Chapter 24 Section 5 "Explanation of Poetry and Music"——Annotation of the special vocabulary of poetry and music
"Poetry and Quyu Annotations" is a book dedicated to explaining the special diction used in Tang, Song, Jin, Yuan and Ming poems, ci and songs.The compilation of the book has "outstanding achievements and made great contributions to the study of classical literature and modern vocabulary".
Zhang Xiang (1877-1945 A.D.), the editor of "Poetry, Quyu, and Cixi", was a linguist and philologist, proficient in literature and history, especially in poetry.Formerly known as Tingxiang, the word Xianzhi.People from Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province.He lost his father when he was young, and grew up with his mother. He was admitted as a scholar.In his early years, he taught ancient Chinese and history at Anding School, Fuzhong School and Chongwen School in Hangzhou.Later, he applied for the post of editor of Shanghai Zhonghua Book Company. In addition to editing literature, history, and geography textbooks, he also compiled ten volumes of "Ancient and Modern Textbooks". In 1936, he co-edited "Ci Hai" with Shu Xincheng and others.Translated "19th Century Diplomatic History".From the prime of life, "browsing poems, deciphering doubts and stagnation".He believes that: "Although there are old annotations, multiple references, and interspersed words, there are only a few researches in the anthology of predecessors' poems."Therefore, after the age of 50, "Jianshi Zhalu... Essays and essays are accumulated in huge volumes. After 60 years, I concentrate on my work, write down, and sort out. I read it for six years and wrote it into six volumes. After reading it for two years, Constantly want to delete", began to write a book in 1945.
The characteristics of "Poetry, Quyu, Words and Words Explanation" During the Tang, Song, Jin, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, some special words and expressions were common in poems, lyrics, music, and opera legends, such as Xu, Ze, Que, Qi, Si, Jiedao, Zensheng, Zege, Duan , Standing alone and so on.Most of these words are function words or the colloquial language and dialects at that time. They are "used to form idioms and idioms, and to set off expressions in between. Therefore, the real characters are like bones, so their joints and veins. Correct interpretation of them will help It is difficult to understand the meaning of the text. But there has never been a special book to explain this kind of words. The editor has reviewed various poems and operas, and collected such words and phrases, including single characters and phrases. List a large number of examples to explain their meaning and usage, and describe their evolution and evolution. Each item first explains its meaning, and then lists the documentary evidence. Different from other dictionaries, each item of documentary evidence is explained in the book .Where a word has more than two meanings, take one meaning as one, and explain each with documentary evidence. The book is rich in citations and materials, including poems and prefaces, dramas and Baiwen; each "explanation of a word, the following For an explanation, there must be dozens of poems and dramas of the Tang, Song, Jin, and Yuan Dynasties", "the examples of each word range from more than ten to more than fifty"; the documentary evidence cited is arranged in the order of poems, words, and songs. The poems are based on Tang people Song poetry is the center, followed by Song poetry; Ci is centered on Song people, followed by Jin and Yuan people; Qu is centered on Jin and Yuan people, followed by Yuan and later. In the author's opinion, "Words are more than poetry, music is more than words, poetry, lyrics and music are three." Each is a diversion, but still belongs to the same source", and it is more convenient to "collect and explain it". Therefore, two methods are used to interpret the meaning of words in the book, one is "self-collection" because of the divergence, that is, the poem To prove poems, testify with words, and prove music with music; the second is "mutual convergence" "because of the same origin", that is, to prove each other with the three or both. In this way, "synthesize each evidence" to get an explanation, "assuming "For one meaning". "One meaning is not enough to generalize, so don't ask for an explanation", "Re-assume another meaning". In order to infer a meaning, the author understands the sound and rhyme, recognizes the shape of the characters, plays with the rules, tries to figure out the plot, compares the meanings, and repeats the quality. Difficult. The author also combines ancient and modern oral languages to explore the evolution of the meaning and usage of words from many aspects, searching for their exact meanings. Therefore, this book has made a great contribution to the study of literary works since the Tang Dynasty. Many modern scholars who study the meaning of words in modern Chinese Everyone is more or less inspired by it. Even ordinary readers of poems, operas, and novels can seek explanations from this book when encountering ordinary words with special usage or uncommon and difficult words. According to the "Index of Words and Strokes" in the appendix at the end of the book, search by the strokes of the prefixes.
The disadvantage of "Poetry, Music, Words and Words" is that it is cumbersome to distinguish some meanings; there is no pronunciation marked.
After the author's death, "Poetry, Music, Language and Dictionary" was first published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1953.
Several important specialized dictionaries In modern China, specialized dictionaries and dictionaries were compiled and published, with a wide range of categories, a large number, and rich content.Through such dictionaries and dictionaries, we can get a glimpse of the development level of Chinese academic research at that time to a certain extent.For example, Rong Geng's "Jin Wen Bian" and Sun Haipo's "Oracle Bone Inscriptions" are one of the important symbols of the development level of ancient writing research in this period.
In 1899, Yinxu oracle bone inscriptions in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province were discovered for the first time. By the 1920s and 1930s, a large number of oracle bone inscriptions, bronze inscriptions and other ancient writing materials were unearthed and discovered one after another. Based on the framework of the six books of "Zi", he began to use new scientific viewpoints and new methods to study ancient and recent writings, and achieved fruitful results and rich research experience.With the discovery of a large number of ancient writing materials and the prosperity and development of modern ancient writing research, it is possible and necessary to compile relevant ancient writing dictionaries, and a number of oracle bone inscriptions and bronze dictionaries have emerged.
"Oracle Bone Inscriptions" was written by Sun Haibo (AD 1901-1972), courtesy name Hanbo, from Huangchuan, Henan.Paleographer.
China's first oracle bone inscription dictionary is Wang Xiang's "簠〔fufu〕室阴仪类结目", which was first handwritten and lithographed by the Tianjin Museum in 1920, and re-edited in 1929. There are many errors in the interpretation of the book, and the quoted inscriptions and sentences No attribution. In 1923, Shang Chengzuo's "Yin Ruins Characters Classification" came out. According to the order of "Shuowen", the characters in Luo Zhenyu's "Yin Ruins Calligraphy and Interpretation" were rearranged. .The explanation mainly adopts the theories of Luo Zhenyu and Wang Guowei, with a little reference to my own opinions, and the interpretation of the text is "precise, cautious and not detailed and attached" (see Wang Guowei's "Preface" in the book). In 1933, the Commercial Press published Zhu Fangpu's "Oracle Bone Learning Characters", which was a supplement to "Yin Ruins Characters".
"Oracle Bone Inscriptions" is an addition and compilation on the basis of "Yin Ruins Characters".The book has 18 volumes, containing 2116 single characters, and the characters are in accordance with "Tieyun Tibetan Turtle", "Iron Cloud Tibetan Turtle", "Iron Cloud Tibetan Turtle Supplements", "Pre-compilation of Yinxu Shuqi", "After-compilation of Yinxu Shuqi" , "Yin Ruins Calligraphy Essence", "Turtle Shell and Beast Bone Inscriptions", "Jian [Jian Jian] Shoutang Yin Ruins Inscriptions" are original copies of eight books, and the titles and page numbers of the source books are indicated.Among them, there are 14 volumes in the main compilation, which contain 1006 characters whose glyphs can be recognized and can be defined according to their radicals, of which 813 are found in "Shuowen", arranged in the order of radicals in "Shuowen", and seal characters are marked above the notes; There are 193 characters in "Shuowen", which are attached to the characters with the same radical, and the official writing method is added on the top of the note; most of the words are simply marked with the font or usage examples; each note generally contains a number of variant characters; interpretation of "Bo Cai understand people", "determined by one's own will".In addition: a volume of combined texts, containing 156 characters; a volume of appendices, containing 1110 unreadable characters; a volume for reference, indicating the sources of commonly used characters in Oracle bone inscriptions that are not included.At the end of the book, there is a volume of inspection characters.Rong Geng commented: "The purpose of this book is not only to prepare for the similarities and differences in shape, but also to be a general inspection of various books. From the shape of the characters to explore the meaning of the characters, you can use this as a ladder." The book was printed by Harvard-Yenching Institute in 1934. publishing. In 1965, Zhonghua Book Company published a revised version of "Oracle Bone Inscriptions", which was more complete and became a must-have book for those who study and study Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
"Jinwenbian" This is the first and most complete compilation dictionary of Jinwen in China.The editor Rong Geng (AD 1894-1983), courtesy name Xibai, nickname Songzhai, was born in Dongguan, Guangdong.
The compilation of Jinwen dictionaries originated from Wu Dazheng's "Shuowen Guzhen Bubu", followed by Ding Foyan's "Shuowen Guzhen Bubu", Qiang Yunkai's "Shuowen Guzhen Sanbu", Rong Geng's "Jin Wen Bian".
Based on the inscriptions on more than 3,000 pieces of Shang and Zhou bronze wares, the "Jin Wen Bian" contains more than 18,000 characters in gold inscriptions, including 1,894 characters in the main edition and 13,950 heavy texts; 1,199 characters in the appendix and 985 heavy texts.The main edition is arranged according to the radicals of "Shuowen Jiezi", and the characters that are not in "Shuowen Jiezi" are attached at the end of each part. "The unrecognized pictorial characters are listed in the appendix, and the unknown pictophonetics, those whose radicals are difficult to define, and those whose interpretation is still to be discussed are listed in the appendix."Seal characters are marked on the top of each character, and there are sequential numbers.At the end of the volume, there are "Bibliography of Citations", "List of Citation Devices", "Table of Chinese Characters", etc. "Jin Wen Bian" has been praised by scholars who have studied Chinese characters for its accurate transcription, comprehensive collection of characters, and rigorous research and interpretation.Wang Guowei praised Rong Geng's careful interpretation of characters, and most of the words in the book are credible.The book was written in 1925 and printed by Luo Zhenyu on behalf of him. In 1938, a supplementary version was published, in 1959 a revised version was published, and in 1985, Zhonghua Book Company published a new revised version.
Among the specialized dictionaries compiled during this period, the following are more important:
The author of "New Dialect" Zhang Binglin (1869-1936 A.D.), was originally named Xuecheng, styled Meishu, and later changed his name to Jiang, and his nickname was Taiyan.People from Yuhang, Zhejiang.The author has in-depth research on ancient and modern phonetics, and has unique insights. He distinguishes the similarities and differences of dialects according to the law of development and change of language phonology.The book has 11 volumes, with a volume of "Sanzhou Language Outside the Lingering Mountains" attached.The first ten volumes are Shi Ci, Shi Yan, Shi Relatives, Shi Xing, Shi Gong, Shi Qi, Shi Tian, Shi Di, Shi Plants, and Shi Animals. They contain 859 popular dialects and sayings at that time, which are roughly classified according to the meaning of words. Their original characters and etymology.Volume 11 is the phonetic list, including 23 ancient phonetic finals and 21 ancient phonetic initials. "Lingwai Sanzhou Dialect" explains the origin of some dialect words in Huizhou, Jiayingzhou and Chaozhou Hakka.The book was written in 1907-1908, and later included in "Zhang's Series" (1919, Zhejiang Library School Magazine).
"Dictionary of Chinese Names" compiled by Zang Lihe and others.More than 20 people participated in the compilation, "according to the classics and history, referring to various books written by Zhicheng and private individuals, and collecting inscriptions on gold and stone", from Yimao to Gengshen, it took six years to complete this book.The book includes more than 40,000 emperors, princes, famous ministers, thinkers, writers, artists, scientists and skilled craftsmen from ancient times to the end of the Qing Dynasty.One person is listed as one, and the order is based on the number of strokes of the first character of the name; if the first character is the same, the order is based on the number of strokes of the second character; if the first two characters are the same, the order is based on the number of strokes of the third character.Those with the same name belong to one article.Under the name, there is a brief introduction to the dynasty, nationality, and name, as well as a general biography, anecdotes, etc.The pronunciation of the name is not marked, and any reader who has a difference, please mark it in this article or "A Brief Introduction to Surnames".There are: "Addendum", "Critical Research on Surnames", "Table of Different Names".Attachment: "Table of Chinese Era", "Index of Four-Corner Numbers". It was first published by the Commercial Press in 1921 and photocopied by Shanghai Bookstore in 1980.
"Ci Quan" is a dictionary explaining function words in ancient books.The author Yang Shuda, born in Changsha, Hunan, is a famous linguist. In the 1920s, he taught Chinese grammar at Tsinghua University and wrote the book "Advanced Grammar", and "Ci An" is its companion volume.The book has 10 volumes, including prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, interjections, and some pronouns, internal verbs, and adverbs that are common in ancient books. There are 534 items in total, arranged in the order of phonetic symbols.Each word is marked with the part of speech, and then the meaning of the word is explained, the usage is explained, documentary evidence is listed, and some remarks are added.Combined with parts of speech, the book specifically explains the grammatical functions of function words in ancient Chinese.When paraphrasing, pay attention to inspiring readers to "use the virtual and the real as they want", and use the context to distinguish the different usages of the virtual and the real.The common usage and special usage of words are explained in detail.The book is rich in evidence, drawing extensively from pre-Qin, Han and even the Six Dynasties ancient books, and citing Liu Qi, Wang Yinzhi, Sun Jingshi, Ma Jianzhong, Tong Fei and others to corroborate the evidence. "Ci Quan" inherits, summarizes and develops the achievements of predecessors' research on function words, and it is still a valuable reference book for checking function words in ancient Chinese.The book was published by the Commercial Press in 1928 and reprinted in 1969.
"Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Place Names in China" compiled by Zang Lihe and others.It collects more than 40,000 ancient and modern place names from ancient times to around 1930, including provincial capitals and counties, towns, castles, mountains and rivers, famous cities and fortresses, railway commercial ports, scenic spots and historic sites, temples, pavilions and gardens.All ancient place names will describe their evolution, while modern place names will introduce the geographical overview.The collection of materials in the book is rich. "Where there are interpretations of Qunjing, official history, national language, national policy, Tongjian, Zhuzi and various ancient books, this book widely collects the opinions of famous experts, and chooses the good ones. To the three schools of Du, Zheng and Ma The book and Wang Houzhai Yuhai's words and dialects are all taken together."Pay attention to mistakes in ordering this book. Anything that is not sure should be doubted.There is a "List of Synonyms of Counties", with an index of four-corner numbers.The book was a relatively comprehensive and systematic gazetteer in my country at that time, and it still has reference value today. It was first published by the Commercial Press in 1931 and photocopied by Shanghai Bookstore in 1982.
"Collection of Xuzi in Ancient Books" is a dictionary explaining Xuzi in ancient books.The author, Pei Xuehai (1899-1970), was born in Luan County, Hebei Province.The author started the study of ancient imaginary characters in 1927, collected 290 imaginary characters in the ancient books of the Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties, and arranged them according to the 36 letters of Shouwen.Each word is first explained, followed by documentary evidence, and finally the author's analysis.The book refers to Liu Qi's "Zhuzi Determination" in Qing Dynasty, Wang Yinzhi's "Jing Zhuan Shi Ci", Yu Yue's "Examples of Questions and Meanings in Ancient Books", and focuses on the explanation of "Jing Zhuan Shi Ci".On the one hand, it makes up for the shortcomings of the predecessors, and on the other hand, it corrects the mistakes of the predecessors. There are many creations and rich examples, which are very useful for reading ancient books. It was first published by the Commercial Press in 1932 and republished by Zhonghua Book Company in 1954.
"Ci Tong" is a book explaining the two-syllable Tongjia vocabulary in ancient books.The author Zhu Qifeng (AD 1874-1948), was born in Ninghai, Zhejiang. When I was 22 years old, I once helped my grandfather (the dean of Ninghai Anlan Academy) to review the class papers. I saw the words "Shoushi both ends" in the papers. I suspected it was a clerical error, so I took a pen and wrote "Being the first mouse", with curly hair and closed the courtyard Big uproar.It turns out that "shushou" and "shoushi" have the same words and different types.From then on, he devoted himself to reading and extracted words with synonyms but different types from more than 400 kinds of ancient books (mainly ancient books before Tang Dynasty).Some of these words are borrowed because of the same sound and similar sound, some are borrowed because of the same meaning and similar meaning, and some are false because of similar shape.From 1896 to 1930, the author spent more than 30 years and changed drafts more than ten times before "Ci Tong" was published as a book.The book collects two-syllable synonyms, mainly joint words, and some compound words and phrases, about 40,000 entries.Take a common word as the first word, gather the words that have the same meaning as the word but have different word forms under the first word as a group, and follow the order of the second word of the first word in the order of Pingshui rhyme 106.The explanation of the word is generally to explain the meaning of the first word or add fanqie or straight sound; at the end of each group, most of them add a commentary, or quote Qing Confucianism, or analyze and compare with their own views to clarify the relationship between this group of words .The citations in the book are detailed, and the documentary evidence contains the title of the book and the title of the article in detail, and is arranged in the order of the classics and history subsets.Attached are the "Stroke Index" and "Four-corner Number Index" for easy inspection. It was first published by Kaiming Bookstore in 1934 and reprinted by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House in 1982.
"Lianmian Dictionary" is a dictionary specializing in disyllabic words.The author, Fu Dingyi, was born in Hengshan, Hunan.From the age of 32 to collect Lianmian characters, it took 30 years to compile a 4 million-character "Lianmian Dictionary" by the age of 62.The book has 36 volumes and is divided into 12 collections. It is widely searched for double-tone, double-rhyme, and accented words in ancient books before the Six Dynasties, and includes auxiliary words, function words, and general double-syllable compound words as appropriate. compound words.The division of words refers to "Kangxi Dictionary".The phonetic notation uses Xu Xuan's Fanqie in "Shuowen Jiezi"; for characters that are not in "Shuowen", or whose pronunciation has changed from today, use Fanqie in the Sui and Tang Dynasties or the Yinqie in the rhyme book of Song Dynasty.For the explanation of each word, a large number of documentary evidence materials before the Six Dynasties are cited, and the writings below the Six Dynasties only refer to the annotations and scriptures; , modern characters, ancient characters, corruption, etc., especially good at interpreting Zhuanyu.Since the book is rich in citations, and the titles, volumes, and beginning and endings of the citations are very clear, it is very useful for finding the source of sentences in ancient books.The book was published by the author in Beijing in 1936. It was first published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1946, republished in 1954, and reprinted in 1983.
"A Study of Dialects in Jin and Yuan Operas" A book explaining the vocabulary of dialects in Jin and Yuan operas.The author Xu Jiarui (AD 1895-1977) was born in Kunming, Yunnan.Because of the dialects and common sayings in Jin and Yuan operas, many of them are still circulated among the people, but there is no special book to explain them.Therefore, "Hundreds of Yuan Operas", "Thirty Kinds of Ancient and Modern Zajus of Yuanlong (qianqian), Yuanren Sanqu, Mingren Quben, and Zhu Youdun (tuntun)'s Zajus, from "Qu" and "Bai" Go to "Ke" and "Huan" and reread it again, "write as you read, interpret the music with the music, refer to "Yuan Dianzhang", "Yuan Dynasty Secret History", "Jiu [chuo Chuo] Genglu", "Tang Yin Gui Sign" , "Ju Shuo", "New Dialect" and other books." As well as the dialects of various places today, this book was written in 1944.The book contains more than 600 dialect vocabulary, arranged according to strokes.Each word is explained first, and then the documentary evidence is listed (the title of the book is abbreviated).Some entries are followed by an author's note, or pointing out its popularity today, or annotating examples, or further explaining dialect words. It was published by the Commercial Press in 1938. When it was revised and reprinted in 1956, in addition to adding examples to the original entries, 155 new dialect words were added."Cited titles and abbreviations" are attached.
Notes:
Notes: