Chapter 8 Chapter Three: The Creation of Ancient Calligraphy
Therefore, the dictionary is a product of the times.The pre-Qin classics arrived in the Han Dynasty. Due to the age, the shape, pronunciation, and meaning of the characters have changed. Few people can read and understand the books. It is necessary to interpret the difficult words and sentences in the documents with the language commonly used by people at that time. "Er "Ya" was formed to meet this need.This is the first special book explaining the meaning of words in China, and it is also the earliest lexicon dictionary classified by semantics in China, and it is also the first book of calligraphy produced in the Han Dynasty.
The editor of "Erya" Who is the editor of "Erya" and when the book was written, the ancients have always had different opinions.The first theory holds that Zhou Gongdan wrote one piece of "Erya", and the three "Erya" handed down "are either added by Yan Zhongni (Confucius), or benefited by Yan Zixia (a disciple of Confucius), or Supplemented by Shusun Tong of Yan (Western Han Dynasty), or researched by Liang Wen of Yan Peijun" (Zhang Ji's "Shang <Guang Ya> Table").The second way of saying is that ""Er Ya" was written by Confucius' disciples to explain the purpose of the Six Arts" (Zheng Xuan's "Refuting the Different Meanings of the Five Classics").The third theory holds that "Er Ya" was formed by "the person who studied "Poetry" between the Qin and Han Dynasties, and compiled a collection of "Poetry" explained by a doctor" (see Volume 10 of Ouyang Xiu's "Shi Ben Yi").The fourth theory holds that "Er Ya" was formed by "primary scholars compiling and compiling old texts and enriching each other", and "both Duke Zhou and Confucius relied on the words" ("Summary of General Catalog of Siku Quanshu·Jingbu·Primary School Category 3 ").
Modern scholars generally believe that the author of "Erya" is neither one person nor a few people. After a long period of accumulation and additions, the book was finally completed; Wait, there are different opinions, and there is no consensus.It is said that the book was first written before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and some parts of the book were added by the people of the Eastern Han; It is said that it was completed at the end of the Warring States period, compiled by Confucian scholars from Qilu, and it was a compilation of interpretations of names and objects during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods; some said that it was compiled at the beginning of the Warring States period, and finally completed at the end of the Warring States period, and became more popular after the Eastern Han Dynasty.
The content of "Erya" is according to the records of "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi". There are 20 articles in the original three volumes of "Erya"; : Explanation, Explanation, Explanation, Explanation, Explanation, Explanation, Explanation, Explanation, Explanation, Explanation, Explanation, Explanation, Explanation, Explanation, Explanation, Explanation, Explanation, Explanation, Explanation, Explanation, Explanation, Explanation Birds, animals, animals.Divided by content and nature, the words explained in the 19 articles can be divided into six categories:
The first category includes "Shi Gu", "Shi Yan", and "Shi Xun", which explain common words, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc.
"Shi Gu" uses modern language to interpret ancient language, mainly explaining ancient language and writing.In the article, more than a dozen synonyms in the ancient language are often listed, and then explained with a word that was popular at the time.Such as: "Chu, Zai, Shou, Ji, Zhao, Zu, Yuan, Tai, Chu, Luo, Quan Yu, Shi Ye." "Shi" was the common language at that time, use "Shi" to explain "Quan Yu" listed above word.
"Explanation of Words" mainly explains the language and writing between Qin and Han Dynasties, some explain modern Chinese with modern Chinese, some explain modern Chinese with ancient Chinese, and some explain dialects with common Chinese.For example: "〔fenfen〕, di, Nim Ye." These three characters are all Jin Yan, and they are all familiar; "Ni, Ying Ye." In most cases, there is often only one common word that is explained, List two or three at most.
In most cases, "Shixun" uses relatively easy-to-understand language to explain ancient words related to appearance and state.Such as: "Su Su, Yi Yi, Gong Ye." "Kang Ming, Jiu Jiu, Wu Ye." But there are also explanations for general words.
The second category includes four chapters, "Shiqin", "Shigong", "Shiqi", and "Shiyue", which explain the nouns of personnel.in:
"Shi Qin" is about the interpretation of relative terms, which are divided into four categories: clan, mother party, wife party, and marriage.For example: "The father is Kao, and the mother is concubine. The father's Kao is the king's father, and the father's concubine is the queen mother."
"Explanation of the Palace" is about the name of the palace and the names of the roads and bridges connected to the palace.For example: "A palace is called a room, and a room is called a palace."
"Shi Qi" is an explanation of the nouns used in devices.For example: "Gold is called engraving, wood is called engraving, bone is called cutting, image is called carving, jade is called carving, and stone is called utensil."
"Shile" is about the names of musical instruments and explanations of musical terms.For example: "The big bell is called Yong."
The third category, "Shi Tian" is about the explanation of astronomical nouns, which are divided into four seasons, auspicious, calamity, Sui Yang, Sui Yin, year name, moon yang, month name, wind and rain, star name, sacrifice name, teaching martial arts, and banner Thirteen categories.For example: "The North Pole is called Beichen, and it is called Morning Glory."
The fourth category, including "Shidi", "Shiqiu", "Shishan", and "Shishui", is to explain geography and geographical names.in:
"Shidi" is an explanation of geography, which is divided into seven categories: Kyushu, Shisou, Baling, Jiufu, Wufang, Ye, and Siji.For example: "Xiashi is called Xi (xixi), Daye is called Ping, Guangping is called Yuan, and Gaoping is called Lu."
"Shiqiu" is divided into two categories: hills and cliffs. Hills are naturally formed highlands.For example: "There are hills on the hills called Wanqiu." "Chongya, shore. On the shore, Hu."
"Interpretation of Mountains" is an interpretation of mountains.Such as: "The mountain is small but high, Cen."
Explanation of water in Shishui.For example: "When water pours into a river, it's called a stream; when it's poured into a stream, it's called a valley; when it's poured into a valley, it's called a gully;
The fifth category, including "Shicao" and "Shimu", explains the names of plants.in:
"Shicao" is mainly about the explanation of herbaceous plant nouns.Such as: "Lotus, lotus. Its stem is eggplant; its leaf is 蕸; its root is dense; its flower is 汉萏 [handan dry Dan]; in fact, lotus; its root is lotus root; among them, of; of middle, Job's tears."
"Explanation of wood" is about the explanation of nouns of woody plants.Such as: "shrubs, bushes." "elm white, fen [fen grave]."
The sixth category, including five chapters, "Explanation of Insects", "Explanation of Fish", "Explanation of Birds", "Explanation of Beasts", and "Explanation of Animals", explains animal nouns.in:
"Release of Insects" is an explanation of insect nouns.Such as: "Insects with enough feet are called insects, but insects without feet are called insects." "Eat seedlings, borers; eat leaves, weed [te special] (same as weeds); eat festivals, thieves; eat roots, weeds [mao hair]. "
"Release of Fish" is an explanation of fish nouns, including reptiles.Such as: "Newt, lizard; lizard, Chafly [yanting eye court]; Chafly, Shougong also."
"Release of Birds" is an explanation of bird nouns.Such as: "Shu Yan, goose. Shu Fu, duck."
"Explanation of Beasts" is about the explanation of animal nouns.It is divided into four categories: the genus Fu, the genus Rat, the genus [yi] (ruminant) and the genus (breathing).For example: "Yeah, (monkey) is like a muntjac [jiji], good at climbing wood."
"Explanation of Animals" is about the explanation of livestock nouns.Such as: "Sheep: male, 羒〔fen grave〕; female, 牂〔zang spoils〕."
The 16 articles from "Shi Qin" to "Shi Animal" explain encyclopedic nouns, so later generations call "Erya" an encyclopedic dictionary. "Erya" first explains common words, and then explains encyclopedia nouns.The classification of "Erya" reflects people's understanding and categories of famous things at that time.
Interpretation method of "Erya" "Erya" is an important word book of "exegesis and famous things" in ancient times.It mainly interprets words in the way of meaning training, that is, it does not need to use the pronunciation or shape to explain the meaning, but directly uses the current words to explain the meaning of ancient words or dialect words.
There are roughly two ways of exegetical words in Erya.The first type takes the form of "some, certain, certain..., certain also", gathers together many words with the same meaning, and gives a general explanation with relatively popular, easy-to-understand or common and commonly used words, The words to be explained are often ancient words or contemporary words that are difficult to understand.As the example above, use "Shi Ye" to explain 11 words such as "Chu"; if a word has two meanings, first explain the first meaning, and then explain the second meaning, such as: "Qiao, Song, Chong, Gao Also; Chong, Chong Ye." If there is a word with three meanings, interpret it from the first meaning to the third meaning in order, such as: "遘〔gou buy〕, 遇, 遇ye; 〕Also; 遘, 节, 聚, 聻, see also." The second way to distinguish the meaning of words is to list together a class of ancient words or ancient names related to the content, and explain them with modern words and common words respectively.For example: "When the sun rises, the wind is a storm, when the wind is raining, the soil is a haze [mai bury], when it is cloudy and the wind is a cloud [yiyi]." Most of the first three chapters of "Erya" use the first way to explain words, and the first three The two methods are used in the interpretation of the last 16 chapters.In addition, Liu Yeqiu also summarized several interpretations of words from "Erya" in "A Brief History of Ancient Chinese Dictionaries":
(1) Straightforwardness as instruction: directly explain the words explained;
(2) Opposite as training: explain the use of a word that is opposite to its original meaning;
(3) Two-character mutual training: use two characters to explain each other;
(4) Double tone as training: explain a word with the same initial consonant;
(5) Repeated rhyme as a lesson: explain a word with characters with the same final vowel;
(6) Combine the sounds for training: Combine the sounds of two characters to explain a word.
In short, "Erya" interprets ancient Chinese with modern Chinese, dialect with common Chinese, and elegant with common language. It explains word meanings in various ways.
The value of "Erya" The ancient words and meanings and various names explained in "Erya" have become the most basic basis for interpreting scriptures and biography, so scholars of all dynasties have paid attention to them since the Eastern Han Dynasty. After Tang and Song Dynasties, "Erya" "The status has been further improved, and it has been included in the Ministry of Economics and is regarded as a Confucian classic.But in fact, "Erya" was not written specifically for the interpretation of scriptures, but also a dictionary classified according to semantics, which pioneered the style of classifying and interpreting words according to the nature of content.It divides more than 2,000 entries into 19 categories, and the categories are clear and clear. The explanation of the meaning of words includes both common words and encyclopedic words, forming a complete compilation system.A class of "Yashu" written by later generations following "Erya" almost all imitated its content and this method of classifying and arranging materials.
"Erya" compiled a large number of ancient words, summarized and sorted them out, explained the meaning of some words in the pre-Qin classics and the usage of words in poetry, and distinguished many words with the same meaning and different words, so it preserved a lot of words in the pre-Qin period. Ancient meanings have become the main reference materials for us to study pre-Qin vocabulary and read ancient books.For example, "Shi Yan" said: "The palace is called the room, and the room is called the palace", that is to say, in the pre-Qin period, "gong" and "room" were synonyms; "Shi Shan" also said: "Dashan Gongxiaoshan, Huo. "Gong" also meant "surrounding" in the pre-Qin period.After the Han Dynasty, the meaning of "surrounding" of "Gong" disappeared, and later generations did not understand it, and there were some sentence errors such as Li Daoyuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty's "Shui Jing Zhu · Lujiang Water". He mistakenly believed that "Gong" was a name: "Yu According to: "Erya" cloud, the mountain is called the palace. The name of the palace is built here."
The words included in "Erya" include human relations and social daily life, as well as astronomy, geography, biology, etc., with rich content.The book not only explains their significance, but also gives people extensive knowledge.For example, Liu Qingyi of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties recorded in "Shishuoxinyu·Boulou": Cai Mo in the Jin Dynasty did not know Peng Yu [qiqi], nor had he eaten crabs.Once in the south of the Yangtze River, according to the "Da Dai Li Ji Encouraging Learning" saying that "crabs have two claws [ao Ao] and eight legs", I mistakenly ate Peng Wei as a crab and vomited.Cai Mo mentioned this to Xie Shang later, Xie Shang laughed at him, "I am not familiar with "Er Ya", and almost died of "Encouraging Learning".
Some words in Erya retain their original ancient meanings.For example, "Shiqin" says: "A woman calls her husband's father uncle, her husband's mother aunt, the wife's father uncle, and the wife's mother uncle." The above is the reflection of the remnants of the cousin marriage system in the primitive society in the appellation.Because there were few people in ancient times and it was inconvenient to socialize, men often married their uncle's daughter or aunt's daughter, and women also married their uncle's or aunt's son. mother-in-law or mother-in-law.From the "primitive language" preserved in "Erya", we can get a glimpse of primitive society.
As an ancient dictionary, the status and value of "Erya" is self-evident. If measured by the standard of the dictionary, "Erya" has many shortcomings, mainly:
(1) The classification of some words is not appropriate enough, and the arrangement is not strict enough.For example, words that do not have similar meanings and synonymous relations are mixed into one, or function words and content words are mixed and arranged, or borrowed characters are used as original characters.
(2) The explanation of the meaning of the word is too simple and general.If one word is used to explain many synonyms or near synonyms arranged together, people cannot accurately distinguish the similarities and differences in meaning and usage of each interpreted word, the content of things and the pronunciation of words.
(3) Some words appear repeatedly, and the arrangement appears messy.
The later works of "Yashu" "Er Ya" was the forerunner of ancient exegesis and encyclopedic dictionaries, and dictionaries compiled by imitating its content and style continued to appear, forming a long-standing "Ya Xue" and becoming the main body of exegesis research in my country.Among the dictionaries following "Erya", "Xiao Erya" appeared first, and "Guangya" had the greatest influence.
"Xiao Erya", about its author and the year when it was written, has not yet been determined.The whole book is divided into 13 categories, namely, Guanggu, Guangyan, Guangxun, Guangyi, Guangming, Guangfu, Guangqi, Guangwu, Guangniao, Guangbeast, degree, quantity and balance.It is mainly to supplement the unaccepted or lost words in "Erya".The first ten categories are the promotion and supplement of the content of "Erya", and the last three categories are all new additions.Although there are few words in the book, less than 10,000 words including explanations, it preserves a lot of early Chinese vocabulary materials, which are of important reference value for the study of ancient Chinese and classic exegesis.After the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty (1821-1850 A.D.), this book gradually gained attention.
The ten volumes of "Guang Ya" were compiled by Zhang Yi, a native of Qinghe (now Qinghe County, Hebei Province), a master of philology in the era of Wei Mingdi during the Three Kingdoms period.He admired "Erya" and thought it had deficiencies, so he widely collected the precepts of the Han and pre-Han scriptures, the annotations of the philosophers, the interpretation of Ci Fu, and the theory of calligraphy and scriptures. All ancient exegetical and later words that are not included in Erya are included in Guangya.It not only expands the uncollected words in "Erya", but also supplements the original explanation of "Erya".Its classified articles are completely consistent with "Erya", and the order of words in each article and the method of explaining words are roughly the same as "Erya".Although it has the same shortcomings as "Erya" that the explanations are too simple and the classification is not completely accurate, it is still an exegetical dictionary worthy of attention when it comes to studying the changes of characters and preserving the ancient sayings of the Zhou, Qin, and Han Dynasties.
From the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, eight dictionaries named after "Ya" appeared. They took "Erya" as an example, supplemented content, added explanations, and each had its own characteristics.The eight books are:
"Pi Ya", 20 volumes, edited by Lu Dian in Song Dynasty.It does not explain words, but only names and objects, including 189 animal nouns and 95 plant nouns, mainly explaining the shapes, characteristics, and performances of animals and plants.In addition, there are 13 astronomical terms.
"Erya Wing", 32 volumes, compiled by Luo Yuan in Song Dynasty.The names and objects are divided into six categories: grass, wood, bird, beast, insect, and fish. Each character is one, and there are 407 items in total.The explanations of the listed items in the above two books, in addition to citing ancient books and facts, combined with textual exegesis and common sense, also include personal opinions, which are more detailed.
"Pian Ya", seven volumes, edited by Zhu Mou (Wei Wei) in Ming Dynasty.Specially collect classics and historical anthologies from the Zhou, Qin, and Han Dynasties to the Six Dynasties, Tang and Song Dynasties, and explain the arrangement and explanation of words that are rare and profound, and combined with two characters.Interpretation also polysyllabic words.It is divided into 13 categories: Shi Gu, Shi Xun, Shi Name, Shi Guan, Shi Fu, Shi Qi, Shi Tian, Shi Di, Shi Grass, Shi Wood, Shi Chong Fish, Shi Bird, and Shi Beast.
"Hui Ya", 28 volumes, edited by Zhang Xuan in Ming Dynasty.Each article lists the contents of "Erya", "Xiao Erya", "Dialect" and other books in turn, and then cites annotations and personal opinions.
"Tong Ya", 53 volumes, edited by Fang Yizhi in Ming Dynasty.At the beginning of the volume, there are five chapters: "Miscellaneous Theory of Sound and Meaning", "A Brief Introduction to Reading", "A Brief Introduction to Primary School", "Shi Shuo", and "Article Fire", followed by "The Beginning of Doubt". Body, appellation, name, official system, affairs system, etiquette, music, music and dance, instruments, clothes, palace, diet, arithmetic, plants, animals, gold and stone, and proverbs.At the end of the book: "Qie Yun Sound Source", "Mai Kao", "Ancient Prescription Explanation", "Jian Mi", etc., including text exegesis, phonology and encyclopedia names.It is rich in content, the source of the quotation is indicated, the ins and outs of the explanation of the words are clearly explained, and the personal judgment is not lacking in originality.In particular, the author is influenced by Western learning and uses Western scientific knowledge to deny traditional statements in word explanations.
"Bie Ya", five volumes, edited by Wu Yuzhen (jin Jin) in the Qing Dynasty.The bisyllabic words and a small number of monosyllabic words with different shapes and the same sound and meaning in the scriptures, philosophers, historical biographies, Han Dynasty inscriptions, and predecessors' commentaries are compiled according to the four tones, and the sources are indicated for identification.
"Biya", 19 volumes, edited by Hong Liangji in the Qing Dynasty.Arrange the explanations of words with similar meanings in ancient books.
Die Ya, 13 volumes, edited by Shi Menglan in the Qing Dynasty.The "tuppet words and complex characters" in the books such as explaining the classics and history and the commentaries of various schools are all repetitions.The documentary evidence cited in the explanation is extremely extensive, and the sources are all indicated, including books, articles, author names, and even the author's age.
Studies on "Erya" Books Scholars of all dynasties have studied "Erya". Since the Western Han Dynasty, some people have made annotations on "Erya", and people in the Qing Dynasty made the most research achievements and wrote the most.Notes with greater influence and important reference value include:
"Erya Notes" three volumes, written by Guo Pu in the Jin Dynasty.The characteristics of this book are firstly that it quotes a lot of sayings from "Zuo Zhuan" and "Poetry", secondly, it widely adopts the dialects and common sayings at that time, and thirdly, it puts phonetics in the annotations.The interpretation of the whole book is rigorous, and the pronunciation and sound of many Jin Dynasty words and common sayings are preserved. Later generations called it another "Erya".
"Erya Yinyi" has 20 volumes, written by Lu Dian in Song Dynasty.Most of the original books for the annotations and quotations in the book are now lost, and most of the original texts of "Er Ya" are rare books in the Northern Song Dynasty, which can be used to correct errors in other books.
"Erya Justice" has 20 volumes, written by Shao Jinhan in the Qing Dynasty.Extensive collection of old annotations of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, extensive collection of biography annotations of various scriptures and theories of pre-Qin and Han scholars, has made great achievements in correcting characters and deriving ancient sounds and meanings of characters.
"Erya Yishu" has 20 volumes, written by Hao Yixing from the Qing Dynasty.There are many references and explanations under each category, which is helpful to understand the classification purpose of "Erya".The author explains various plants, trees, fishes and insects in detail and accurately based on what he witnessed and on-the-spot investigation, and also corrects some mistakes handed down from generation to generation.
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