Chapter 9 Section Four: Song Mo and Yuan Mo

The ink industry in the Song Dynasty was very developed.Firstly, there are many famous ink-makers and a vast area; secondly, ink-making technology has improved, ink-making raw materials have expanded, and ink products have increased; thirdly, dignitaries and literati have close contacts with famous ink-makers, and the number of self-made inks has increased. There were so many famous ink makers in the Song Dynasty, 170 of whom were included in the "History of Mok" alone; 65 of them were included in "Mo Zhi" by Ma Sanheng of the Ming Dynasty, and there were more than 200 in the two books, excluding those who repeated them.This figure far exceeds the previous generation.The famous ones are introduced below.

As Zhang Yu said before, since the "Moji" written by He Yu in the Song Dynasty clearly recorded "Zhang Yu at the beginning of the country", and he was also included in the "Mozhi" in the Song Dynasty, we still regard him as living in the early Song Dynasty. people. The ink made by Zhang Yu was for the court.After the "Jingkang Change" in the Song Dynasty, the treasures in the palace, including Zhang Yuzhi's famous ink, also became the trophies of the Jin Dynasty.According to the "Mozhi" cited "Ink Notes" records: "In the Jinzhangzong Palace, Zhang Yu Musk Xiaoyu Tuan was used as thrush ink", which means that in the Jin Dynasty Palace, the concubines probably discovered this "musk fragrance" again. "Xiao Yu Tuan" has the effect of drawing and beautifying eyebrows, so it is called "thrush ink".Regarding the use of ink to draw eyebrows, it is recorded in "The Four Books of the Study Room" that "Emperor Xuan of the Later Zhou Dynasty ordered foreign women to use ink to draw eyebrows, and if they were banned in China, they would have to use powder and daisy." About Zhang Yuzhi's ink, it is also recorded in "Mo Zhi" There is: Qin Guan, a writer in the Song Dynasty, "has a ball of Zhang Yumo, with a face like a dragon, and a scale mane [lie hunting]. .This shows that Zhang Yu's ink is very exquisitely made, and the dragon decorated on it is "as wonderful as a picture".There is also the "Dragon Fragrance" we mentioned earlier, which is lampblack ink. When making it, some very expensive ingredients are added, so it is naturally more precious.

Pangu is a famous ink worker in Huizhou area.He was born at the time of Yuanyou (1086-1094 AD) in the Song Dynasty.Pan Gu Zhimo is good at using glue.Proper use of glue can keep the ink quality firm and not disperse when wet.He made many famous inks, such as "Songwan", "狻猊 [suan ni Suan Ni]", "Shuting Dongge", and "Jiuzi ink", all of which are called "the gods in ink".Because of Pan Gu's superb ink skills and his forthright personality, many literati and celebrities are willing to associate with him.Su Shi, a writer of the Song Dynasty, wrote in the poem "Four Poems of Sun Xin [Shen Shen] Old Sending Ink": "There is no old pine in Cu Lai, and there is no good work in Yishui. Rare materials are made of music waves, and only Pan Weng is a good hand. The fish cells are cooked with ten thousand pestles, and the horns of the rhinoceros are wrapped around two dragons. Mo Cheng dared not use it, so he entered the Penglai Palace." The poem praised Pan Gu's ink.Among them, Lelang is a place name in North Korea, and its jurisdiction is about part of South Pyongan Province, North Pyongan Province and North Hwanghae Province in North Korea today. "History of Ink" further explained this: "Gongli tribute ink...is not good at glueing. However, its smoke is very light and fine. In the past, Pan Gu tried to take Goryeo ink and then pestle it into glue, so it was the best." Goryeo Namely North Korea.This means that the ink produced in North Korea at that time was not properly mixed with glue, but the smoke was extremely light and fine.Pan Gu often grinds this fine Koryo tribute ink with a pestle, mixes it with the right amount of glue, and then makes high-quality ink. The fish cells in the sentence "cook ten thousand pestles, rhino horns and double dragons" are swim bladders, and also refer to the glue made of swim bladders. It is called "swim bladder glue" in "Mo Fa Ji Yao" written by Shen Jisun in the Ming Dynasty.After thousands of times of pounding and pestle, the "hard agent and pestle mature agent" ("Ink Law Collection") was printed on the ink forehead, and then the double dragon pattern was printed.Because Pan Mo is so exquisite, Su Shi "did not dare to use Mo Cheng".From the poem, we can see how much Su Shi loves Pan Gu's ink.Pan Gu not only has superb ink skills, but also has excellent character, so Su Shi respected him very much and called him "Pan Weng".It is said that he often sells ink in a pocket, and when there is a need for his ink and less money, he will take less or not take it, and give it generously. According to the "History of Mohism", before his death, he "takes the accumulated coupons and burns them", that is to say, burns the IOUs owed to him for ink money.It can be seen that his morality is also very noble.Due to the high quality and low price of Pan Gu's ink, according to the "Tokyo Menghualu" written by Meng Laoyuan in the Song Dynasty, Pan Gu's ink was the most popular in the trading market of Xiangguo Temple in Tokyo (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province). Bought a hot item.

Pan Gu is not only able to produce good ink that is "scented to the bone, ground until exhausted, and the fragrance will not fade" ("History of Ink"), but also good at distinguishing ink. "History of Mok" said: "Pan Gu tested ink, and he knew the fineness by groping. After one day passed Lu Zhi (Huang Tingjian's character), he took the ink that he had hidden, and Gu put it in the brocade bag [chuai], saying: 'This is Li Chengyan. Softeners are hard to come by today.' He also said one of them: 'The man who built this valley for 20 years has no energy and no such ink.' Check it out." That is to say, once Huang Tingjian asked Pan Gu to identify it. His Tibetan ink.Pan Gu recognized it immediately, thinking it was Li Chengyan's (nephew Li Tinggui's) softener ink.He also recognized another ink made by himself 20 years ago, and sighed that now he has not enough energy to make such a good ink.From these vivid stories, it can be known that Pan Gu's exquisite skills in making ink and distinguishing ink have reached the point of perfection.

Su Shi once wrote him a poem: "Why Mopan wears brown, and green cakes knock Xuanhu. The clothes are black and the hands are like turtles [Jun Jun], and the curling pot is not harmed to store the autumn moon... Once I went to the sea to find Li Bai, I was empty." Look at the painting of ink immortals in the world." Although Pan Gu's body was "broken and brown", his ink was dyed on his "cloth shirt", and his palms and fingers were cracked, he produced good ink like "Xuanhu".Su Shi hailed Pan Gujing as "the Immortal of Mo". Su Xie [xie 技] "History of Ink" says that he "likes to make ink, and all the inks he makes are loose grained and cracked, and as firm as jade".During the time of Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, "(Gao) beautiful people paid tribute, begged Haoran ink, and ordered to take their family. Haoran only presented ten wats, which is the secret of its own treasures. People who get their inch are like broken gold and broken jade. , competing to boast and play." Haoran is Su Chen's word.That is to say, at that time, the Koreans came to the Song Dynasty to pay tribute, and took this opportunity to ask for Su Chen's ink, but Su cherished it so much that even though the emperor ordered it, he only bought the ten-hu ink.At that time, if someone got an inch-long Su Mo, it would be like getting "broken gold and broken jade", and they scrambled to show off and reward them.In Song Huizong's "Grand View Room, Liu Wuyan took Su Haoran to make an inscription, and ordered Shen Gui to make hundreds of pills, so as to leave good deeds to the nobles of the dynasty." This means that after decades, there are still people who want to hire Shen Gui, a famous ink artist at that time. Imitation of Su ink, used to give away.It can be seen that Su Mo is precious.

Pan Heng's "History of Ink" once recorded a story that Pan Heng learned ink making from Su Shi. Su Shi's son Su Guo laughed when he heard this story and said: "The ancestors have the law, in Dan (now Danzhou City, Hainan Province) Er, Hengshi came to see him, because the other room was made of coal, and the fire was left at night, and the Lu was burned a few times. The next day, there were several coals in the embers, and there was no glue method. The block is only a few dozen, and the public will never fall. Heng Yin thanked him, and he did not get the method, so he borrowed Dongpo to do it.” That is to say, Su Guo said that Pan Heng did not learn any ink-making methods from Su Shi. , but Pan Heng's own method of making ink.It's just selling in the name of Su Shi. The "History of Ink" continues to say: "Heng Jin used Dongpo in Qiantang, and the price of ink was several times higher than before." This means that Pan Heng used the celebrity effect to attract more people and sell ink at a higher price.Pan Heng's move is wrong, let alone.But the ink he made is of high quality, which is at least the reason why it sells well. "History of Mohism" said: "However, Heng Mo is self-improving, and it is also named after Mo."

Shen Gui's "History of Ink" said that he traded silk fabrics in his early years and often went to the Shezhou area of ​​Huangshan Mountain. When he lived in Shezhou, he learned how to make ink and became a real "mohist".He has achieved success in ink making since the beginning, especially good at using glue. "Using glue with intention, there is a claim as soon as it comes out."Afterwards, "Take ancient pine coal mixed with turpentine, burn it with lacquer residue, and get extremely fine smoke, which is called 'lacquer smoke'." In the past, he always regretted that Li Mo's glue method could not be obtained.Coincidentally, "One day, Zhang Chuhou and Ju Yanshi made ink at Ju Yanshi's family, but the ash pool was lost early, and the ink was broken. Yanshi used excellent ink materials, and he couldn't bear to discard it. So he steamed and soaked to get out the old glue, and then Mix it with new glue, ink is formed, and it is as firm as a stone. Because of Gui's understanding of the "adhesive glue method"...so his ink inscription says: Shen Gui's glue is like a stone for ten years, and a little bit of paint is the best. "Like many scientific discoveries by accident, Shen Gui's discovery of the "glue method" is also the same.As mentioned above, during the Daguan period, Shen Gui imitated Su Chen's ink. "However, the ink made by Gui is not comparable to modern ink craftsmen, and it can be confused with the real." It shows how superb Shen Gui's ink-making and imitation skills are.

According to Dai Yanheng's "History of Ink", he offered imperial ink for the Fufu Temple in the eighth year of Shaoxing (AD 1138), and made "Royal ink" with patterns such as "two-horned dragon", "Guibi" and "playing tiger". ". The ink pattern of "double-horned dragon" was painted by Mi Youren, a painter of the Southern Song Dynasty. Mi Youren was the eldest son of Mi Fu, known as "Xiaomi".This is an early record of the cooperation between Mohists and painters in making ink and decorating ink, and it is an important step for ink products to gradually become handicrafts. "Moshi" also said that at that time, someone wanted to build a kiln in the palace to burn pine smoke. Some people wanted to use Jiuli pine in Hangzhou West Lake to burn smoke. Dai Yanheng firmly opposed it. Songsheng Road is adjacent to the flat ground, so it is not usable", "people value it and keep it".Dai's seeking truth from facts and "mo" abiding by conventions are naturally praised by people.

Pu Dashao, a famous ink maker in Shu, said in the "History of Ink": "The system is very refined, and the southeast scholar-bureaucrats like to use it." Angry, "throwing ink on the ground, saying: 'An ink artist who dares to make a false name is a crime.'" After that, he will not be allowed to "enter the imperial court".From this record, we can also see how low the status of ink workers was in feudal society.In addition, Pu Dashao used lampblack to make ink, and he also explored a certain method, which is worthy of recognition. Like many famous Mohists, Pu Dashao had close ties with many literati and poets at that time. "History of Mohism" said that he "obtained the art of ink painting from Huang Luzhi".This shows that Puhuang is friendly to each other, and it also shows that the writer Huang Tingjian is also good at making ink.Yang Wanli, a writer in the Song Dynasty, wrote a poem "Xie Huzi Yuan Hui Pu Dashao Mo": "The Mohists flowed the old Puxian, Biwu picked flowers and musk smoke. Huayang black water decocted glue paint, and Taiyin Xuanshuang made muscles and bones." From the poem Judging from his nickname "Old Puxian", Yang and Pu also have a certain friendship.

Pu Dashao was from Lang [lang Lang] (now Langzhong City, Sichuan Province). According to the "History of Ink", there were many famous ink makers in Sichuan at that time. For example, Jing Huan was from Chengdu, and He Nanxiang was from Suining. Peng Yun, Peng Shao, and Zhang Nan are all from Luzhou. "Ink History" calls the ink made here "Sichuan ink". In addition, there were many famous ink workers in Yanzhou area at that time. Yanzhou is now Yanzhou City, Shandong Province.Judging from the records in "History of Mohism", the area where the Mohists were located at that time, in addition to Huizhou, according to the current provinces, there are Hebei Province, Shanxi Province, and Shandong Province in the north; Hunan Province and Jiangxi Province in the south; Shaanxi Province and Sichuan Province in the west. , Zhejiang Province and Fujian Province in the east, the geographical distribution is quite vast.Shenzhou ink industry, like the stars and the moon, converges (cou) in the emblem.Mohism not only has a wide distribution, but also the quality of ink making is quite high.For example, Hu Jingchun, an ink worker in Changsha, "specially uses tung oil to burn tobacco, and calls it 'Tonghua Yan'. The system is very strong and thin, and it does not dazzle the eyes for exterior decoration. The large ones are only a few inches, and the small ones are round [yuan] like money. Great. Every time an inkstone is grinded, its light can be learned, and the painter's treasure is to use the eyes and pupils like lacquer... There are many ink workers in Changsha, but Hu's ink "Dian Jin Otter Marrow" is the most famous." ("Mo History")

Ye Maoshi's "History of Ink" records that he is "good at making ink". "Maoshi makes soft tents, and the smoke is especially light and far away. The method is to use warm pavilions to support the paper tents, which are about eight or nine feet high. Underneath, a bowl is used to store oil, and the stick [zhu] the lamp smoke to the top. The glue method is very strange. , Neizi mine, qinpi, horsetail grass, angelica, brain, etc., are all medicines for curing glue." This is a record of the cooking fume method, equipment, and glue curing medicines.It can be said that it is a complete "instruction" on the method of making oil fume ink, so that we know how to make oil fume ink in the Song Dynasty. The information is very precious.Because Ye Maoshi is "good at making ink", with fine production methods, perfect equipment, and unique dispensing of medicines, "therefore, although the ink is durable or has light color difference, there is no problem of glue stagnation."Ye Maoshi, a famous ink artist, can be said to be a master in the history of oil fume ink production. There have also been some discoveries about Song Mo's real objects in recent years. In 1977, in a Southern Song Dynasty tomb in Qiannantang Village, Wujin County, Jiangsu Province, half an ingot of ink was unearthed, with a residual length of 5.5 cm, a width of 2.3 cm, and a thickness of 0.6 cm.On the front of the ink, there is a "jade" character, and on the back there is an inscription with the word "real system".According to research, the complete inscription on the back should be "Ye Mao Shi Zhi".This is a very important discovery. It not only allows us to see Song ink, but also sees Teze, Jiguang Katyu, the famous Mohist Ye Maoshi's ink, which is still precious. "Nancun Stop Farming Records" says: "Only Maoshi has obtained the law, and the blackness is not stagnant." Judging from the unearthed ink, the texture is solid and meticulous. Although it has been more than 800 years (it is estimated that Ye Maoshi lived in the middle of the Southern Song Dynasty), the surface of the ink is still flooded. Shiny. In the Yuan Dynasty, the ink industry developed to a certain extent.Yuan ink is mostly antique ink.At that time, some masters of ink making also appeared.According to "Mo Zhi" transcribed "Nancun Stop Farming Records", there are 11 of them.Pan Yungu from Qingjiang, Hu Wenzhong from Changsha, Lin Songquan from Qiantang, Yu Caizhong from Yixing, Du Qingbi from Wuyi, Wei Xuegu from Songjiang, Huang Xiuzhi from Tiantai, Zhu Wanchu from Yuzhang, Qiu Kexing from Jinxi and his sons Qiu Shiying, Qiu Nanjie and others. Among the ink makers of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Wanchu was indeed a leader.In the Ming Dynasty Xiang Yuanbian's "Ink Records", it is recorded: "Yang Shen said: 'At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, there was Zhu Wanchu, who was good at making ink. He only used pine smoke. After 300 years of destruction, it was used by the elite. Pine too.’” Zhu Chun uses pine smoke to make ink, and the pine wood must be selected from the "elite" pine that has survived wind and frost for 300 years, instead of ordinary pine.During the reign of Emperor Wen of the Yuan Dynasty, Kuizhang Pavilion was opened and some Confucian officials' calligraphy were selected. Calligrapher Kang Lixuan and others presented the ink made by Zhu Wanchu to Emperor Wen. He was very appreciated, so Zhu Wanchu was appointed to work in the Art Museum.Yu Ji, a scholar in the Yuan Dynasty, once presented poems to Zhu Wanchu. He said that Zhu Wanchu's ink is calm and leaves no trace; According to "Molu", Zhu Wanchu's ink skills are comparable to that of the father and son of the famous Mohist Guo Yi (yiyi) in the Song Dynasty. "Its products are between Guo Yu and his son." Zhu Wanchu also mastered the "fine art" of Liu Ning, a famous Mohist in Song Dynasty, "the method of making ink".Therefore, it can be considered that the standard of ink making in the Yuan Dynasty was at least not lower than that in the Song Dynasty. "Ink Records" also records: "Wan Chu's original ink is wonderful, but also fragrant." It seems that in addition to his superb ink skills, Zhu Wanchu also paid great attention to the multiple artistic effects of ink. In addition to the Mohism mentioned in "Mo Zhi", the Yuan Dynasty painter Ni Zan also mentioned some Mohism, such as Wu Shan, Tao Dehe, Li Wenyuan and Shen Xueweng. Ni Zan presented a poem to Wu Shan. The poem said: "Wu Sheng made ink and changed it to pan method, and lived in Guozhong, near Yixing Mountain. Washing jade skillfully is in the stream, and picking flowers is still looking for ancient tung tree. Illuminating the night rainbow light shadow wall, blowing The wind grows in the valley at the end of the cloud. Guibi enriches the house for many years, and I am good at keeping in good health.” The poem praises Wu Shan for introducing the “Pan method” (Pan Heng’s method) in the hills of Yixing (that is, Yixing), burning the old and bringing forth the new. The scene of making oily ink. Ni Zan also sent poems to Tao Dehe, a famous ink maker.One of his poems said: "Milk horns and pestles smashed Xuanshuang, and the snails were first made into Longjing Tibetan. I realized that the imperial court and Zhang met the law, and the ancient pine smoke [dian shop] was pale." Another poem said: "Tonghua smoke comes out of Pan After the balance, the dragon and willow branches are still thin. Please see that Tao’s method is very wonderful, and a little bit of thick cloud is so clear.” The poem praises Tao Dehe’s ink skills, and praises him for his deep understanding of Li Tinggui’s and Zhang Yu’s ink-making methods, and his firing Tong Yanmo surpassed Pan Heng, a famous Mohist in Song Dynasty.This also shows that Yuan ink is not inferior to Song ink, and it has also developed and innovated on Song ink. Ni Zan also praised Shen Xueweng's ink.It is said that his ink is "fine in smoke and clear in glue, as black as lacquer, which is not easy to get in modern times".There is a poem praising him, saying: "The pine smoke after the Tong ink method, the wonderful appreciation of Po Weng has been passed down for a long time. The elk horn glue is clear and clear, and the dragon's knife sharp quenches the cold spring. Shanxi [xiexie] is only a rare white goose post, and a cloud window. Who recorded the ancient moss article. Erzhi gave birth to Wu Shiyin, collected coal and counted lamps in a room." From the poem, we know the scene of Shen Xueweng making ink, and also know that he is an expert in burning tung oil smoke.This also shows that since the Song Dynasty, the scale and scope of oil fume ink making has gradually expanded. There are very few real inks in the Yuan Dynasty, and some discoveries have been made in recent years. For example, the "Zhongshu Sheng" ink of the Yuan Dynasty was unearthed in Datong City, Shanxi Province.The ink is in the shape of an ox tongue, with dragon patterns on one side and the three characters "Zhongshu Sheng" in Yangwen seal script on the other side. "Zhongshu Province" was the name of the administrative district in the Yuan Dynasty, and it governed the present-day Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi and other provinces.