Chapter 14 The third section "Guang Yun" - the first complete rhyme book in existence
The ancient Chinese rhyme book was founded in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and prevailed in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. In the Sui Dynasty, Lu Fayan wrote the book "Qie Yun" comprehensively. Famous scholars such as Yan Zhitui played a great role in the compilation of "Qie Yun".Yan Zhitui was a colleague of Lu Fayan's father Lu Shuang when he was in the Northern Qi Dynasty, and Lu Fayan got his guidance in studying phonology.In the early years of Sui Kaihuang (581-589 A.D.), Yan Zhitui was over 50 years old. One day, he and eight people including Liu Zhen, Lu Sidao, Wei Yuan, Li Ruo, Xiao Gai, Xin Deyuan, Xue Daoheng, etc., "said the Dharma together" Mensu, Yeyong Jiulan, talking about phonology" ("Qieyun·Preface").They talked about the differences in phonetics between ancient and modern times, and the characteristics of local dialects; they commented on various rhyme books, thinking that the rhyme distinctions are different, and "each has its own advantages and mutual effects"; The anti-cutting, eliminating inappropriate parts, compiled a rhyme book that can be used not only for the author to select rhymes when creating, but also for checking and distinguishing rhymes when reading, and determined the principles and style of compilation.Lu Fayan, who was only in his 20s at the time, "hold a pen under the candle and jot down outlines".More than ten years later, because of his father, he resigned from office and returned to his hometown, "living in the mountains and fields" (see "Qie Yun·Preface" for all the above). ", Xia Hougai's "Yun Lue", Yang Xiuzhi's "Yun Lue", Li Jiji's "Sound Spectrum", Du Taiqing's "Yun Lue", etc., were written in the first year of Renshou of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty (AD 601 Year) into five volumes of "Qie Yun".
Lu Fayan, a noun, also known as Ci, is written in words.He is a native of Linzhang, Hebei. His ancestors are Xianbei, and his surname was changed from Bulugu's family to Lu.His "Qie Yun" has been lost for a long time. In the late Qing Dynasty, 54 lines of the book (most of which are incomplete) were found in Dunhuang, Gansu.Since the beginning of this century, some fragments and fragments of manuscripts and engravings of Tang and Five Dynasties have been discovered one after another.Sun Neyan, the chief minister of Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty, wrote annotations for "Qie Yun", which was also lost, and only the preface of Neyan remained.During Tang Zhongzong's reign, Wang Renxu (Xu) wrote "Publishing Absurdities and Filling in Missing Qieyun", which has been handed down in its entirety.Later generations verified from the above materials that "Qie Yun" is divided into five volumes, with 54 rhymes in the upper and lower volumes, 51 rhymes in the upper volume, 56 rhymes in the lower volume, and 32 rhymes in the entering volume, with a total of 193 rhymes and 11,558 volumes. Words; the annotations are brief, and there is a "Preface" by Lu Fayan in front of the book, which is now published at the beginning of "Guangyun".
"Qie Yun" is a masterpiece in the history of the development of rhyme books. The rhyme books of Tang and Song Dynasties and the rhymes of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties all inherit the system of "Qie Yun" and are also a bridge for later generations to search for ancient sounds and investigate dialects.
During the Tianbao period of Tang Dynasty (742-756 A.D.), Sun Min revised "Qie Yun" to .Later in the Tang Dynasty, Li Zhou revised "Tang Yun" as "Qie Yun" and adjusted the arrangement order of rhymes.Only some fragments of Sun and Li Ershu remain.The three books of Lu, Sun and Li became the basis for the official compilation of "Guang Yun" in the Song Dynasty.
The content of "Guang Yun" was compiled by Chen Pengnian, Qiu Yong and others in the Song Dynasty based on the Sui and Tang rhyme books.The first revision was in the fourth year of Jingde (1007 AD), and the second revision was in the first year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1008 AD).The existing "Guang Yun" is the second revision.Prior to this, Ju Zhongzheng, Wu Xuan, Yang Wenju and others had compiled the hundred volumes of "Yongxi Guangyun", which began in the second year of Song Taiping Xingguo (AD 977) and was completed in the second year of Duangong (AD 989). The full title of the revised edition by Peng Nian et al. is "Reconstruction of Guangyun in the Great Song Dynasty".The book consists of five volumes, divided into 206 rhymes, of which 193 rhymes are collected from Lu Fayan's "Qie Yun", two rhymes are based on Wang Renxuan's "Jie Yun" or Kaiyuan version "Tang Yun", and 11 rhymes are based on Tianbao's "Tang Yun". ".The arrangement order of the rhymes (parts) and the relationship between the four tones are based on Li Zhou's "Qie Yun".
"Guangyun" has a large number of characters, 26194 characters in total, many of which are strange, strange and uncommon characters; the annotations have 191692 characters, and the annotations are complicated, often listing surnames, people's names, place names, etc.For example, in the annotation of the word "gong" in Yidong rhyme, there are hundreds of characters in the ancient surname, which is too cumbersome, and it is a complicated annotation.People in the Yuan Dynasty deleted the rhyme characters and annotations based on the Song version, and published a simplified version of "Guang Yun".
The reform of the rhyme books of the "Qie Yun" system The rhyme books of the "Qie Yun" system include "Qie Yun", "Guang Yun", "Ji Yun", "Rhyme of the Ministry of Rites", "Rhyme of the Ministry of Rites" (the book has already been published) Not stored), various Pingshui rhyme books below "Pingshui Yunlue".The purpose of compiling this kind of rhyme book is to examine the sound and distinguish the rhyme, and the other is to write for the exam.In order to distinguish the similarities and differences in pronunciation, it is necessary to analyze and compare the pronunciation of the characters one by one, so the arrangement of the rhymes (items) should be detailed.However, in order to meet the exam and make poems, the finer the rhyme is, the more difficult it is to master and use.Therefore, the various versions of "Guang Yun" that are popular today are marked with the words "single use" or "common use" under the rhyme. "Single use" means that the characters in this rhyme group cannot be used in common with other rhyme characters; "common use" means that the rhyme characters in two or more rhyme parts can be used together as one rhyme.These "single use" and "common use" regulations roughly reflected the actual pronunciation at that time. According to this principle, the rhyme books after "Guang Yun" merge the rhymes that can be combined as much as possible.In the first year of Jin Chongqing (1212 A.D.), Han Daozhao compiled the "Five-Yin Collection of Rhymes", combining 206 rhymes into 160 rhymes, setting a precedent for combining rhymes."Xinkan Yunlue" (AD 1227) and "Pingshui Yunlue" (AD 1229) edited by Wang Wenyu of the Jin Dynasty, and "Cursive Script Yunhui" (AD 1229) by Zhang Tianci of the Jin Dynasty are divided into 106 rhymes.In the twelfth year of Lizong Chunyou in the Southern Song Dynasty (1252 A.D.), Liu Yuan wrote "Renzi Xinkan Libu Yunlue", referred to as "Xinkan Yun", or "Pingshui Yun", which is divided into 107 rhymes."Yunfu Qunyu" written by Yin Shifu in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty is also divided into 106 rhymes.Up to the imperial examinations in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and literati writing poems, the 106 rhymes of the poems were used as the standard.
However, it must also be mentioned that today, "Guang Yun" is used together or used alone, and there is confusion. Dai Zhen once wrote "Examination and Determination of Guang Yun's Exclusive and Common Use of Four Tone Tables", which is more credible and was recognized by phonologists. follow.Therefore, the rhyme table of "Guang Yun" listed in general phonology works is slightly different from the original rhyme table of "Guang Yun".
The rhyme books of the "Qie Yun" system in the Tang and Song Dynasties paid more attention to the study of the finals and tones of the characters, but neglected the search for the initials of the characters, and the arrangement of the rhyme characters in the rhyme part has no certain order.In the "Ji Yun" compiled in the second year of Song Renzong's Baoyuan (1039 A.D.), while revising "Guang Yun" Fanqie, groups of homophones were listed under each rhyme, and Fanqie was marked at the beginning of each group of homophones, and the number of homophones was indicated. .When Han Daozhao in the Jin Dynasty compiled the "Five-Yin Collection Rhyme", it developed into the order of the homonym groups in the rhyme according to the 36 letters.
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