Chapter 27 Section Four: Kangxi's "Huang Yu Pan Pan Map" and "Qianlong Inner Mansion Map"

On the basis of national surveying and mapping, the "Huangyu Quanpan Map" was drawn from the fifty-sixth to fifty-seventh years of Kangxi (AD 1717-1718).The original manuscript at that time is nowhere to be found now, and what we have seen so far are its copperplate and woodblock engraved prints. Judging from the physical objects of these two versions, "Huangyu Panpan Map" is a set of national atlases drawn in a unified manner. The prime meridian is drawn at a scale of 1:400000—1:1500000.The scope of the map extends from Hami, Xinjiang in the west, Heilongjiang Estuary in the east, and 55 degrees north latitude (more north than the northernmost latitude and longitude point measured), that is, the territory of the Qing Dynasty east of Hami and south of the Outer Xing'an Mountains.The whole country is composed of 28 sub-maps (not counting vacancies): five in Northeast China, three in Mongolia, 15 in all provinces in Guanzhong, one in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, one in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, one in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, one in the east of Hami, and one in the east of Hami. A picture of Goryeo (Korean Peninsula).West of Hami and Tibet have not yet been drawn.Tibet originally had a map drawn by the Minister in Tibet in the 50th year of Kangxi (AD 1711), but it could not be compiled because it did not meet the requirements of the atlas.Later copper editions added the maps surveyed and drawn by Chuerqin Zangbulam Zhamba and Shengzhu.

In the fifty-eighth year of Kangxi (AD 1719), the "Huangyu Quanpan Tu" was engraved into a copper plate. In this version, Tibet, Mongolia, and Northeast China are all annotated in Manchu.In the 60th year of Kangxi (1721 A.D.), it was carved into a woodblock, and all the characters on the map were changed to Chinese characters.These two versions were painted, engraved and reprinted many times later, and now there are mainly three types: The more than 30 provincial maps collected in the First Historical Archives of China may be the original map of the provinces in the "Huangyu Quanpan Tu", or it may be the earliest version of the atlas based on the facsimile of the original pictures .According to records such as "Manuscripts of Qing History He Guozong Biography", the engraved copper plate was divided into a general map of the whole country and 32 maps of provinces (districts), including 16 maps of the inland area and 16 "frontier" (frontier) maps. In 1735 (the thirteenth year of Yongzheng) the "Map of Chinese Provinces" and "Map of Manchuria, Mongolia and Tibet" compiled by D'Anville of France, and "Kangxi Map" compiled by Fuchs in 1743 (the eighth year of Qianlong) "Huangyu Quanpan Tu" belongs to this system.

In 1921, 41 copperplates engraved with "Huang Yu Quan Pan Tu" were found in Shenyang Imperial Palace, and their whereabouts have been unknown since then.Fortunately, they had already been printed at that time, so that their original appearance was not lost.This set of maps was titled "Secret Maps of the Unified Yudi of the Qing Neifu" when it was printed, and it is another important version of "Huangyu Panpan Map".In the picture, the provinces in Guannei are marked in Chinese characters, the Northeast and Mongolia are marked in Manchu, and the two counties of Tianjin and Rongcheng are marked as Tianjin Wei and Rongcheng Wei. History, Chronicle, Political and Natural Conditions" (Des Cription Ge-ographique, Historique, Chronologique, Poli-tique et Physique de L'Empire de la Chine etde la Tartaric Chinoise) stated in the book that Emperor Kangxi stipulated The notation method is exactly the same, and it is likely to be one of the originals drawn in that year.

The "Secret Map of the Unification and Geography of the Inner House of the Qing Dynasty" also takes the meridian passing through Beijing as the prime meridian, but the scope is larger, ranging from 40 degrees west longitude to the west, to the sea in the east, to 61 degrees north latitude in the north, and to 18 degrees north latitude in the south.Every five latitudes is a row, a total of eight rows, each row is divided into several panels by longitude, a total of 41 panels.This kind of map drawn by latitude and longitude charts has never appeared before. Another version of "Huangyu Quanpan Tu" is a leaflet (page) book drawn by provinces and prefectures, that is, the map included in "Ancient and Modern Book Integration", with a total of 227 leaves.Due to the reduced format, the small place names on the map have become "as thin as a cow's hair", and the content is the same as the original, but there is no latitude and longitude, and there is no "outside" (frontier) part.This version should be later than the previous two. The "Huangyu Quantu" of the provinces and branches of the government now in the Beijing Library and the "Neifu Yutu" published by photocopying in Beiping in 1932 belong to this system.

The First Historical Archives has a 10-row "Huangyu Quantu" in a straight format. There are two types of printed and hand-painted versions, both of which came out in the seventh year of Yongzheng (AD 1729).Although the scope of this map is slightly larger than Kangxi's "Huangyu Quanpan Map", the actual content is almost the same.The meridian and latitude of the 10-row "Huangyu Quantu" intersect at right angles, so it is also called "Huangyu square grid map".Since the latitude and longitude lines become an enlarged "drawing square", the errors in high latitude areas are relatively large.This shows that Kangxi's "Huangyu Quanpan Tu" was revised during the Yongzheng period, but this method of turning the longitude and latitude lines into orthogonal ones is actually a regression to "planning squares in the plan", and the result is that the quality of the map has changed. decline.

"The Map of Qianlong's Neifu" (also known as "The Thirteen Palettes of Qianlong Map") is based on Kangxi's "Panlan Map of the Imperial Yu" and absorbed "Pictures of the Western Regions" and "Illustrations of the Western Regions of the Imperial Yu" to reflect Hami. It was drawn based on the surveying and mapping results of the western region, and there are different opinions about the completion time, which is roughly between the 25th and 27th years of Qianlong (AD 1760-1762). "The Map of Qianlong's Neifu" was also drawn using the trapezoidal projection method with oblique lines of longitude and latitude. In the map, every five latitudes is a row, a total of 13 rows, so it is also called "Thirteen Rows of Qianlong Map".The scope of this map is almost double that of the "Huangyu Panpan Map", but the northeast and inland parts are basically the same as the "Huangyu Panpan Map", and the addition is mainly to the west of Hami, Xinjiang.Although the map is drawn westward to the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and northward to the Russian North Sea, the actual content does not add much.The locations that have been measured are relatively detailed and accurate; other parts are almost blank except for sporadic mountains and rivers.The picture was once carved into a copper plate by the missionary Jiang Youren, and there are many versions circulated. There are many versions in the Beijing Library. In 1932, the Palace Museum in Peking reprinted this picture.

Like Kangxi's "Huangyu Quanpan Map", "Qianlong Neifu Map" is also based on the actual measurement results and drawn using latitude and longitude, so the content is quite detailed and accurate, not only leaving behind a precious geographic map of the early 18th century for future generations. The data can also be used for us to compare with the subsequent geographical conditions and conduct research on changes in the geographical environment.The location of Lop Nur in the picture is drawn at 40°40' north latitude. Later, Russian explorers Przewalski and others discovered that Lop Nur was south of 40° north latitude, so they rashly accused the location on the map of being wrong.However, it turns out that the position on the map was not wrong at that time, but the position of Lop Nur itself was shifted due to wind erosion and alternate deposition. Some of the coastlines in the Map of Qianlong's Neifu are different from today's. The coastline of the Daqing River Estuary in Shandong is very straight. It can be seen that most of the Yellow River Delta that stretches into the sea today broke through Tongwaxiang in the fifth year of Xianfeng (AD 1855). The main channel of the Yellow River It was alluvially formed after the migration to the north.The north entrance of Chongming Island at the mouth of the Yangtze River in the picture is very wide, and Lusichang is close to the mouth of the river, but now the east of Haimen has become a large piece of land.All of these can provide us with a reliable basis for studying the change of land and sea and calculating the extrapolation speed of the coastline at a specific location.

The Map of Qianlong's Neifu was more widely circulated than Kangxi's "Huangyu Quanpan Tu", and it had a greater influence on the map drawing of our country, becoming the main basis for the compilation and drawing of national maps by later generations.For example, Li Zhaoluo's "The Complete Map of the Unified Yudi of the Imperial Dynasty", Dong Fangli's "Geography of the Qing Dynasty", etc., the most important one is Hu Linyi's "The Unified Map of the Qing Dynasty".This was compiled by Hu Linyi, who invited Zou Shiyi and Yan Guzhen when he was the governor of Hubei. It was mainly based on Kangxi's "Huangyu Quanpan Map" and "Qianlong Neifu Map", and referred to the maps of Li Zhaoluo and others. It was compiled in the second year of Tongzhi (AD 1863) engraving.The surveying and mapping results of Kangxi and Qianlong can only be widely used by the people.Before the publication of modern Chinese maps, this was the most widely circulated and influential Chinese atlas.