lingered in surprises... The Li family in the south of the Yangtze River has a national day, and a hundred gold is not allowed to sell one piece. Chengxintang This is the only thing in the world, and there is no dust in the quiet shop." The joy is beyond words.A few years later, Song Min, a litterateur in the Song Dynasty, obtained Chengxintang paper and gave it to Mei. Knock on the ice and lift the curtain to cut the fat evenly. It is dry and smooth like jade, and a piece of gold has never been doubted... Master Li used it to hide the secret mansion, and outsiders can't peek at it... The ancient paper is clean and fleshy,... Five or six Years ago, my Uncle Yong gave two axes of this treasure... I am not good at books, and I am ashamed of myself, why do you leave a hundred pictures." In Mei's poem, besides thanking Song Minqiu, she also remembered that Ouyang Xiu also gave it to him five or six years ago. He is clear about the matter on paper.From the above poems, we know how these famous literati are full of praise for "Cheng" paper, and also know some characteristics of Chengxintang paper, such as "smooth as spring and ice as dense as a cocoon", "ancient paper with clear flesh and texture". thick" and so on.At the same time, it also lets us know the hardships of the paper workers at that time. For example, from "Immersing the mulberry in the cold spring night moon, knocking on the ice and lifting the curtain to evenly cut the fat", we can imagine soaking the mulberry bark in the cold stream water and pounding it to make pulp. , It is necessary to break through the ice layer to lift the curtain and make paper.

Not only Liu, Ouyang, Mei, Song and others were very happy to receive the Chengxintang paper, Su Shi was also very happy to receive the Chengxintang paper.He said in "Ciyun Song Zhaohui Chengxintang Paper Two Poems": "There are not many ancient papers to divide me, so I should play new books for myself." , not only allows us to see the close relationship between stationery, stationery and literati, but also enables us to see the role and significance of stationery in cultural development. ". According to records, there is a lot of Chengxintang paper left over from the Southern Tang Dynasty. Due to the excellent quality of the paper, it has been used for painting, writing and imitation until the Song Dynasty.Li Gonglin, a famous painter in the Song Dynasty, named Longmian Jushi, had high artistic achievements and had many contacts with Su Shi, Wang Anshi and others.According to the Qing Dynasty writer Liang Zhangju's "Wandering Cong Tan", Li Longmian once used Chengxintang paper to make the "Luohan Scroll" scroll with line drawing.In the Song Dynasty, engraved posts were very popular, and the royal family and private households all flourished.Private ones such as Mi Fu's "Bao Jin Zhai Fa Tie" use Chengxintang paper.The royal treasured post known as "the ancestor of Fatie" - "Chunhua Getie" (referred to as "Ge Tie") was also copied on Chengxintang paper.In addition, it is said that the "New Book of Tang" compiled by Ouyang Xiu, Song Qi, etc., also used Chengxintang paper when compiling.

Due to the famous Chengxintang paper, from the Song and Yuan Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, it has been imitated continuously. "Zunsheng Bajian" said: "Song has Chengxintang paper." Tu Long's "Paper, Ink, Brush and Inkstone" also said: "Song paper, Chengxintang paper is excellent." "Jie Zhi Pu" (that is, "Shu Jian Pu") said: "Yu Dezhi's Shu scholar said: 'Chengxintang paper is made like Li's Chengxintang. The cover is light, crisp and exquisite. , the middle one is called Yushui paper, and the lowest one is called Lengjin paper, which is for general envoys.'" This shows that both Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty "take Li's (that is, the Southern Tang Li Dynasty) Chengxintang paper as a sample paper. , and made "Song imitation Chengxintang paper" and "Yuan imitation Chengxintang paper". According to the records of "Jingxian County", until the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, the local production of "Huaxin" paper imitating Chengxintang paper "Chengxintang" paper is the peak of "Xuan paper" in a broad sense, and it is the arrow [haohao] of true Xuan paper in the future.