Chapter 13 Chapter 5 From Tujing to Local Chronicles

In 581 AD, the Sui Dynasty ended more than 200 years of division since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and established a unified empire in the east of the world.In order to effectively govern this vast country, it took a series of measures to consolidate the centralization of power.One of the major items is the abolition of the nine-rank Zhongzheng system, stipulating that all local officials above the ninth rank will be assessed, appointed and dismissed by the central government, and transferred every three or four years to prevent officials from colluding with local wealthy forces.Later, the imperial examination system was established to select talents through examinations. It was much more difficult for powerful families to manipulate elections.Another measure is to control the power of compiling history and chronicles in the hands of the government as much as possible, which is convenient for timely understanding of the situation in various places, deciding on governance policies, and convenient for controlling public opinion, killing two birds with one stone.Not long after Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty Yang Jian came to the throne, he explicitly prohibited private writing of national history and commenting on figures.Therefore, since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the power of local aristocratic families has gradually declined, and at the same time, privately compiled diaries and county books have gradually given way to official records.

The ambitious Emperor Yang Guang of the Sui Dynasty did many great things in his short 13 years in power: digging the Grand Canal, building the eastern capital of Luoyang, touring the south of the Yangtze River, and expedition to Korea three times.At the same time, he also made two pioneering achievements in the history of local chronicles: one is to order all counties across the country to edit local customs, products, and maps and report them to the Minister of History;It seems that this order of Emperor Sui Yang was actually carried out.According to the "Sui Shu·Lang Mao Biography", Lang Mao compiled 100 volumes of "Sui Zhou Zhou Tu Jing Ji" in the era of Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty. reward.This book has not been handed down. Judging from the title and the length of a hundred volumes, it should be a compilation of map classics from all over the country in the Sui Dynasty.If this understanding is correct, it is the earliest collection of Tujing in my country.

Another contribution made by Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty to the cause of local chronicles was that he presided over the compilation of the first official national general chronicle "District Yu Tu Zhi" in China.Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty attached great importance to this matter: he was dissatisfied with the compilation of more than 500 volumes for the first time, so he appointed 18 scholars including Yu Shiji to recompile it and expanded it to more than 800 volumes. It was rebuilt and finally compiled into a big book with 1200 volumes.It is a pity that with the demise of the Sui Dynasty, this big book was lost soon. By the Tang Dynasty, there were only 120 volumes, and now there are only a few small paragraphs of text, which were compiled by Wang Mo of the Qing Dynasty in the "Han and Tang Geography Book Notes" , Remembering geography, monuments and myths and legends.In addition, in the 202nd volume of the Song Dynasty related book "Taiping Yulan", there is a description of it by the people of the Sui Dynasty, saying: "There is a picture at the beginning of the scroll, don't make a new one, the paper scroll is two feet long, and the description of the mountains and rivers There is a map of mountains and rivers at the beginning of the scroll, and a map of counties and towns at the beginning of the scroll of Xujunguo." It is also said: "The inscriptions on the mountains, rivers, cities and towns on the map are very detailed." It was written by Ouyang Su, the eldest son of calligrapher Ouyang Xun.Ouyang Su was also a well-known calligrapher at that time: "Working on the cursive script is the most important thing in the world." Now we can only get a glimpse of the original style of "Qu Yu Tu Zhi" from these scattered words.

The Tang Dynasty, following the Sui Dynasty, paid more attention to the management of history compilation and chronicle compilation. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, who was so talented and broad-minded, set up a history museum in the palace to compile and compile the history of the country, which was supervised by the prime minister. He often participated in discussions and gave instructions.With his support and encouragement, various historical and geographical books were compiled during the Zhenguan period.The fourth son of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, Li Tai, king of Wei, was very talented in literature. He was favored by Emperor Taizong, and he was granted permission to recruit literati and set up a literature center in the palace.Li Tai wanted to seek to be the prince. In order to please his father, he organized many scholars to compile 550 volumes of "Kuo Di Zhi" in four years.This is a well-known general annals of geography in the Tang Dynasty, which reflects the administrative divisions of the early Tang Dynasty and the geographical evolution, customs, products, and anecdotes of various places.After the book was completed, Tang Taizong praised it very much and gave it a lot of rewards. "Kuo Di Zhi" was quoted by many later works, but the original book was lost in the Southern Song Dynasty, and now only the compiled edition compiled from the quotations from various books can be seen.During the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, Sun Xingyan compiled eight volumes of "Kuo Di Zhi".At present, the relatively complete edition is He Cijun's "Kuodizhi Collection" (published in 1980).

In the first year of Jianzhong (AD 780) by Tang Dezong Li Shi (kuo Kuo), the government of the Tang Dynasty clearly stipulated that the prefectures and counties would compile map scriptures once every three years and submit them to the official officials in charge of territorial map records in the Ministry of War.It was once changed to five years in the middle, and later changed to report every leap year.In case of special circumstances, such as the change of mountains and rivers, the increase of waste in states and counties, they must be submitted at any time without the specified time limit.Since then, it has become a rule that localities compile and edit chronicles and submit them to the central government, and this has continued.

On the basis of abundant map classics and topography, the government of the Tang Dynasty compiled national map records many times in order to meet the needs of the rule.As far as we know, in addition to "Kuo Di Zhi", there are also titles such as "Zhenguan County Chronicle", "Zhi Fang Ji", "Jun Guo Zhi", "Yuzhong County Mountains and Rivers Map", and a variety of "Ten Dao Maps". ", "Shi Dao Lu" (in order to strengthen the management of prefectures and counties in the Tang Dynasty, the whole country was divided into ten regions according to the natural situation of mountains and rivers, called Shi Dao).Once, Tang Xuanzong secretly said to Wei Ao, a Hanlin scholar: "I often send Jiedu envoys and governors to all parts of the country. I need to know the customs of each county. Please compile a book for me." The Zhishu of Dao Sifang compiles the state, customs, pros and cons of each state and county into a book called "Summary of Place Names of Mountains and Rivers in Various Ways", and another title is called "Disciplinary Words" (discipline, which means to command and enjoin) , wrote it in person and dedicated it to Xuanzong, even his own family and children were not allowed to know.Soon, Xue Hongzong was appointed as the governor of Dengzhou, and went to see the emperor Xie En. Based on the knowledge provided by the "Words of Punishment", Tang Xuanzong ordered the matters that should be paid attention to in governing Dengzhou one by one, which made "everyone surprised" in the court.Xue Hongzong was also very impressed, and he came out and said to Wei Ao, "It's astonishing that the emperor (the emperor) punished the state."

The Song Dynasty established by Zhao Kuangyin inherited and perfected the system of Sui and Tang officials compiling chronicles.Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin established the world at the beginning, and reiterated that states and counties should make maps and report them in leap years.The so-called "map" should include land properties, customs, reasons for the rise and fall of ancient and modern times, the land and household registration of prefectures and counties, etc. Obviously, it is not a simple map, but a topographical map.At the same time, in the fourth year of Kaibao (971 A.D.), that is, the 12th year after the founding of the Song Dynasty, it began to compile and compile the national picture scriptures.Lu Duoxun and Song Zhun were in charge successively, and it took four years to compile "Kaibao Zhudao Tujing", which is the first national collection of Tujing compiled in the Song Dynasty.

More than 30 years later, during the reign of Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty, there was a larger-scale activity of revising Sutras throughout the country.In the fourth year of Jingde (1007 A.D.), Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty read the "Xijing Tujing" and felt that the records were not complete.After the newly revised map scriptures were reported from various places, he felt that the style was not uniform, so he appointed Li Zong'e, a scholar of the Imperial Academy, and others to reprocess all the map scriptures according to a unified style.In the third year of Dazhong Xiangfu (AD 1010), 1566 volumes of "Xiangfu Zhouxian Tujing" were compiled, and there were 2 volumes of catalogues, which were copied into 342 copies and issued in the second year.This collection of Tujing is not only magnificent in length, but also unifies the style of the national Tujing for the first time, which has played a demonstration role in the compilation of local chronicles and has a great influence.But it was incomplete in the late Southern Song Dynasty, only three or four tenths remained, and it basically disappeared after the Ming Dynasty.

While compiling the "Xiangfu Prefecture and County Tujing", in order to determine the amount of taxes in various places, Wang Zeng was ordered to use the information in the "Xiangfu Tujing" to compile a concise national general chronicle "Nine Regions Tu". There are only three volumes for reference in formulating quotas.This book was expanded into 10 volumes by Wang Cun and others until the eighth year of Song Shenzong Yuanfeng (AD 1085).It specifically records the situation during the Xining and Yuanfeng years of the Song Dynasty. It has a very accurate memory of administrative divisions, distances between places, household registration, and soil tribute (local products and their amounts), and is very useful for studying the geography and economy of the Northern Song Dynasty. . The name of "Nine Territories Map" originally came from the "Ten Dao Map" in Tang Dynasty. In fact, there is no map, so after the book was completed, Wang Cunzuo please change its name to "Zhi". "Yuanfeng Jiuyuzhi".

Because "Yuanfeng Jiuyu Zhi" was too brief, Emperor Huizong of Song Dynasty planned to rebuild it again.In the first year of Daguan (1107 A.D.), the government of the Song Dynasty set up the "Jiuyu Tuji Bureau" and again ordered the states and counties to rebuild the Tujing.However, it didn't take long before the Jin soldiers went south, the Northern Song Dynasty perished, Song Huizong and Song Qinzong were captured and went north, and the plan of Xiuzhi came to naught. "Jiuyu Tuzhi Bureau" is the earliest official organization in my country with well-documented records.Since then, successive governments have adopted this method of setting up bureaus and revising records.

By the Southern Song Dynasty at the latest, there were also specialized institutions for compiling local records.In the past, when local governments compiled and reported map classics, most of them deleted, revised and supplemented the old map classics, added new information on household registration, tribute, etc., and then copied and reported.This time it was very different. Zhou Yinghe, the editor of "(Jingding) Jiankangzhi" (Nanjing, Jiangsu), wrote an article "The History of Xiuzhi", which described that he was hired by Ma Guangzu, the magistrate of Jiankang who stayed in Nanjing (referring to Yingtianfu in Nanjing in the Song Dynasty, now Shangqiu, Henan), The process of "opening a bookstore under Zhongshan Mountain" and "entering the bureau to edit" "Jiankangzhi".This article seems to lead us to visit a chronicle compilation institution in the Southern Song Dynasty, allowing us to see in detail the compilation process of official chronicles at that time. In this article, Zhou Yinghe listed the establishment and division of labor of the staff of the bookstore one by one: there are editor-in-chief's assistants, affairs management personnel, copyists, and those in charge of sending and receiving transmissions.Zhou Yinghe himself was a Jinshi during the Chunyou period. He was knowledgeable and experienced in compiling history and chronicles.After he was hired, he was responsible for formulating the overall plan for compiling the journal, including proposing the purpose, formulating general rules, designing the chapter structure, and making a budget for the required manpower and material resources.After the formal development of the official records, he will preside over the daily work of the bookstore and assign assistants to collect materials. At the same time, he will undertake the main editing tasks of "examining the books at night, ordering the current affairs in the court, compiling on the right, and engraving on the left".Ma Guangzu was responsible for reviewing and approving plans, providing funds, and mobilizing personnel.All major issues in the process of compiling the will should be decided to Ma Guangzu for instructions.Finally, Ma Guangzu reviewed and finalized the draft of the chronicle and wrote a preface for the chronicle. It can be seen that the local chronicle revision system was quite perfect at this time.The compilation of local records is presided over by the local governor, and talented people are hired to compile them, and the government provides various material guarantees.Later, it became customary to refer to the local governor who presided over the revision of the annals as the "reviser", and the person who actually compiled it as the "compiler".Both the major editors and editors regarded the compilation of chronicles as an important cultural construction, and the quality of the chronicles compiled in this way is certainly not the same as those early illustrated scriptures that only required scribes to copy files and report them. The formation of a system of official chronicles is a major event in the history of local chronicles in my country.The feudal government advocated the compilation of local chronicles for its own political purpose, but objectively it became a huge driving force for the development of local chronicles.A large-scale compilation of local chronicles across the country can only be done by government organizations.Using administrative power to recruit talents, provide funds, and provide convenience for using government documents and archives are all very conducive to improving the quality of chronicles.Since then, the cause of compiling local records in our country has accelerated the pace of progress, and it has been carried out widely and continuously throughout the country.