Chapter 15 The third section is ripe and the fruit is falling—the maturity and finalization of local chronicles

Tujing entered its most prosperous period in the Northern Song Dynasty.It is now known that the number of illustrated classics in the Northern Song Dynasty greatly exceeds that of the Sui and Tang Dynasties.In the Song Dynasty, the world was divided into one prefecture (capital Kaifeng prefecture) and eighteen roads.The "Tongzhi" written by Zheng Qiao, a historian in the early Southern Song Dynasty, contains a catalog of the Northern Song Dynasty's illustrated scriptures under the "Illustrated Classics" in "Yiwenlue", a total of 1433 volumes, and the illustrated scriptures of Yifushibalu are all complete of.

In the history of our country, the Song Dynasty was a period when the academic atmosphere was relatively free and lively, and the ban on private history and annals was broken long ago.At the same time, after hundreds of years of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties' compilation and use of Tujing, the society has a deeper understanding of the value of Tujing.Not only some cultured and ambitious local officials began to regard the compilation of chronicles as a local cultural undertaking, but also many scholars of literati realized that chronicles are a good form of writing, through which they can express themselves to the government and society Their political and academic opinions can not only influence the present, but also pass on to future generations, so they are willing to contribute their knowledge and talents to the cause of local chronicles.Against such a social background, the Tujings of the Northern Song Dynasty not only had a large number, but also made a major breakthrough in quality, breaking away from the old framework of the early Tujings in terms of content and style.

The breakthrough in the quality of Tujing is prominently manifested in the fact that it began to break free from the traditional scope of ancient geography books, greatly increased the content of history and society, and gradually transitioned to a formal local chronicle that recorded both history and geography and integrated ancient and modern.Le Shi's "Taiping Huanyu Ji" is a masterpiece that reflects this transformation. Le Shi was born in Yihuang, Fuzhou (Yihuang, Jiangxi). He devoted his life to studying historical geography.He worked as an editor of the History Museum for a long time, was able to read the royal archives and collections, and worked as a local official for many years, gaining a lot of personal experience. "Taiping Huanyu Ji" is a general chronicle of the whole country, with 200 volumes in the original and 192 volumes in existence.Its title is a pun, which not only shows that this book was compiled during the reign of Song Taiping and Xingguo (976-984 AD), but also expresses the praise of the unified "peaceful and prosperous age" of the Song Dynasty.In this book, music history, in addition to retaining the traditional geographical categories, added categories such as surnames, characters, and customs; expanded from characters to officials, poems, and miscellaneous things; As long as the materials in official history, miscellaneous history and even novel notes are reliable, we will try to use them as much as possible, thus greatly expanding the capacity of the annals.In the past, there were also individual chronicles that recorded characters or songs, but they were only occasional flashes in the pan and could not form a general climate. However, "Taiping Huanyu Ji" can integrate many aspects of content and organize them rationally. Since then, it has established the status of history, characters, art and literature in the chronicle book, and established a system that pays equal attention to history, place, people and culture for future chronicle compilation. example. "Siku Quanshu Zongmu" commented on it and said: "Later local chronicles must be included in the figures, art and literature. Their styles all start with (music) history, cover the book of geography, record in the book and start to detail, and the style is also natural. Great changes." ("Siku Quanshu Zongmu" Volume 68) obviously considered it a milestone in the history of local chronicles.

Two other famous national chronicles in the Northern Song Dynasty, one is the official "Yuanfeng Jiuyu Zhi", as mentioned above, it is still basically a traditional geographical annals; "Records", which focuses on the history of administrative districts and changes in place names, can only be regarded as a monograph recording geographical evolution.The two general annals handed down from the Southern Song Dynasty to today are Wang Xiangzhi's "Yudi Ji Sheng" and Zhu Mu's "Fang Yu Sheng Lan".They pay special attention to recording historical sites and scenic spots, and have included a large number of poems praising local customs.However, these two "General Chronicles" are limited to describing the territory of the Southern Song Dynasty, and did not include the large tracts of land under the governance of the Jin Kingdom in the north.

The only engraved version of the regional Tujing in the Northern Song Dynasty is Zhu Changwen's "Sequel to the Tujing of Wujun".Zhu Changwen is a native of Suzhou. Because of his foot disease, he refused to go out to seek an official job in his early years. He built a "Lepufang" at home, read and wrote books, and his knowledge was "famous in the capital". It is a shame to pass Lepufang.He is very familiar with local anecdotes, and local officials always visit him first when they take office, and ask him for advice on government affairs, and he can put forward practical and constructive suggestions. "The Supplement to the Tujing of Wujun" is a chronicle of Suzhou, which was completed in the seventh year of Yuanfeng (1084 A.D.) and was written as a continuation of the old "Tujing of Wujun".Among its 28 categories, there are schools, characters, event records, miscellaneous records, etc. People at that time praised it for its comprehensive records.In addition, there is also a "Mingzhou Tujing" (Ningbo, Zhejiang), which was written in the Daguan period at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 1107-1110), and was destroyed by war shortly after it came out.But according to people who have seen it, it also has categories such as figures, historic sites, Shishi (Buddhist figures), Daoliu (Taoist figures), etc., which are very similar to "Wujun Tujing Suji".It can be seen from this that the regional map classics of the Northern Song Dynasty also quietly crossed the boundary of pure geography books and entered the wider field of society and history.

The Tujing was originally based on pictures, supplemented by text descriptions.Later, there were more and more things to be explained in the picture scriptures, and the text part became more and more detailed, while the pictures gradually relegated to a secondary position.The picture is easily lost.At any time, it is always more difficult to deal with pictures than to deal with words. In the process of copying or engraving picture scriptures, some people often only copy and carve words, but discard the pictures.Moreover, the scrolls of ancient pictures are very large, and it is troublesome to unfold and fold them. People often copy the "pictures" and "scriptures" (text descriptions) separately and save them separately. Therefore, some "pictures" do not have pictures themselves. The published map is damaged or lost, but it is still called "Tu Jing", which is not true.

Therefore, starting from the Northern Song Dynasty, the name "Tu Jing" also began to change, and was gradually replaced by "Zhi".The "Nine Territories Map", which was officially compiled during the Yuanfeng period of the Northern Song Dynasty, was renamed "Nine Territories Records" because there were no pictures, which is a typical example.The context of this change can be clearly seen from the names of several chronicles in Yanzhou (Jiande, Zhejiang).Yanzhou edited the annals five times in the Song Dynasty, and the first three were called Tujing, and they were all lost.The fourth revision was in the thirteenth year of Chunxi in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1186). At first it was still titled "Yanzhou Tujing", and later it was renamed "Xin Dingzhi". The two names coexisted, indicating that at this time "Tujing" and " Zhi" has no difference in people's minds.During the reign of Jingding (1260-1264 A.D.), it was rebuilt for the fifth time, and it was directly called "Xinding Xuzhi".

Two examples can also be cited: In the third year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1210), Luo Jian wrote a preface to the newly completed "Luoshan Zhi" (Chongren, Jiangxi). "Ancestor", but after it was completed, it was "named "Luoshan Zhi"".In addition, the fourth volume of "Bin Tui Lu", a notebook written by people from the Southern Song Dynasty, has such a record: During the Kaixi period (1205-1207 A.D.), "Xuzhou re-edited the Tujing, titled "Jiangxiang Zhi"".It can be proved that in the eyes of the people of the Southern Song Dynasty, "picture classics" and "zhi" are the same thing.Moreover, it is obviously the general trend to replace "Tu Jing" with the name of "Zhi".

There are only more than 20 kinds of chronicles named after "Zhi" in the Northern Song Dynasty, which are much less than "Tujing".Among them, Song Minqiu's "Chang'an Zhi" (Xi'an, Shaanxi) is the most respected by later generations.Song Minqiu was an editor in the Song Dynasty and participated in the compilation of many important works such as "New Book of Tang".He also compiled 20 volumes of "Henan Zhi" (Luoyang, Henan), but it was lost.Sima Guang, a contemporary historian, once wrote a preface to "Henan Chronicles", and only this preface is fortunately preserved.In "Preface to Henan Chronicles", Sima Guang praised the enrichment of "Chang'an Chronicles" and "Henan Chronicles": "Everything that was abolished and relocated, as well as palaces, city walls, squares, houses, counties, towns, villages, mountains and rivers, Jinliang, The names of pavilions, temples, and mausoleums, as well as the relics of ancient ancestors, the handsomeness of characters, the ability to keep orders, and the uniqueness of flowers, are all well-prepared. Also." It is worth noting that these two chronicles and "Wu Jun Tu Jing Su Ji" are the personal works of scholars.The author's profound knowledge and experience obviously played an important role in enriching the content of the chronicles (especially the content of humanities and society).

In the Southern Song Dynasty, the number of chronicles known as "tujing" dropped sharply, while the number of "zhi" increased sharply.There are more than 200 kinds of "zhi" whose names can be tested, which greatly exceeds the "tujing".These more than 200 kinds of annals spread throughout the southern provinces, including county annals, prefectural annals, county annals, metropolitan annals, and town annals.The earliest surviving town chronicle in my country, "Gan [Gan Gan] Shui Zhi" (Ganshui is a town in Haiyan, Zhejiang), was compiled in the third year of Shaoding in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1230).

The Southern Song Dynasty was settled in the rich and prosperous Jiangnan. The environment was relatively stable for more than 100 years, and the economy and culture had great development. In addition, the system of compiling chronicles became more and more perfect. Most of the chronicles were edited by talented scholars. The thoughts of the homeland and the rise and fall of the country are embedded in the compilation of chronicles; therefore, the chronicles of the Southern Song Dynasty are not only large in number, but also of good quality.There are more than 20 existing annals of the Southern Song Dynasty, many of which are historically recognized. Lin'an (Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, compiled the annals three times during the Qiandao, Chunyou, and Xianchun years. Later generations collectively called the "Three Annals of Lin'an", all of which are outstanding in the Song annals. "(Giandao) Lin'an Zhi" is the oldest one in the existing Southern Song Dynasty annals.It is also the earliest surviving Hangzhou local chronicle, and the following two "Lin'an Chronicles" are based on it.Its compiler, Zhou Cong, served as the magistrate of Lin'an twice, cared about farming, built water conservancy, and had good governance.There are 15 volumes in the original book, but only the first to third volumes are extant. "(Chunyou) Lin'an Zhi" was lost in its early years.In the 14th year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty (1809 A.D.), six volumes of its fragmentary manuscripts were accidentally found in the book market. Scholars and bibliophiles even wrote poems to celebrate, and rejoiced in "Song Shi Jiangshan's Outline, Township The scenery of the country is prosperous"; "Suzhou and Hangzhou have been widely heard, and the stories of art forests are all over the world. In recent years, the rare book group of the Beijing Library found a "Preface to the Chronicles of Chunyou Lin'an" written by Chen Renyu from the fragments of "Yongle Dadian". Knowing that this official local chronicle originally had 52 volumes, divided into 12 categories and 99 categories, the full text has "hundreds of thousands of words". It is also known that its chief editor is Chen Renyu. Among the existing fifth to tenth volumes, preserved There are some important materials that are not in the two annals before and after it, so it cannot be underestimated because it is not complete. "(Xianchun) Lin'an Chronicles" originally had 100 volumes, and 95 volumes are now preserved, which are preserved in the three annals. The most complete. Its editor, Qian Shuoyou, once served as the magistrate of Lin'an and was very capable, but because he was attached to a traitor, he later became the magistrate of Pingjiang Prefecture (now Suzhou City). When Yuan soldiers came to the city, he abandoned the city and fled first. , is considered to be insignificant in character. However, the annals compiled by him are the most detailed in the existing Song annals, and the style is perfect. For difficult problems or different opinions in historical records, they are all researched and explained. The notes of Chunyou Erzhi have been revised many times, and its historical value has always been recognized by the academic circles. In addition, such as Gao Sisun's "Yanlu" (Shengxian County, Zhejiang Province), at the beginning of the volume, "County Chronicle" is established, which is the beginning of the establishment of the county chronicle; The bibliographies of works by 14 people including Xie Lingyun and the bibliographies of genealogy of Ruan, Wang, and Xie set a precedent for local chronicles to collect local works; they are all very innovative.Several "Si Ming Zhi" in the Southern Song Dynasty (Ningbo, Zhejiang), Luo Yuan's "(Chunxi) Xin'an Zhi" (She County, Anhui), Yang Qian's "(Shaoxi) Yunjian Zhi" (Songjiang, Jiangsu), Fan Chengda "(Shao Ding) Wu Jun Zhi" (Suzhou, Jiangsu) and Zhou Yinghe's "(Jing Ding) Jian Kang Zhi" (Nanjing, Jiangsu) are also famous. In the Song Dynasty, Tujing and local chronicles were obviously the right-hand assistants of local officials.Kou Zhun, a statesman in the Northern Song Dynasty, was demoted to Leizhou (Guangdong Haikang) in his later years. As soon as he arrived at the state boundary, the officials of Leizhou had already greeted him by the side of the road, and first presented the illustrated scriptures.In the sixth year of Lizong Baoyou in the Southern Song Dynasty (1258 A.D.), Hu Taichu was transferred to Tingzhou (Changting, Fujian) as an official. His relatives and friends said that this place was "remote and difficult to govern". A person who had been an official in Tingzhou asked to borrow local chronicles.It can be seen that when local officials in the Southern Song Dynasty left their posts, they often took a local chronicle with them for future reference. Chinese local chronicler Zhang Guogan concluded after inspecting the development process of early local chronicles that before the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the categories of local chronicles were "nothing more than maps, mountains and rivers, customs, characters, and products."And it is "separate lines, each as a book".He believes: "The book of local chronicles began to be prepared in the Zhao and Song Dynasties. It includes maps, territories, mountains and rivers, scenic spots, buildings, officials, taxes, products, villages, customs, people, tricks, gold and stones, arts and culture, and disasters. All in one." This is completely in line with the facts.Modern local chroniclers generally believe that the local chronicles of our country were basically finalized in the Southern Song Dynasty.Since then, Chinese local chronicles have reached a new starting line.