Chapter 10 The third section "Shuowen Jiezi" - the first dictionary
"Shuowen Jiezi" was written in the early Eastern Han Dynasty, at a critical moment when Jinwen Confucianism was gradually declining and ancient Chinese Confucianism was rising.
At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, Confucian classics were written in official script. In the last years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, someone discovered a batch of ancient Confucian classics from the walls of Confucius’ residence. From the shape of the characters to the content of the scriptures, they were different from the popular classics at that time. Middle ancient texts, also known as ancient texts (these texts are actually texts from the Warring States Period).The scriptures written in the official script are called "Jinwen Jing".The official script of the Han Dynasty was a common script. At that time, few people understood the ancient script. Liu Xiang, Liu Xin and his father and son carried out textual research and interpretation of the ancient script, and the ancient script (Xiaozhuan and Liuguo script) began to be valued by people, and the so-called ancient literature school gradually formed. .From the Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty, Jinwen Confucianism was popular, and the doctors of Confucianism established by the state were all from Jinwen Confucianism, and ancient Chinese Confucianism was rejected.During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen, together with many famous scholars, raised the banner of "ancient studies" (including ancient Chinese classics and elementary school), and competed with modern classics.After the eighth year of the founding of the Eastern Han Dynasty (83 AD), the school of ancient literature gradually gained the upper hand.The ancient literature school is based on the study of characters, phonology, and exegesis. Their research results provided the conditions for the completion of "Shuowen Jiezi".
Xu Shen, the author of "Shuowen Jiezi", whose style name is Shuzhong, was born in Wansuili (zhaozhao) Ling County, Runan County (now Yancheng County, Henan Province) in the Eastern Han Dynasty.He was born in the first year of Yongping (58 AD) of Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty, and died in the second year of Jianhe (148 AD) of Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty.He served as Gongcao of Runan County, Jijiu at Nange of Taiwei Mansion, and Chief of Peijun Xiao (xiaowei) (now east of Guzhen, Anhui).In the eighth year of Hedi Yongyuan (AD 96), Jia Kui studied under Jia Kui when he was serving as the captain of Zhongqi.Xu Shen was proficient in ancient classics, and was hailed as "Xu Shuzhong, the unparalleled Five Classics".
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the characters were chaotic, the writing was irregular, and there were different explanations.At that time, official script had completely replaced Xiaozhuan and became the current script.Many forms of official script have lost the original meaning of pictograms, and some "vulgar scholars and vulgar men" who hold on to incompleteness use official script to explain words and scriptures indiscriminately, and do whatever they want.It is even believed that "the official script is the Cangjie Shishu", which was handed down from generation to generation.The School of Jinwen Confucianism regards characters from an unchanging point of view, and believes that ancient characters were created by some "curious" people who deliberately changed the glyphs of official script.
Xu Shen was very indignant at the phenomenon of chaotic interpretation of scripts and scriptures, and believed that "the scriptures are the foundation of scriptures and righteousness, and the beginning of kingly government. The book Shuowen Jiezi is used to "reason the group, explain the fallacy, understand the scholars, and reach the gods" ("Jun Jian Shuowen Jiezi·Xu").Make people understand the origin of characters and the principle of change.Xu Shen began writing Shuowen Jiezi in about the eighth year of Hedi Yongyuan (AD 96).The first draft was completed in the twelfth year of Yongyuan (AD 100).From the twelfth year of Yongyuan to the fourth year of Emperor Yongchu (100-110 A.D.), more than 50 people, including Xu Shen and Ma Rong, proofread books in Dongguan (National Library of Han Dynasty). "Erya", "Cangjie Pian", "The Story of Cangjie", etc.), based on which "Shuowen Jiezi" was revised.In the first year of Emperor An's Jianguang (AD 121), Xu Shen, who was ill, sent his son Xu Chong to play the final book "Shuowen Jiezi" to the court.
In addition, Xu Shen also wrote the book "The Different Meanings of the Five Classics" (Zheng Xuan once wrote "Refuting the Different Meanings of the Five Classics" to argue), as well as "Historical Records" and "Huainanzi" annotations, etc., all of which have been lost.In order to show respect for him, later generations called him "Xu Chang" or "Nange Jijiu", or just "Xu Jun" and "Xu Jijiu" instead of directly calling him by his name.
"Six Books" in "Shuowen Jiezi" "Six Books" are the six methods of analyzing the structure of Chinese characters summed up by the ancients based on the actual shape of Chinese characters, which is the so-called "foundation of Chinese characters". The name "Six Books" was put forward when "Zhou Li · Di Guan · Bao Shi" talked about the "six arts" of "ritual, music, archery, royal, book, and number".Zheng Zhong (?—A.D. 83) in the Han Dynasty commented on "Zhou Li·Bao Shi" and put forward the specific name of the six books: "Six books: pictographic, knowing, transcribing, dealing with things, borrowing, and harmonic sounds." Ban Gu's "Hanshu Yiwenzhi "Said "Pictographic, Xiangshi, Xiangyi, Xiangsheng, Zhuanzhu, and borrowing are the foundation of character creation." Xu Shen not only defined Liushu in "Shuowen Jiezi", but also used Liushu to analyze the structure of characters. "Six Books" is the basic theory that runs through the whole book and explains the text.The order of its six books is: one is referring to things, the other is pictograms, the third is phonetics, the fourth is understanding, the fifth is Zhuanzhu, and the sixth is borrowing.Zheng Zhong, Ban Gu, and Xu Shen talked about the Six Books. The contents of the Six Books are the same, but the titles and order are different.In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Can lectured on the six books, the name was Xu Shen, and the order was Ban Gu, which has been used to this day.The Liushu of Xu Shen and others said that it had a great influence on the study of Chinese characters later. People who studied characters in the past dynasties must first study the Liushu.Because the traditional Liushu theory not only points out the structure rules of Chinese characters, but also includes the rules of Chinese characters breeding and application.
Pictograms: During the formation of characters, the pictorial components in pictorial characters (or called character paintings, that is, the marking marks and pictographic symbols of the original characters) gradually weakened, while the symbolic nature gradually strengthened. With the formation of the symbol system, they became characters. A member of the series.This type of font drawn into a physical image can be easily recognized as a character, and such characters are called pictographs.Pictographs use the shape of characters to directly express specific concepts and meanings.Some objects did not exist at the stage of drawing pictures and recording events, but they were formed after characters were produced, and people created new characters by describing the shapes of objects. This method is one of the six books, pictographs.That is what Xu Shen said, "When a painting becomes its object, it can be read according to the style, and the sun and the moon are the same."It means to draw the shape of an object, and the lines (strokes) bend along with the outline of the object, such as sun and moon characters.
In the explanation of "Shuowen Jiezi", most of the "pictographic" or "xiang..." are pictographic characters.Pictographic characters are divided into two categories: pure pictograms and combined pictograms.Pure pictographic characters include sun, moon, person, eye, ox, sheep, fish, mountain, water, etc. Pictograms.” The combined pictograms include the characters Guo, Mei, Fu, Bao, etc. For example, it is said in "Shuowen Jiezi": "Fruit, the wood is solid, from the wood, the shape of the fruit is on the wood." "Shuowen Jiezi "There are only 364 pictographic characters in the 9353 characters, and most modern Chinese characters are no longer like the original ones.Although the number of pictographs is small, they are the basis of Chinese characters.Mastering the ancient form and original meaning of pictographic characters plays an important role in mastering the structure and meaning of Chinese characters.
Refers to things: Some complex and abstract things cannot be visualized, and some are invisible. Pictographic characters alone cannot meet the needs of recording language, so concise symbols are used to mark the concepts referred to. Created in this way The word is called the word referring to things.Refers to the word is to use symbolic symbols to express meaning.There are two types of Zhishi characters, one is pure symbols, such as first and second grades, which use the number of horizontal strokes to represent numbers; upper and lower characters are represented by short lines above or below the long line, this type is also called pure Zhishi characters.There is also a type called Futizhishizi, which uses pictographic characters to add abstract symbols, such as blade, and adds a dot to the word knife to indicate the position of the blade.Zhishizi is just like "Shuowen Jiezi" said: "You can know it when you look at it, and you can see the meaning when you look at it." "Knowing it by sight" refers to the shape of the characters, and "seeing the meaning of the words" refers to the meaning of the words, which means that the shape of the characters can be recognized by looking at it, and the meaning can be understood after inspection.
In the commentary of "Shuowen Jiezi", in addition to saying that "referring to things" refers to the characters of things, a few say that "pictographic" or "xiang..." refers to abstract and generalized characters, which also refer to the characters of things.Among the six books, the characters referring to things are the fewest and the most difficult to recognize. There are 125 characters referring to things in "Shuowen Jiezi".The difference between Zhishi characters and pictographic characters is that Zhishi characters represent abstract and generalized things, while the shape of pictographic characters is a description of specific things.
Knowing: Only simple and concrete shapes or abstract symbols are not enough to express the meaning of constantly developing and complex objective things, so two or more single words are used to form a new word, and their meanings are combined to express a new concept .The characters created in this way are called knowing characters. In "Shuowen Jiezi", "compared with friendship, to see Zhijue [hui command]" is the meaning, and "zhijue" is used as the solution of "pointing to".Xu Shen gave examples of the two characters wu and xin: the word wu is composed of "zhi" and "ge" (the regular script becomes yi), "ge" is an ancient weapon, and "zhi" is a foot, which together means walking with a weapon. It means conquest by force, that is, the meaning of Wu. The word "xin" is composed of "person" and "word". People should speak sincerely, and the meaning of letter is sincerity.Ge, Zhi, Ren, and Yan are all single characters, called radicals, and radicals are divided into two categories: meaning and phonetic.The radicals that express meaning are called "formal radicals" or "meaning symbols".Generally speaking, the radicals of knowing characters have no sound relationship with the characters themselves.However, the pronunciation of some knowing characters is related to the pronunciation of the radicals, such as "Officials, Congyi, Congshi, Shi Yisheng".
A ideographic character composed of two or more identical ideographic symbols is called a ideographic character, such as "Shuowen Jiezi" says "cong, listen to each other, and follow two people".Bi, Lin, You, Bu, Pin, Lei, Bo, etc. are all homologous words.Combinations of two or more different ideographic symbols are called different meaning characters, such as Cai, Mo, Xiu, Miao, Chu, Nan, Bing, Ji, Jian, etc. "Shuowen Jiezi" says: "Collecting, pulling out, from wood, from claws." There are also knowing characters that are not formed by combination, but by changing the shape of existing characters, such as Pian characters, which are wooden characters. The right half of is the part that splits the tree vertically.Most of the ideographic characters are variant ideographic characters.The difference between ideographic characters and pictographs and Zhishi characters is: pictographs and zhishi characters are all single "text", even if there are two parts, these two parts are not characters; ideographic characters are combined "characters", A new character composed of more than two "texts".Pictographic characters, Zhishi characters, and ideographic characters are purely ideographic characters without phonetic components (some ideographic characters are related to radicals, called ideographic and pictophonetic characters).There are 1167 knowing characters in "Shuowen Jiezi".
Shaped sound: also called "image sound" and "harmonic sound". "Shuowen Jiezi" says: "Phonetic characters use things as their names, and take examples to form each other, just like rivers and rivers." Pictophonetic characters are composed of two or more radicals, which indicate the category or meaning of characters. Radical is called shape side (meaning symbol), and the radical that represents the pronunciation of word is called sound side (phonetic symbol), such as river and river are all related to water, use "氵" to represent meaning, use "work" and "ke" to represent sound, "工" and "可" have the same or similar pronunciations as Jiang and He respectively.There are six situations for the arrangement of phonetic symbols and semantic symbols of pictophonetic characters:
Left-shaped right sound: Jiang, village, tungsten, pile, put, talk, thirst, nephew, Xu, insurance, dog, knot.
Right-shaped left tone: Chuang, Tan, Zhan, Save, Xin, Ling, Gong.
The upper form and the lower sound: Yu, Hua, Gan, Wo, Shuang, Chong, Toilet, Kitchen, and Disease.
The lower shape and the upper sound: basin, fried, delusional, thought, loan, fort, blind, and skirt.
Outer appearance and internal sound: garden, enclosure, pavilion, box, wrapping.
Inner shape and outer sound: smell.
Some pictophonetic characters have the side of the shape and the side of the sound at a corner, such as Jing, Cong, Xingsheng.There are a few numbers, the meaning symbols and sound symbols are all the same, because of different positions, the sounds and meanings are different, such as sale, only; Wait.Some characters become variant characters due to the different positions of phonetic symbols and meaning symbols, such as Feng, Feng; Lue, and so on.
The three characters of pictograph, referring to things and knowing meaning are all pure ideographic characters, and pictophonetic characters are characters that represent both meaning and sound. All words in the language that have no form, nothing to refer to, and no intention to understand can be created by means of pictophonetics new word.Pictophonetic characters account for more than 20% of oracle bone inscriptions. Among the 9353 characters in "Shuowen Jiezi", there are 7697 pictophonetic characters. Most of the characters that appear in the form of "Sing: Daoye. Congkou, Changsheng" are all pictophonetic characters .Pictophonetic characters in modern Chinese account for more than 90%, becoming the mainstream of Chinese characters.We can understand the meaning of the characters and the pronunciation of the characters through the phonetic characters, which can help correct typos.Due to the changes in phonetics and semantics in ancient and modern times, in many pictophonetic characters, the sound side cannot accurately express the pronunciation of the word, and the shape side cannot accurately express the category or meaning of the word.
Annotation: "Shuowen Jiezi" said: "Those who annotate, create a poem, agree to accept it, and pass the test." Because Xu Shen's explanation for the annotation is not clear enough, and "Shuowen" does not specify it Those are Zhuanzhu characters. Therefore, later generations have very inconsistent understandings of Zhuanzhu. Some focus on the shape of the characters, some focus on the sound of the characters, and some focus on the meaning of the characters. Yi, Radical, and Mutual Training.Now it generally refers to a group of characters with the same radicals, the same or similar pronunciation, and similar meanings.Such as Kao, the second character. "Shuowen Jiezi" says: "Kao, Lao Ye, from the old province, the sound of the mouth." In the old part, the sound is similar and the meaning is the same, which means mutual attention.According to the character shapes of "Kao" and "Lao" in Xiaozhuan in "Shuowen Jiezi", Kao is a pictophonetic character, and Lao is a knowing character (Kao and Lao in Oracle Bone Inscriptions are both pictographic characters), which are created according to the phonetic and knowing characters. If it comes out, the method of transcribing cannot add new characters, it is not the method of creating characters, but the method of using characters.In "Shuowen Jiezi", there are not many words similar to Kao and Lao, such as "Xing, 刭 also" and "刭, Xingye" in the part of the knife; Qiaoye"; "Dian, Dingye" and "Ding, Dingye" in the page part.
Borrowing: "Shuowen Jiezi" says: "Borrowers don't have their own characters, and rely on their voices to ask things, and the commander is also." That is to say, when a new word has appeared in the spoken language, but its special character has not been recorded , and it is not easy to create new characters by means of form and meaning, so according to its sound, find a homophonic or similar character to record the new word to represent a new concept.For example: qi, originally the original character of "dustpan", was later borrowed as the pronoun "qi".Loan characters have already appeared in oracle bone inscriptions, such as: I, originally a weapon, borrowed "I" as the first-person pronoun.Some words originally meant one meaning, and after borrowing it to express another meaning, the original meaning was retained and a new meaning was added, such as: hui, which originally meant rendezvous, and was later used as "hui" in "will you do it?" The original meaning is lost after the word borrows another meaning, such as: however, the original meaning is cheek hair, which looks like hair, and it is used as a conjunction or pronoun under the guise; some words replace the original meaning with the borrowed meaning, and create another one for the original meaning The word, such as: begging, was originally a leather garment, and was used as the "begging" of "request", and the original character was added with "clothes" next to it, and it was written as "Qiu", which means leather clothing.
To a certain extent, borrowing characters has expanded the scope of use of Chinese characters, but after all, it is only a method of using characters, not a rule of making characters.Loaned characters are replaced by words with the same or similar sounds, but there are also very few not, such as Duan Yucai's "Shuowen Zhu" under "(艸 character to the right)" said: "The ancient text uses 艸 as (艸 word to the right) , with 疋 as its foot...or borrowing because of its close shape." In ancient books, there is another situation of borrowing characters, such as a sentence in "Hanshu" "It was the Huns who fled far away, but there was no royal court in the south of the curtain".Among them, the word "mu" is generally referred to as "tent", but "mu" in this sentence is used as "mo", which means desert.Words like "Mu" are called Tongjiazi, which are borrowings with original characters, which are essentially different from borrowings with no original characters.The ancients used to use Tongjia characters, and when reading ancient books, one must be familiar with Tongjia and distinguish Tongjia from Tongjia.
According to the analysis of the six books in "Shuowen Jiezi" and the research of predecessors, Dai Zhen of the Qing Dynasty put forward the theory of "four bodies and two functions". The method of using words.In fact, in "Shuowen Jiezi", the number of referring to things is very small, and they are easily confused with huiyi and pictophonetic characters, so now it is generally talked about Liushu, and the referring to things are included in huiyi.In this way, there are only three ways to create Chinese characters: pictographic, knowing, and phonetic.
"Shuowen Jiezi", the radical of "Shuowen Jiezi", has 15 volumes in total, 14 volumes of this article, and the fifteenth volume is "Xumu", which contains 9353 seal character headers in total. There are 1,163 characters in different forms of the ancient script ("Shuowen Jiezi·Xu", the number of characters in the current Daxu version is different from this), and 133,441 characters in Xu Shen's explanation.Xu Shen analyzed Chinese characters according to the principle of Liushu, and selected single-body characters (most of which represent certain types of meaning symbols) that can govern many Chinese characters, such as people, wood, lines, birds, horses, etc., and established 540 parts, and put the orthodox characters The 9353 characters and the 1163 characters in different forms are listed under each department respectively, creating a radical classification method of "separate tribes live in different toilets".How to arrange the order of 540 parts in the book?First of all, according to the idea of "everything is born in one and finally ends in Hai" according to the Yin-Yang Five Elements School in the Han Dynasty, Xu Shen designated the "Yi" part as the first part and the "Hai" part as the last part.As for other radicals, it is roughly "connected according to form".Xu Shen said that "connection according to shape" means to arrange parts with similar shapes together, which is what Duan Yucai said: "The sequence of all parts is based on the similarity of shape." Notes on Duan Yucai at the end of the Ministry) such as: Yiyi, 丄 (upper) Ministry, Shibu; Renbu, Dagger (
) (chemical) department, dagger (
) Department, Cong Department, Bi Department; ... Clothes Department, Qiu Department.Sometimes they are also connected according to the similarity in meaning, as a supplement to the arrangement of "similarity in form".Such as: the tooth part is after the tooth part, 62 radicals below the human part are spoken for people, and 20 radicals below the pig part are used to speak for beasts.There are also all characters with overlapping shapes as radicals, which are generally followed by the monomers.For example, the Yan Department is after the Fire Department, and the Crystal Department is after the Sun Department. "Shuowen Jiezi" arranges radicals with similar shapes or similar meanings together, which is equivalent to dividing 540 radicals into several categories. This can better help people understand the function of signifiers, and thus understand more accurately Word meaning.
The radicals in "Shuowen Jiezi" generally have their own characters.Cottage, wood, and water each have more than 400 characters, and the six parts of words, people, heart, hands, women, and department each have more than 200 characters; the other parts have the largest number of more than a hundred characters, and the few such as the production department have only one character; In some ministries, there are only radicals and no subordinate characters, such as Sanbu, which is ranked between Shibu and Wangbu. As a transition between these two departments, there is only one Chongwen.There are generally certain rules for the arrangement of the characters in each department, just as Duan Yucai said: "The order of the characters in the department is based on the introduction of meaning." Note) that is, the same or similar words of the category are gathered together, and the words of the same radical have the same meaning (radical).The sequence of Chinese characters in each part is generally:
(1) "First the real and then the imaginary, first the near and then the far." (Huang Kan and others believe that the order of arrangement of each character in "Shuowen" is "first the name and then the real"). The last column describes the name of the form of water.
(2) "There is no such thing as true or false, far or near, and the beautiful ones are listed first, and the evil ones are listed last." , Xiang, Fu, Fu, You, Qi" are ranked first, while words containing disasters such as "disaster, evil, (礻fu), ban" are ranked last.In one part, "all taboos are at the top, so as to respect the emperor".For example, Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty, ranked first in the He Department.
(3) In each part, "anyone who opposes the radical must be at the end of the radical", that is, all the opposite shapes are not established as the radical, and they are placed at the end of the radical.For example, 丅 (lower) is at the end of the 丄 (upper) part. "The characters with overlapping radicals must be at the end of the radical" (see Duan Yucai's "Shuowen Jiezi Note" for all the above quotations). The end of the body part.Ruhe is at the end of Chibu.
In addition, Xu Shen also put some place names without specific locations at the end of the department.For example, the last 20 or so characters of the Yibu are just a list of place names, without an explanation of the exact location.Xu Shen created the method of returning radicals to characters, which enables characters to be classified and is easy to check, and lays the foundation for the later method of checking characters by radicals.However, Xu Shen arranged the characters in order based on meaning, which is different from the order in which later generations arranged characters according to the number of strokes.The latter is more convenient for word checking.
The way of interpreting words in "Shuowen Jiezi" In the interpretation of "Shuowen", the radicals of each part are generally analyzed first, and it is explained that the characters of the same radical are related to the meaning of the radical.Then explain the characters of the department one by one, usually write a character in Xiaozhuan, explain the meaning of the word first, and then explain its shape and structure according to the six calligraphy rules, and sometimes list the variants, using phonetic sound or "read if" Explain the pronunciation, collect different theories, and cite classics to prove their theories.For example: "Bing, Ming Ye. From fire, Bing sound." "Mouth, the reason why people speak and eat, pictographic, and all the attributes of mouth are from mouth." One is called 嚵 [chan slander] Kuai Ye.” “呱, the cry of a child, from the mouth, the sound of a melon. "Poetry" says: Hou Ji croaked."But there are also many explanations of characters, which must be read together with the previous seal characters to understand their meaning.For example: "Mei Shuang, Dan Ming also." In the above example sentences, "Bing" and "Mei" are both seal characters in "Shuowen".
The character style of "Shuowen Jiezi" is based on Xiaozhuan, that is, each character is first listed in seal script, and then explained; if there are ancient scripts, Zhou scripts and seal script variants, the ancient script and Zhou script are listed under the seal script.If the shape of the script is the same as that of the seal script, the ancient script will not be listed.However, some use ancient Chinese characters as radicals, and the characters in this group are mainly ancient Chinese characters, such as Shang (upper) part, page part, first part, most parts, etc.It also uses Guzhen as the radical, and the characters in the department are mainly Guzhen, such as Renbu, Dagger, Congbu, Beibu, etc. behind Renbu.In these parts, if there is a small seal script that is different from the ancient script and the Zhou script, the Xiaozhuan script will be attached under the ancient script and the dump script. The characters and styles collected in "Shuowen Jiezi" include Xiaozhuan, Guwen, and Zhenwen, as well as strange characters, Qin stone carvings, Han Dynasty folk styles, and forms used in Confucianism.
The style of explaining in "Shuowen Jiezi" is very complicated, and a brief introduction is as follows:
(1) Quoting ancient texts a. The texts quoted in the commentary, except those marked as ancient texts, all the texts quoted from scriptures and pre-Qin classics are also ancient texts.For example: ""Xia Shu" 玭 [pin poor] from insects and guests", 蠙 is the ancient prose of 玭; "Mo Di Shuyi follows Fu", Mo Di Shu refers to "Mozi". b Whenever it is said that "the ancient text may think that a certain", it means that the ancient text uses this character to make a certain character, such as: explaining (the word "艸" goes to the right) word: "the ancient text may think that the word ", the ancient text uses the word □ to make the word "艸". cWhoever says "the ancient text is like this" means that he knows the ancient text is a certain one, but this word cannot be used to explain the form.For example, there is a character under the Qiang character, "This is the case with Qiang in the ancient text." D Fan said "Or Yue", which is another way of saying the ancient text.Such as explaining (Beiwei) characters: "Or this ancient character." E who said "from the image of ancient Chinese" or "like the shape of ancient Chinese" means that the shape of Xiaozhuan is similar to that of ancient Chinese, but it has been slightly simplified.For example, explaining the word Ge said: "Like the shape of the ancient Cultural Revolution", the word Ge is the ancient Cultural Revolution (
) Simplification of the word.For example, "like a certain province in ancient Chinese", it means that the shape of Xiaozhuan is much simpler than that of ancient Chinese.
(2) There are three ways to quote Zhenwen, one is to directly call it Zhenwen, for example, there is the character 雱 under the side character, and the explanation is "籀wen".One is called Dazhuan. For example, after the explanation of Suanzhuan, there is: "Zuowen fifty-three, heavy two, Dazhuan from ." The public name of Yan Zhao is read as Ruo Hao, and the name of the history is ugly."
(3) Some scriptures are quoted to prove and explain the shape of characters, such as explaining the characters of Zhu: "those who worship the Lord. From the instructions, from the population. One is from Dui Province. "Yi" says: Dui is the mouth and the witch." Some It is used to prove the sound of the word, such as explaining the word (walking to music): "moving. From walking, the sound of music. If it is read in "Chunqiu Zhuan" it says: Fu (walking to music)." Others are used to prove the meaning of the word, such as Explanation of the word 瑱 [zhenzhen]: "It is also filled with jade. From jade, the true voice. "Poetry" says: "Jade is zhenxi."
(4) Quoting ancient sayings to prove and explain today's words, such as the explanation of the character Chu [jiaojiao]: "Chu, Chu also."
(5) Quoting the explanation of the dialect Ruya character: "Chu Niao Ye. One name is 鸒〔yuyu〕, and the other name is humble residence. Qin calls it Ya."
(6) Citing common sayings to explain the meaning of the word, such as the explanation of the word Huang: "Da Ye. From Zi. Zi, Shi Ye... Self-reading is like a nose. Today, the common saying is that the first child is the nose."
(7) The theory of Bocaitongren refers to people such as Confucius, Han Fei, Sima Xiangru, Dong Zhongshu, Du Lin, Wei Hong, etc., and some of their sayings are quoted in the book, such as the explanation in words: " It can be implemented. From divination, from it. Wei Hong said."
(8) Citing the secretary, Xu Shen said that the secretary refers to Weishu. For example, there is the character (目旭) under the character of anger, explaining: "Secretary hate from Xu." It shows that the shape of the character hate in the secretary is different from the popular Xiaozhuan.
(9) Citing Qin carved stone Qin carved stone inscription is another way of writing Xiaozhuan, such as the following characters of You (氵攴), explain: "Qin carved stone Yishan Wenyou is like this."
(10) Cong X, X X sound All those who say "Cong X, X X sound" are pictophonetic characters, such as the word Jiang: "Cong Shui, Gong Sheng." Water is the pictograph of Jiang Zi, and Gong is the sound of Jiang Zi symbol.
(11) Pictographic, like the shape of a certain character. For pictographic characters, some only say "pictographic", such as the explanation of Lu character: "Spine also. Pictographic." Some also explain the shape of the image, such as mountain Explanation of the word: "Xuan Ye. It is said that it can disperse energy and give birth to all things. It has stones and is tall, pictographic." If it says "like the shape of so-and-so", it refers to the word Shi.Ruyi character: "The arm of a person is also (armpit). From a large size, it is also the shape of two elephants."
(12) Cong XX, Cong XX; Cong XX. Anyone who says "from XX, from XX" or "from XX" is an ideographic word, such as the Chinese character, "From (the word goes to 攵), Cong Zhi" .When saying "cong X", it means that the meaning of the word being interpreted is the same or similar to that of a certain word.
(13) From a certain province, if you say "cong certain province", it means that the character being interpreted has the same meaning as a certain character, and a certain part of the shape is the same.Such as the explanation of official characters: "And also. From you, from
(tail) province.Hold againThe ones, from the latter to the later. "The words that are interpreted are often knowing words.
(14) From a certain province to a certain provincial voice, to say "a certain provincial voice" is to use the sound of a certain word without using its full form.Such as the word Zi: "Congmu, Zai Shengsheng."
(15) Cong X, X Yi Sheng. When saying "C X X, X X Yi Sheng", it means that this character not only derives its meaning from the shape of X X, but also takes its pronunciation as onomatopoeia.Such as the surname: "from a girl, born with a sound." These characters are generally knowing and phonetic characters.
(16) Agree. When it is said that someone "agrees" with someone, it means that the shape and meaning of the two characters have some similarities or similarities.For example, the explanation of Gongzi: "Skillful decoration. Elephant people have rules (same moments), and they agree with Wu."
(17) When reading Ruo and Xu Shen, there is no fanqie method, and another character is used in "Shuowen" to phoneticize this character.The pronunciation of the word Ruque: "reads the same as Jue"; the pronunciation of the character (to the right of the word "艸"): "Read Ruoche."
(18) There are two different interpretations of a character for one day, and "Yi Yue" is used to indicate the second interpretation in "Shuowen".For example, the explanation of the word 〔yin〕: "絜祭 also. One said that the essence is enjoyment."
(19) Que means to be suspicious.For example, the explanation of the character (old man): "Old man. Cong and disaster, que." In "Shuowen", the phonetic meaning of words that cannot be explained is marked with the word que.
(20) In the commentary on or style, anyone who says "or from a certain" is a variant of Xiaozhuan.For example, the following characters for worship, the explanation: "Sacrifice or follow the difference."
The value of "Shuowen Jiezi" "Shuowen Jiezi" is the first real dictionary in ancient China. It has epoch-making significance in the history of Chinese language and philology, and has a profound impact on the study of Chinese language and philology in the past 2,000 years .It is based on Xu Shen's "Cang Jie Pian" and other books, citing a large number of theories of the pre-Qin philosophers, extensively collecting the research results of Han Dynasty classicists and philologists, citing dozens of dialects, and collecting a lot of common sayings. It was compiled with a lifetime of energy.The book reflects the basic features of ancient Chinese vocabulary, and gathers the exegesis of Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties. "Shuowen Jiezi" "cites one form to unify all forms", "檃 [yinyin] includes regulations", and uses the method of radical division to unify the whole book; "Speaking of sound and meaning", "analyzing the root cause of poverty" (see Duan Yucai's "Shuowen Jiezi Zhu" Volume 15), trying to see the original meaning of each character from the form, investigate the sound of each character, and deduce the origin of the meaning of each character ; It puts forward a relatively systematic theory of analyzing Chinese characters - Liushu, and uses this theory to make a more comprehensive analysis of the shape, sound and meaning of Chinese characters with rich ancient writing materials.Xu Shen's creations in arrangement and word interpretation have the characteristics of modern dictionaries, and its scientific system has had a great influence on the compilation of dictionaries in later generations. "Shuowen Jiezi" collected more than 9,000 Qin Xiaozhuan characters, and at the same time included a lot of ancient characters, 籀 characters, strange characters, Qin carved stones, Han Dynasty folk styles, and variants used by Han Confucianism. The evolution of bronze inscriptions, simplified characters and Chinese characters provided the foundation, and it was the hero for preserving ancient characters.If there is no "Shuowen Jiezi", if we want to understand ancient books before the Qin and Han Dynasties, oracle bone inscriptions from the Yin and Shang dynasties, bronze inscriptions from the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and ancient characters such as Zhouwen, it would be like crossing a river without boats and bridges. How difficult it would be!The predecessors gave "Shuowen Jiezi" a very high evaluation.Yan Zhitui said that Xu Shen could be compared with Confucius in academics; Sun Xingyan said that the achievements of "Shuowen Jiezi" are not inferior to Yu's.
"Shuowen Jiezi" has a wide range of contents, "the meanings of the six arts group books are all based on their meanings. And the heaven and earth, ghosts and gods, mountains and rivers, vegetation, birds and beasts, insects, sundries, strange things, kingship, etiquette, and human affairs in the world are all recorded in detail. ". (Xu Chong's "Shuowen" Table) It is not only a must-read for philologists, but we can also learn about the politics, system, economy, nature, and customs of the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties.Lu Zongda said: "Shuowen is truly an encyclopedia of the Han Dynasty."
Due to the limitations of the times, "Shuowen Jiezi" also has some shortcomings, especially since the end of the 19th century, a large number of ancient writing materials have been discovered, which proves that many explanations in "Shuowen Jiezi" are wrong, mainly in the following aspects Aspects:
(1) The font is wrong. "Shuowen Jiezi" explains the sound and meaning of characters from the shape of the characters, but if the shape of the characters is wrong, there will be errors in the explanation.In some cases, the meaning of the words is well explained, but the form of the characters is wrong; for some, the form of the characters is wrong, and the interpretation of the meaning of the words is also wrong.
(2) Explanation is far-fetched.Because Xu Shen was a long time ago when he created characters, he had never seen oracle bone inscriptions, and not many Shang and Zhou inscriptions, so he couldn't fully understand the original meaning of ancient man-made characters.
(3) Treat the later characters as the original characters, and take the borrowed meaning as the original meaning.
(4) In terms of interpretation, some interpret the meaning of words with the feudal thinking of respecting heaven, believing in God, respecting the emperor, and men superior to women.
In addition, are the radicals in "Shuowen Jiezi" all basic shapes?Is the division at all justified?There are some problems in the arrangement of the first order of the script, the order of the characters in the same script, and the classification of the characters, which makes it difficult for readers to check. Xu Xuan of the Song Dynasty said: "If you look for a character, you often end the volume." ( "Shuowen Jiezi Zhuanyun Pu" Xu Xuanxu) so its radicals need to be adjusted and improved.The earliest dictionary to improve the radicals of "Shuowen Jiezi" is probably the "Kaiyuan Character Sound and Meaning" written in the 23rd year of Tang Kaiyuan (AD 735), which is divided into 320 parts; the second is written in the second year of Tang Kaicheng (AD 735). 837)'s "Five Classics" is divided into 160 parts; Liao monk Xingjun's is divided into 242 parts, and the radicals are arranged according to the four tones of flat, up, go, and into; Arrange the order of characters in each department.The major reform of the radicals of "Shuowen Jiezi" was Mei Yingzuo's "Zihui" in the late Ming Dynasty. The radicals were combined into 214 parts. The number of strokes are arranged in order.
Research on "Shuowen Jiezi" Since the publication of "Shuowen Jiezi", it has always been valued by scholars of all dynasties, and it has been sorted out, revised and annotated continuously.Ding Fubao's "Shuowen Jiezi Gulin" and "Addendum" included 338 works on "Shuowen".In the long-term circulation of "Shuowen", there were many errors in transcribing and transcribing.Li Yangbing, a calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty, published "Shuowen" for the first time, divided it into 30 volumes, and revised the brushwork. people blame.In the Five Dynasties, Xu Kai of the Southern Tang Dynasty wrote 40 volumes of "Shuowen Jiezi Biography", the first 30 volumes were a general interpretation of "Shuowen Jiezi", basically restoring the original appearance of "Shuowen Jiezi"; the last 10 volumes contained "Qu〔qu District 〕False", an article refuting Li Bingyang's conjecture.During Song Taizong's reign, Xu Xuan and others were called to re-edit "Shuowen Jiezi", comprehensively sorted out the content of "Shuowen", corrected mistakes, and marked the phonetics with the reverse cut of "Tang Yun" by Sun Yi [mian] in the Tang Dynasty, and some notes were added. Annotated, titled "Chen Xuan and others said"; newly added 19 characters that were lost in the interpretation of "Shuowen", and added 402 characters that Xu Shen did not accept, explained them, and attached them to each department, called " The word "newly attached"; the original 15 chapters of "Shuowen Jiezi" are divided into upper and lower parts, a total of 30 volumes.This book has been handed down to this day.It is called "Big Xu Ben", and Xu Kai's "Shuowen Jiezi Biography" is called "Xiao Xu Ben".Now, apart from the wooden fragments and oral figures of the Tang manuscript "Shuowen", we only see the "Er Xu Ben" and the reprinted versions of the "Er Xu Ben".
There have been many annotations to "Shuowen Jiezi" in the past dynasties, and the research in the Qing Dynasty was the most prosperous, and there were a lot of works.Duan Yucai, Gui Fu, Zhu Junsheng, and Wang Jun were the four great writers in the Qing Dynasty, among whom Duan Yucai and Zhu Junsheng achieved the greatest achievements.Duan Yucai (AD 1735-1815), a native of Jintan, Jiangsu, a phonologist and classicist, wrote 15 volumes of "Shuowen Jiezi Zhu" in nearly 30 years.Duan Shu made a careful and prudent review of the text of "Er Xu Ben" and "Shuowen Jiezi".The section notes analyzed Xu Shen’s principle of grouping radicals, the arrangement of Chinese characters in each volume, and the theory of the Six Books. In fact, it revealed Xu Shen’s compilation style that Xu Shen did not clearly write, which is very helpful for understanding Shuowen.有帮助，是初学《说文》者的入门必读书。段玉裁的注，引证各种字书、传注的训解等，对《说文》的解释作了较为详细的疏证，以补充许说，推求许说之所本，详考《说文》引文的出处。段注《说文》在每字下都标明该字在古韵中所属的韵部，用古韵来求古形、古义。段注对许书的缺点错误作了中肯的批评，而且有所创见。段注的成就是巨大的，他在文字学上的成就已超越了许慎。段玉裁的《说文解字注》虽然在学术上享有极崇高的地位，但也存在一些缺点与不足，最主要的是改字太多，其中难免会有武断之处，因此自段书刊行，匡谬订补者屡见不鲜。
桂馥(公元1736—1806年)山东曲阜人。他花了40余年功夫研究《说文》，撰写成《说文解字义证》50卷。他认为许慎的说解都是对的，他的书就是为许慎所谓的本义搜集古籍例证。卷一至卷四十八疏证《说文》正文，先引古书证明某字有某义(限于本义)，举例证实增补许慎的说解。再分别解说许氏的原文，并订正二徐本讹误。书中的例证遍及经史子集，材料丰富，可与段书互为补充。
王筠(公元1784—1854年)，山东安邱人。他认为《说文》全书是一个有机的整体，须从其体例入手，方能“明许君之奥旨”(《说文解字句读·序》)，于是“条分缕析，为之疏通其意”，他于道光十七年(公元1837年)，用200多天时间撰成《说文释例》20卷。前14卷阐明“六书”的定义，《说文》体例、文字的各种异体和孳乳形式、列字形式、双声音韵、脱讹字、衍文、改窜等。后六卷是《说文》的存疑问题以及个人的见解。此书主要对《说文》的体例加以整理阐发，但在字形、字义方面也有些独到见解。道光三十年(公元1850年)，王筠撰成《说文解字句读》，主要辨明句读，解说简明扼要，比较适宜初学《说文》者。
朱骏声(公元1788—1858年)，江苏吴县人。一生从事写作，精于天文数学，擅长词章，他尤倾其心力于文字训诂之学。所著《说文通训定声》18卷，始撰于道光十三年(公元1833年)，至道光二十八年(公元1848年)完成。全书分为三部分，一是“说文”，对许慎《说文》补充订正，以字形为主，说明字形与字义、字音的关系，讲解文字的本义；二是“通训”，专讲字义(词义)的引申和假借，赋于转注与假借不同于许书的新义；三是“定声”，把文字按古韵分类，以上古韵文的用韵证明古音。第二部分是全书精华所在。书中着重从文字的音义关系考察词义的会通，又引用大量的例证和古人训诂，全面地解释词义(包括本义、别义、引申义、假借义)。
近人丁福保把前人研究注释《说文》的专著和其他书中有关《说文》的资料，编成《说文解字诂林》；1932年又汇集了近代研究《说文》的著作编为《说文解字诂林补遗》，全书共计千余卷。此外1933年徐文镜编撰《古籀会编》一书，搜集了不少甲骨文、金文、篆文等古文字资料，可作为《说文》所引古文字研究的补录和参考。
Notes:
) (chemical) department, dagger ( ) Department, Cong Department, Bi Department; ... Clothes Department, Qiu Department.Sometimes they are also connected according to the similarity in meaning, as a supplement to the arrangement of "similarity in form".Such as: the tooth part is after the tooth part, 62 radicals below the human part are spoken for people, and 20 radicals below the pig part are used to speak for beasts.There are also all characters with overlapping shapes as radicals, which are generally followed by the monomers.For example, the Yan Department is after the Fire Department, and the Crystal Department is after the Sun Department. "Shuowen Jiezi" arranges radicals with similar shapes or similar meanings together, which is equivalent to dividing 540 radicals into several categories. This can better help people understand the function of signifiers, and thus understand more accurately Word meaning.
The radicals in "Shuowen Jiezi" generally have their own characters.Cottage, wood, and water each have more than 400 characters, and the six parts of words, people, heart, hands, women, and department each have more than 200 characters; the other parts have the largest number of more than a hundred characters, and the few such as the production department have only one character; In some ministries, there are only radicals and no subordinate characters, such as Sanbu, which is ranked between Shibu and Wangbu. As a transition between these two departments, there is only one Chongwen.There are generally certain rules for the arrangement of the characters in each department, just as Duan Yucai said: "The order of the characters in the department is based on the introduction of meaning." Note) that is, the same or similar words of the category are gathered together, and the words of the same radical have the same meaning (radical).The sequence of Chinese characters in each part is generally:
(1) "First the real and then the imaginary, first the near and then the far." (Huang Kan and others believe that the order of arrangement of each character in "Shuowen" is "first the name and then the real"). The last column describes the name of the form of water.
(2) "There is no such thing as true or false, far or near, and the beautiful ones are listed first, and the evil ones are listed last." , Xiang, Fu, Fu, You, Qi" are ranked first, while words containing disasters such as "disaster, evil, (礻fu), ban" are ranked last.In one part, "all taboos are at the top, so as to respect the emperor".For example, Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty, ranked first in the He Department.
(3) In each part, "anyone who opposes the radical must be at the end of the radical", that is, all the opposite shapes are not established as the radical, and they are placed at the end of the radical.For example, 丅 (lower) is at the end of the 丄 (upper) part. "The characters with overlapping radicals must be at the end of the radical" (see Duan Yucai's "Shuowen Jiezi Note" for all the above quotations). The end of the body part.Ruhe is at the end of Chibu.
In addition, Xu Shen also put some place names without specific locations at the end of the department.For example, the last 20 or so characters of the Yibu are just a list of place names, without an explanation of the exact location.Xu Shen created the method of returning radicals to characters, which enables characters to be classified and is easy to check, and lays the foundation for the later method of checking characters by radicals.However, Xu Shen arranged the characters in order based on meaning, which is different from the order in which later generations arranged characters according to the number of strokes.The latter is more convenient for word checking.
The way of interpreting words in "Shuowen Jiezi" In the interpretation of "Shuowen", the radicals of each part are generally analyzed first, and it is explained that the characters of the same radical are related to the meaning of the radical.Then explain the characters of the department one by one, usually write a character in Xiaozhuan, explain the meaning of the word first, and then explain its shape and structure according to the six calligraphy rules, and sometimes list the variants, using phonetic sound or "read if" Explain the pronunciation, collect different theories, and cite classics to prove their theories.For example: "Bing, Ming Ye. From fire, Bing sound." "Mouth, the reason why people speak and eat, pictographic, and all the attributes of mouth are from mouth." One is called 嚵 [chan slander] Kuai Ye.” “呱, the cry of a child, from the mouth, the sound of a melon. "Poetry" says: Hou Ji croaked."But there are also many explanations of characters, which must be read together with the previous seal characters to understand their meaning.For example: "Mei Shuang, Dan Ming also." In the above example sentences, "Bing" and "Mei" are both seal characters in "Shuowen".
The character style of "Shuowen Jiezi" is based on Xiaozhuan, that is, each character is first listed in seal script, and then explained; if there are ancient scripts, Zhou scripts and seal script variants, the ancient script and Zhou script are listed under the seal script.If the shape of the script is the same as that of the seal script, the ancient script will not be listed.However, some use ancient Chinese characters as radicals, and the characters in this group are mainly ancient Chinese characters, such as Shang (upper) part, page part, first part, most parts, etc.It also uses Guzhen as the radical, and the characters in the department are mainly Guzhen, such as Renbu, Dagger, Congbu, Beibu, etc. behind Renbu.In these parts, if there is a small seal script that is different from the ancient script and the Zhou script, the Xiaozhuan script will be attached under the ancient script and the dump script. The characters and styles collected in "Shuowen Jiezi" include Xiaozhuan, Guwen, and Zhenwen, as well as strange characters, Qin stone carvings, Han Dynasty folk styles, and forms used in Confucianism.
The style of explaining in "Shuowen Jiezi" is very complicated, and a brief introduction is as follows:
(1) Quoting ancient texts a. The texts quoted in the commentary, except those marked as ancient texts, all the texts quoted from scriptures and pre-Qin classics are also ancient texts.For example: ""Xia Shu" 玭 [pin poor] from insects and guests", 蠙 is the ancient prose of 玭; "Mo Di Shuyi follows Fu", Mo Di Shu refers to "Mozi". b Whenever it is said that "the ancient text may think that a certain", it means that the ancient text uses this character to make a certain character, such as: explaining (the word "艸" goes to the right) word: "the ancient text may think that the word ", the ancient text uses the word □ to make the word "艸". cWhoever says "the ancient text is like this" means that he knows the ancient text is a certain one, but this word cannot be used to explain the form.For example, there is a character under the Qiang character, "This is the case with Qiang in the ancient text." D Fan said "Or Yue", which is another way of saying the ancient text.Such as explaining (Beiwei) characters: "Or this ancient character." E who said "from the image of ancient Chinese" or "like the shape of ancient Chinese" means that the shape of Xiaozhuan is similar to that of ancient Chinese, but it has been slightly simplified.For example, explaining the word Ge said: "Like the shape of the ancient Cultural Revolution", the word Ge is the ancient Cultural Revolution ( ) Simplification of the word.For example, "like a certain province in ancient Chinese", it means that the shape of Xiaozhuan is much simpler than that of ancient Chinese.
(2) There are three ways to quote Zhenwen, one is to directly call it Zhenwen, for example, there is the character 雱 under the side character, and the explanation is "籀wen".One is called Dazhuan. For example, after the explanation of Suanzhuan, there is: "Zuowen fifty-three, heavy two, Dazhuan from ." The public name of Yan Zhao is read as Ruo Hao, and the name of the history is ugly."
(3) Some scriptures are quoted to prove and explain the shape of characters, such as explaining the characters of Zhu: "those who worship the Lord. From the instructions, from the population. One is from Dui Province. "Yi" says: Dui is the mouth and the witch." Some It is used to prove the sound of the word, such as explaining the word (walking to music): "moving. From walking, the sound of music. If it is read in "Chunqiu Zhuan" it says: Fu (walking to music)." Others are used to prove the meaning of the word, such as Explanation of the word 瑱 [zhenzhen]: "It is also filled with jade. From jade, the true voice. "Poetry" says: "Jade is zhenxi."
(4) Quoting ancient sayings to prove and explain today's words, such as the explanation of the character Chu [jiaojiao]: "Chu, Chu also."
(5) Quoting the explanation of the dialect Ruya character: "Chu Niao Ye. One name is 鸒〔yuyu〕, and the other name is humble residence. Qin calls it Ya."
(6) Citing common sayings to explain the meaning of the word, such as the explanation of the word Huang: "Da Ye. From Zi. Zi, Shi Ye... Self-reading is like a nose. Today, the common saying is that the first child is the nose."
(7) The theory of Bocaitongren refers to people such as Confucius, Han Fei, Sima Xiangru, Dong Zhongshu, Du Lin, Wei Hong, etc., and some of their sayings are quoted in the book, such as the explanation in words: " It can be implemented. From divination, from it. Wei Hong said."
(8) Citing the secretary, Xu Shen said that the secretary refers to Weishu. For example, there is the character (目旭) under the character of anger, explaining: "Secretary hate from Xu." It shows that the shape of the character hate in the secretary is different from the popular Xiaozhuan.
(9) Citing Qin carved stone Qin carved stone inscription is another way of writing Xiaozhuan, such as the following characters of You (氵攴), explain: "Qin carved stone Yishan Wenyou is like this."
(10) Cong X, X X sound All those who say "Cong X, X X sound" are pictophonetic characters, such as the word Jiang: "Cong Shui, Gong Sheng." Water is the pictograph of Jiang Zi, and Gong is the sound of Jiang Zi symbol.
(11) Pictographic, like the shape of a certain character. For pictographic characters, some only say "pictographic", such as the explanation of Lu character: "Spine also. Pictographic." Some also explain the shape of the image, such as mountain Explanation of the word: "Xuan Ye. It is said that it can disperse energy and give birth to all things. It has stones and is tall, pictographic." If it says "like the shape of so-and-so", it refers to the word Shi.Ruyi character: "The arm of a person is also (armpit). From a large size, it is also the shape of two elephants."
(12) Cong XX, Cong XX; Cong XX. Anyone who says "from XX, from XX" or "from XX" is an ideographic word, such as the Chinese character, "From (the word goes to 攵), Cong Zhi" .When saying "cong X", it means that the meaning of the word being interpreted is the same or similar to that of a certain word.
(13) From a certain province, if you say "cong certain province", it means that the character being interpreted has the same meaning as a certain character, and a certain part of the shape is the same.Such as the explanation of official characters: "And also. From you, from (tail) province.Hold againThe ones, from the latter to the later. "The words that are interpreted are often knowing words.
(14) From a certain province to a certain provincial voice, to say "a certain provincial voice" is to use the sound of a certain word without using its full form.Such as the word Zi: "Congmu, Zai Shengsheng."
(15) Cong X, X Yi Sheng. When saying "C X X, X X Yi Sheng", it means that this character not only derives its meaning from the shape of X X, but also takes its pronunciation as onomatopoeia.Such as the surname: "from a girl, born with a sound." These characters are generally knowing and phonetic characters.
(16) Agree. When it is said that someone "agrees" with someone, it means that the shape and meaning of the two characters have some similarities or similarities.For example, the explanation of Gongzi: "Skillful decoration. Elephant people have rules (same moments), and they agree with Wu."
(17) When reading Ruo and Xu Shen, there is no fanqie method, and another character is used in "Shuowen" to phoneticize this character.The pronunciation of the word Ruque: "reads the same as Jue"; the pronunciation of the character (to the right of the word "艸"): "Read Ruoche."
(18) There are two different interpretations of a character for one day, and "Yi Yue" is used to indicate the second interpretation in "Shuowen".For example, the explanation of the word 〔yin〕: "絜祭 also. One said that the essence is enjoyment."
(19) Que means to be suspicious.For example, the explanation of the character (old man): "Old man. Cong and disaster, que." In "Shuowen", the phonetic meaning of words that cannot be explained is marked with the word que.
(20) In the commentary on or style, anyone who says "or from a certain" is a variant of Xiaozhuan.For example, the following characters for worship, the explanation: "Sacrifice or follow the difference."
The value of "Shuowen Jiezi" "Shuowen Jiezi" is the first real dictionary in ancient China. It has epoch-making significance in the history of Chinese language and philology, and has a profound impact on the study of Chinese language and philology in the past 2,000 years .It is based on Xu Shen's "Cang Jie Pian" and other books, citing a large number of theories of the pre-Qin philosophers, extensively collecting the research results of Han Dynasty classicists and philologists, citing dozens of dialects, and collecting a lot of common sayings. It was compiled with a lifetime of energy.The book reflects the basic features of ancient Chinese vocabulary, and gathers the exegesis of Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties. "Shuowen Jiezi" "cites one form to unify all forms", "檃 [yinyin] includes regulations", and uses the method of radical division to unify the whole book; "Speaking of sound and meaning", "analyzing the root cause of poverty" (see Duan Yucai's "Shuowen Jiezi Zhu" Volume 15), trying to see the original meaning of each character from the form, investigate the sound of each character, and deduce the origin of the meaning of each character ; It puts forward a relatively systematic theory of analyzing Chinese characters - Liushu, and uses this theory to make a more comprehensive analysis of the shape, sound and meaning of Chinese characters with rich ancient writing materials.Xu Shen's creations in arrangement and word interpretation have the characteristics of modern dictionaries, and its scientific system has had a great influence on the compilation of dictionaries in later generations. "Shuowen Jiezi" collected more than 9,000 Qin Xiaozhuan characters, and at the same time included a lot of ancient characters, 籀 characters, strange characters, Qin carved stones, Han Dynasty folk styles, and variants used by Han Confucianism. The evolution of bronze inscriptions, simplified characters and Chinese characters provided the foundation, and it was the hero for preserving ancient characters.If there is no "Shuowen Jiezi", if we want to understand ancient books before the Qin and Han Dynasties, oracle bone inscriptions from the Yin and Shang dynasties, bronze inscriptions from the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and ancient characters such as Zhouwen, it would be like crossing a river without boats and bridges. How difficult it would be!The predecessors gave "Shuowen Jiezi" a very high evaluation.Yan Zhitui said that Xu Shen could be compared with Confucius in academics; Sun Xingyan said that the achievements of "Shuowen Jiezi" are not inferior to Yu's.
"Shuowen Jiezi" has a wide range of contents, "the meanings of the six arts group books are all based on their meanings. And the heaven and earth, ghosts and gods, mountains and rivers, vegetation, birds and beasts, insects, sundries, strange things, kingship, etiquette, and human affairs in the world are all recorded in detail. ". (Xu Chong's "Shuowen" Table) It is not only a must-read for philologists, but we can also learn about the politics, system, economy, nature, and customs of the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties.Lu Zongda said: "Shuowen is truly an encyclopedia of the Han Dynasty."
Due to the limitations of the times, "Shuowen Jiezi" also has some shortcomings, especially since the end of the 19th century, a large number of ancient writing materials have been discovered, which proves that many explanations in "Shuowen Jiezi" are wrong, mainly in the following aspects Aspects:
(1) The font is wrong. "Shuowen Jiezi" explains the sound and meaning of characters from the shape of the characters, but if the shape of the characters is wrong, there will be errors in the explanation.In some cases, the meaning of the words is well explained, but the form of the characters is wrong; for some, the form of the characters is wrong, and the interpretation of the meaning of the words is also wrong.
(2) Explanation is far-fetched.Because Xu Shen was a long time ago when he created characters, he had never seen oracle bone inscriptions, and not many Shang and Zhou inscriptions, so he couldn't fully understand the original meaning of ancient man-made characters.
(3) Treat the later characters as the original characters, and take the borrowed meaning as the original meaning.
(4) In terms of interpretation, some interpret the meaning of words with the feudal thinking of respecting heaven, believing in God, respecting the emperor, and men superior to women.
In addition, are the radicals in "Shuowen Jiezi" all basic shapes?Is the division at all justified?There are some problems in the arrangement of the first order of the script, the order of the characters in the same script, and the classification of the characters, which makes it difficult for readers to check. Xu Xuan of the Song Dynasty said: "If you look for a character, you often end the volume." ( "Shuowen Jiezi Zhuanyun Pu" Xu Xuanxu) so its radicals need to be adjusted and improved.The earliest dictionary to improve the radicals of "Shuowen Jiezi" is probably the "Kaiyuan Character Sound and Meaning" written in the 23rd year of Tang Kaiyuan (AD 735), which is divided into 320 parts; the second is written in the second year of Tang Kaicheng (AD 735). 837)'s "Five Classics" is divided into 160 parts; Liao monk Xingjun's is divided into 242 parts, and the radicals are arranged according to the four tones of flat, up, go, and into; Arrange the order of characters in each department.The major reform of the radicals of "Shuowen Jiezi" was Mei Yingzuo's "Zihui" in the late Ming Dynasty. The radicals were combined into 214 parts. The number of strokes are arranged in order.
Research on "Shuowen Jiezi" Since the publication of "Shuowen Jiezi", it has always been valued by scholars of all dynasties, and it has been sorted out, revised and annotated continuously.Ding Fubao's "Shuowen Jiezi Gulin" and "Addendum" included 338 works on "Shuowen".In the long-term circulation of "Shuowen", there were many errors in transcribing and transcribing.Li Yangbing, a calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty, published "Shuowen" for the first time, divided it into 30 volumes, and revised the brushwork. people blame.In the Five Dynasties, Xu Kai of the Southern Tang Dynasty wrote 40 volumes of "Shuowen Jiezi Biography", the first 30 volumes were a general interpretation of "Shuowen Jiezi", basically restoring the original appearance of "Shuowen Jiezi"; the last 10 volumes contained "Qu〔qu District 〕False", an article refuting Li Bingyang's conjecture.During Song Taizong's reign, Xu Xuan and others were called to re-edit "Shuowen Jiezi", comprehensively sorted out the content of "Shuowen", corrected mistakes, and marked the phonetics with the reverse cut of "Tang Yun" by Sun Yi [mian] in the Tang Dynasty, and some notes were added. Annotated, titled "Chen Xuan and others said"; newly added 19 characters that were lost in the interpretation of "Shuowen", and added 402 characters that Xu Shen did not accept, explained them, and attached them to each department, called " The word "newly attached"; the original 15 chapters of "Shuowen Jiezi" are divided into upper and lower parts, a total of 30 volumes.This book has been handed down to this day.It is called "Big Xu Ben", and Xu Kai's "Shuowen Jiezi Biography" is called "Xiao Xu Ben".Now, apart from the wooden fragments and oral figures of the Tang manuscript "Shuowen", we only see the "Er Xu Ben" and the reprinted versions of the "Er Xu Ben".
There have been many annotations to "Shuowen Jiezi" in the past dynasties, and the research in the Qing Dynasty was the most prosperous, and there were a lot of works.Duan Yucai, Gui Fu, Zhu Junsheng, and Wang Jun were the four great writers in the Qing Dynasty, among whom Duan Yucai and Zhu Junsheng achieved the greatest achievements.Duan Yucai (AD 1735-1815), a native of Jintan, Jiangsu, a phonologist and classicist, wrote 15 volumes of "Shuowen Jiezi Zhu" in nearly 30 years.Duan Shu made a careful and prudent review of the text of "Er Xu Ben" and "Shuowen Jiezi".The section notes analyzed Xu Shen’s principle of grouping radicals, the arrangement of Chinese characters in each volume, and the theory of the Six Books. In fact, it revealed Xu Shen’s compilation style that Xu Shen did not clearly write, which is very helpful for understanding Shuowen.有帮助，是初学《说文》者的入门必读书。段玉裁的注，引证各种字书、传注的训解等，对《说文》的解释作了较为详细的疏证，以补充许说，推求许说之所本，详考《说文》引文的出处。段注《说文》在每字下都标明该字在古韵中所属的韵部，用古韵来求古形、古义。段注对许书的缺点错误作了中肯的批评，而且有所创见。段注的成就是巨大的，他在文字学上的成就已超越了许慎。段玉裁的《说文解字注》虽然在学术上享有极崇高的地位，但也存在一些缺点与不足，最主要的是改字太多，其中难免会有武断之处，因此自段书刊行，匡谬订补者屡见不鲜。
桂馥(公元1736—1806年)山东曲阜人。他花了40余年功夫研究《说文》，撰写成《说文解字义证》50卷。他认为许慎的说解都是对的，他的书就是为许慎所谓的本义搜集古籍例证。卷一至卷四十八疏证《说文》正文，先引古书证明某字有某义(限于本义)，举例证实增补许慎的说解。再分别解说许氏的原文，并订正二徐本讹误。书中的例证遍及经史子集，材料丰富，可与段书互为补充。
王筠(公元1784—1854年)，山东安邱人。他认为《说文》全书是一个有机的整体，须从其体例入手，方能“明许君之奥旨”(《说文解字句读·序》)，于是“条分缕析，为之疏通其意”，他于道光十七年(公元1837年)，用200多天时间撰成《说文释例》20卷。前14卷阐明“六书”的定义，《说文》体例、文字的各种异体和孳乳形式、列字形式、双声音韵、脱讹字、衍文、改窜等。后六卷是《说文》的存疑问题以及个人的见解。此书主要对《说文》的体例加以整理阐发，但在字形、字义方面也有些独到见解。道光三十年(公元1850年)，王筠撰成《说文解字句读》，主要辨明句读，解说简明扼要，比较适宜初学《说文》者。
朱骏声(公元1788—1858年)，江苏吴县人。一生从事写作，精于天文数学，擅长词章，他尤倾其心力于文字训诂之学。所著《说文通训定声》18卷，始撰于道光十三年(公元1833年)，至道光二十八年(公元1848年)完成。全书分为三部分，一是“说文”，对许慎《说文》补充订正，以字形为主，说明字形与字义、字音的关系，讲解文字的本义；二是“通训”，专讲字义(词义)的引申和假借，赋于转注与假借不同于许书的新义；三是“定声”，把文字按古韵分类，以上古韵文的用韵证明古音。第二部分是全书精华所在。书中着重从文字的音义关系考察词义的会通，又引用大量的例证和古人训诂，全面地解释词义(包括本义、别义、引申义、假借义)。
近人丁福保把前人研究注释《说文》的专著和其他书中有关《说文》的资料，编成《说文解字诂林》；1932年又汇集了近代研究《说文》的著作编为《说文解字诂林补遗》，全书共计千余卷。此外1933年徐文镜编撰《古籀会编》一书，搜集了不少甲骨文、金文、篆文等古文字资料，可作为《说文》所引古文字研究的补录和参考。
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