Chapter 6 Section 6 Checking of Word Books
Dictionaries and dictionaries are reference books that organize Chinese characters in a certain arrangement for the convenience of readers.There are three main ways of arrangement in ancient Chinese calligraphy: radical arrangement method, arrangement method according to rhyme division, arrangement method according to meaning classification.They are checked in different ways.
The radical arrangement method of checking radical arrangement dictionary is to group the characters of the same radical together into one, and that radical is listed at the beginning of each part as radicals.This method was created by Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In "Shuowen Jiezi", he sorted more than 9,000 single characters into 540 single-style characters. These 540 single-style characters are called radicals.In the "Zihui" written by Mei Yingzuo in the Ming Dynasty, 540 parts were simplified and merged into 214 parts, and it was stipulated that the characters between the radicals and within the radicals should be arranged according to the number of strokes (those with fewer strokes are ranked first, and those with more strokes are ranked last); the whole book "Character checking" is attached in front to arrange the characters that are difficult to look up. The list at the beginning of each volume shows the radicals of the volume and the page numbers where the radicals are located, so that the arrangement is more clear and perfect.This set of arrangement method was finalized by the adoption of "Kangxi Dictionary" in Qing Dynasty.In recent years, the method of radicals has been transformed and further improved, and has become the main method for organizing Chinese dictionaries and thesauruses.Like "Chinese Dictionary", the new and old editions of "Ci Hai" and "Ci Yuan" all adopt this method.Now take the "Kangxi Dictionary" as an example to describe the checking of dictionaries of radicals.
"Kangxi Dictionary" is divided into 12 episodes according to the Earthly Branches (Zi, Chou, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu, and Hai), and each episode is divided into upper, middle, and lower, with 47,035 characters , in the 214 radicals, the radicals and the individual characters in the radicals are arranged in the order of the number of strokes (those with fewer strokes are ranked first, and those with more strokes are ranked last).At the beginning of the book, there are: "Dengyun", "Zongmu", "Zizi", and "Biansi" each in one volume.
From "Kangxi Dictionary", first determine the radicals of the searched characters, find out the collection of the radicals in the general catalog according to the strokes of the radicals, and then according to the strokes of the characters (except the strokes of the radicals) from " Look it up in the dictionary.For example: look up the word "Xi" from "Dictionary", which belongs to the Ministry of Fire and Jiuhua, and finds out by the general catalog that the Ministry of Fire is in the Si collection. Accordingly, it can be found from the 12th page of the Si collection.Under the word, there are its ancient and popular characters, explaining its original sound and original meaning, different sounds and different meanings, and citing documentary evidence to introduce its collection in other books.
In addition, a volume of "Addendum" and a volume of "Remarks" are attached to the main text of "Dictionary", and any uncommon words that cannot be found in the official collection can be tried from them. In 1980, the reprinted edition of Zhonghua Book Company had the "Radical Index" at the beginning, which listed the radicals and their collections and page numbers, so that readers can see them at a glance.
Arrangement and inspection of rhyme books "Qie Yun" and "Guang Yun" and other rhyme books arrange words according to the relationship between sound, rhyme and tone, focusing on dividing rhyme parts and simplifying the meaning, which can also be used to check characters.Now take "Guang Yun" as an example to illustrate the arrangement and inspection methods of rhyme books.
The arrangement method of "Guang Yun" is firstly divided into four tones, and then divided into rhymes, and the homonyms in each rhyme (rhyme) are arranged in a group, and the phonetic notes are used by Fanqie.These groups of homophones are called small rhymes, and there is no fixed order for the arrangement of each small rhyme. "Guangyun" has a total of 206 rhymes: 57 rhymes, such as Yidong, Erdong, Sanzhong, Sijiang, etc. in the upper level tone; Yixian, Erxian, Sanxiao, Sixiao, etc. in the lower level tone; 55 rhymes in the upper tone, Such as Yidong, Erzhong, Sandao, Sizhi, etc.; 60 rhymes in the outgoing tone, such as Yisong, Ersong, Sanyong, Sijiang, etc.; 34 rhymes in the entering tone, such as Yiwu, Erwo, Sanzhu, Sijue, etc.Dong, Dong, Zhong, etc. are the names of the rhymes, and one, two, and three are the order of the rhymes.
In each rhyme part of "Guang Yun", the words of the name of the rhyme part are listed first, and then the words with the same rhyme are listed separately.To look up a character from "Guang Yun", one must first identify the tone and rhyme of the character, and then find out the character according to the sound and rhyme, and find out the pronunciation, meaning and meaning of a group of characters according to the pronunciation of the character. Different, vulgar.For example, if you check the word "Xian", it belongs to the lower level tone. In the second volume, from the rhymes before the volume, "Xian" ranks first in the lower level tone.From this, the "first" note was found.The following three characters "跹, 蹮, 跣" have the same pronunciation as "Xian" and belong to a group.It is also known from the rhyme list at the beginning of the volume that the characters in the two rhymes "Xian" and "Xian" can be used together.
Today people look up characters from "Guang Yun", if they are not familiar with the phonetic rhyme of a certain word, they can first look up the phonetic rhyme of the word from "Kangxi Dictionary", "Chinese Dictionary", "Ciyuan", "Cihai" (old version) , and then search from "Guangyun" according to the sound and rhyme.In addition, Shen Jianshi edited "Guangyun Sound System" (printed by Text Publishing House), indexed the characters collected in "Guangyun" according to the radical strokes, and indicated the page number in "Guangyun". The strokes of a certain character can be found from "Guang Yun".Extremely convenient.
The arrangement and inspection of the rhyme characters in the rhyme parts of the two books "Five-Yin Jiyun" and "Peiwen Yunfu" after the Song Dynasty are different from those in "Guangyun". The arrangement of the rhyme characters in "Five-tone Collection Rhyme" is in order of 36 letters. "Peiwen Yunfu" arranges the rhyme characters according to the difficulty of the characters, the easy to recognize and commonly used ones are ranked first, and the difficult to recognize and not commonly used ones are ranked last.The original printed version of this book has been photocopied by Zhonghua Book Company, and the catalog index is re-indexed according to strokes and radicals, and the table of the same characters and different forms is easy to search.
The classification and arrangement method of the classification and arrangement dictionary is to classify according to the meaning of words and words or the subject category of words, and arrange words and words with the same nature together.This method began in Erya, and was used in dictionaries such as Yashu dictionaries in the past dynasties and Shiming in the Eastern Han Dynasty.Because some cross-category words are compiled in such dictionaries, readers cannot accurately judge their nature, and there are very few indexes for them by later generations. Therefore, it is extremely inconvenient to check such dictionaries, and it is often necessary to search repeatedly or even turn over the words. You can find it all over the book.
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