Chapter 12 Section 5 Achievements of Jing Xiangfan, Du Yu and Xie Zhuang

About Jing Xiangfan, there is very little that can be known now.Several materials in Li Daoyuan's "Shui Jing Zhu" and "Sui Shu·Jing Ji Zhi" prove that he was born in the early Western Jin Dynasty (the middle of the third century A.D.) and was a disciple of Pei Xiu. Map of Jin Yu, and author of "Spring and Autumn Land Names" in three volumes. The original book "Chunqiu Land Names" has been lost long ago, but 90 items were collected in "Han and Tang Geographical Book Notes" compiled by Wang Mo of the Qing Dynasty, among which Li Daoyuan's "Shui Jing Zhu" quoted the most materials, and some people counted a total of 90 items. More than 70 rivers (12 each of Jishui and Hu (huhu) Rivers, six of Yingshui, five of Qinshui and Luoshui, four of Yingoushui, Sishui and Mushui, two of Rushui, Huai River and Gushui, There are two Mian waters, one each for river water, river water, Luo [lei lei] water, clear water, Su water, Yi water, 滱 [kou button] water, Wei water, Dan water, etc.).This can not only show that Li Daoyuan attaches great importance to Jing Xiangfan's book, but also prove that Jing Xiangfan is worthy of being a scholar with profound knowledge of geography and rigorous academic attitude.

Undoubtedly, Jing Xiangfan’s achievements in geography must be brought into play and applied in the process of helping Pei Xiu draw maps. When we highly evaluate Pei Xiu’s status in the history of Chinese maps, we should not ignore Jing Xiangfan’s contribution. According to the "Book of Jin·Du Yu Zhuan", Du Yu devoted himself to studying "Zuo Zhuan" for a long time, and claimed to have "a habit of "Zuo Zhuan". "Meng Hui Tu", the time should be shortly after the Western Jin Dynasty destroyed Wu in 280 AD.As the name suggests, the Map of Leagues shows the places where princes of various countries held political activities such as league meetings during the Spring and Autumn Period. It should be a special historical map.This picture has not been circulated in the future. Due to too little data, we cannot speculate on other situations of this picture.

About the twenty-seventh year of Song Yuanjia (AD 450) in the Southern Dynasties, Xie Zhuang, who served as the counselor and secretary of the Queen's Army at that time (staff officer and secretary), made a "wooden abbot map" to represent "Zuo The "mountains, rivers and lands" of the Spring and Autumn countries recorded in "Biography".Regarding the specific situation of this picture, there are only a few words in "Xie Zhuang Biography" in Volume 85 of "Book of Songs": "The abbot who made wood, the pictures of mountains and rivers, each have their own divisions, and the separation depends on the state and county. The universe is one.” According to this, it is inferred that this is a jigsaw map, which takes the scope of each country or a region as a piece, and draws mountains, rivers, cities, etc. on it, and puts each scattered piece together to form a It becomes a full picture of a plank about one foot in square.As for whether each block is still three-dimensional, it is not certain from the original records. Some treatises have no basis for taking Xie Zhuang's "wooden abbot map" as the prototype of a three-dimensional topographic map.

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, especially in the south, landscape painting developed greatly and became a major genre of Chinese painting.Although landscape painting also has a realistic side, it is more about expressing the artist's artistic conception and feelings than a faithful record of the objective environment.Even for realistic landscape paintings, the author generally has a fixed perspective, and there are differences in size and density due to distance.The popularity of landscape painting gradually affected the drawing of maps, forming a map in the form of landscape painting.This kind of map basically adopts the method of intuitive drawing, and pays more attention to the specific shape of the object, such as the ruggedness of the mountain, the curvature of the river, the appearance of the building, etc., and the factors that are more important to the map such as azimuth, distance, and scale They don't pay much attention to it, or even don't consider it at all.The selection of the content on the picture is also very random. Often, the author draws more when he is familiar with it, and draws less when he is not familiar with it. There is no uniform standard and no proportional relationship.From the perspective of the theory and practice of map drawing, the appearance of this kind of landscape painting map is a kind of retrogression. The maps have come to have a big regression.But this kind of map is more intuitive, easy to draw, and accepted by most non-professionals, so it has been prosperous for a long time and constitutes most of the ancient Chinese maps.Until the Qing Dynasty, the maps attached to local chronicles and books were still in the style of freehand landscape painting.