Chapter 8 The first section of various maps

In the Han Dynasty from 202 BC to 220 AD, the drawing of maps had reached a very high level, and the use of maps became more common, and maps of various types and purposes appeared. The most recorded in the literature are the topographic maps of various places. In the sixth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty Jianyuan (135 BC), when Liu An, the king of Huainan, suggested to Emperor Wu not to attack Minyue, he said: "If you look at the mountains and rivers fortresses with a map, they are only inches away, but they are hundreds of thousands of miles away." (in On the map, the mountains, rivers and fortresses of Minyue Kingdom differ by less than an inch, but the actual distance is hundreds of thousands of miles.) This should be a small-scale map with terrain and military facilities drawn.In the sixth year of Yuanshuo (123 BC), King Huainan attempted to raise troops to rebel. He and his counselor Zuo Wu followed the "map" to deploy troops and marching routes day and night. "Yu" means a very detailed record, which shows that the scale of this kind of map is quite large and the content is quite detailed.

"Historical Records Dawan Biography" records such an incident: During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian and his envoys returned from the Western Regions and reported to Emperor Wu their "poor river source" (tracked to the birthplace of the Yellow River. Actually it was a mistake Taking the Tarim River in Xinjiang today as the upper source of the Yellow River), it was discovered that the Yellow River originated in Khotan [Tian Tian], and brought back jade collected from the local mountains.Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty named the mountain where the Yellow River originated as Kunlun in "angushu" (researched ancient books).It is worth noting that the "book" here is not the general term for books today, because the ancient "map" and "book" are two completely different concepts, so "map" is a map, which shows that in the Western Han Dynasty The preserved ancient maps already include the scope of present-day Xinjiang, and the local mountains and rivers are drawn.

During the Taishi period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (96-93 BC), a man named Yannian wrote: "The river flows out of Kunlun, passes through China, and flows into the Bohai Sea. The topography makes the hydraulic engineering high and low, open the big river to the top, go out of the Huzhong, and pour into the sea in the east." (The Yellow River originates from the Kunlun Mountains, flows through China, and flows into the Bohai Sea. The terrain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast. According to the map and data, inspected the terrain, and ordered water conservancy engineers to measure the difference in height, and diverted the Yellow River across the watershed so that the river flowed through the Xiongnu area and then flowed eastward into the sea.) Yannian’s suggestion shows that the map at that time not only included the upper reaches of the Yellow River and present-day Xinjiang. The Kunlun Mountains in the territory, and you can see the height of the terrain.

In the twelfth year of Yongping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 69), Wang Jing was ordered to govern the Yellow River. After being summoned by Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty, he specially gave him the "Book of Hequ" and "The Picture of Yugong".Although we are not sure whether there is a map attached to the "Book of Hequ" (this is also entirely possible), the name of "The Map of Yugong" clearly shows that this is one or more pictures depicting the "Yugong" book. The map of relevant content, and the content of "Yu Gong" includes the Yellow River and its tributaries, related mountains, peaks, cities, products, soil, vegetation and many other aspects.

In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the prototype of a three-dimensional map also appeared.In the eighth year of Jianwu (32 A.D.), Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty was about to set off to conquer Kui Kui. Ma Yuan "gathered rice into a valley and pointed out the situation" in front of him (pile rice into the shape of a valley to explain the situation between the enemy and us) ), Emperor Guangwu repeatedly praised after hearing this, saying: "The captives are in my eyes." (The enemy army is already in my eyes.) Probably this kind of three-dimensional map made of meters is quite intuitive.

Since the technology of drawing maps has become relatively popular, civil and military officials often draw new maps anytime and anywhere as a tool for marching operations or governance development.The imperial court also often ordered relevant officials to draw new maps to meet military or administrative needs. For example, in the second year of Emperor Wu Tianhan (99 BC), Han general Li Ling led 5,000 infantry out of Juyan (now Ejina Banner, Inner Mongolia), traveled northward for 30 days, and arrived at Junji Mountain (about today's Tula River, Erjin, Mongolia). south of the upper reaches of the Hun River).Li Ling drew a map of the mountains and rivers he passed, and sent his knight Chen Bule to report to Emperor Wu, which made Emperor Wu very satisfied.

In the fourth year of Zhenghe (89 B.C.), Sang Hongyang, the captain of the search millet, and the prime minister Yushi suggested to Emperor Wu that more than 5,000 hectares of land in Jiezhi and Quli in the east of Luntai (now southeast of Luntai County, Xinjiang) could be reclaimed. The garrison soldiers can be dispatched to implement farming.Three school lieutenants can be set up to be responsible respectively, and they are required to "map the terrain", develop water conservancy, and expand the cultivation of grains in time.It seems that these captains are responsible for drawing maps and reporting while surveying the terrain.Although this suggestion was rejected by Emperor Wu and could not be implemented, it proved to be a normal duty of civil and military officials.

In the third year of Emperor Zhao Yuanfeng (78 BC), Zhang Qianqiu and General Huo Guang's son Huo Yu followed General Fan Mingyou of Liao Dynasty to conquer Wuhuan (a minority in the southeast of Inner Mongolia and northwest of Liaoning today).After returning, Huo Guang summoned Zhang Qianqiu and asked him about the battle strategy and the situation in the mountains and rivers. While Zhang Qianqiu was talking about the military situation, he drew a map on the ground and did not forget anything.But when Huo Yu was asked, he couldn't remember clearly, and replied: "It's all documented." Zhang Qianqiu's ability to draw maps at will is certainly related to his strong memory, but it also proves the popularity of map applications at that time.Perhaps the "documents" mentioned by Huo Yu also included the maps drawn by relevant personnel during the march, and Zhang Qianqiu just redrawn them from memory.

When Emperor Zhang of the Eastern Han Dynasty (reigned from 75 to 88 A.D.), the censor Li Xunxun was ordered to inspect Youzhou (now the eastern part of Shanxi, Hebei, and Liaoning) to appease the ethnic minorities in the northern frontier.Li Xun drew more than a hundred volumes of detailed maps of the mountains, rivers, farmland, and settlements in the areas he passed through. After returning to Beijing, he played a role in the court.Li Xun probably drew a very detailed map, which is why there are as many as a hundred volumes. With the expansion of the territory of the Han Dynasty and the frequent exchanges with the surrounding ethnic minorities, the geographical knowledge of the Han people continued to increase, and the scope of the maps drawn gradually expanded.In the first year of Yongyuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty (89 A.D.), the Han generals Dou Xian and Geng Bing led an army to defeat the Northern Huns, traveled more than 3,000 miles, climbed Yanran Mountain (now Hangai Mountain in Mongolia), and carved stones on the mountain to record their achievements.In the "Yanran Mountain Inscription" written by Ban Gu, it is written: "Testing and passing on the map, looking at its mountains and rivers poorly, then surpassing Zhuoxie, crossing Anhou, and riding Yanran." After checking, he had already fully understood the mountains and rivers of the Xiongnu, so he crossed Zhuoxie Mountain, crossed the Anhou River, and climbed Yanran Mountain.) This shows that before Dou Xian sent troops, he had checked the relevant written records and maps, and the map The range obviously already includes the northern Xiongnu area including present-day Mongolia. In the sixth year of Yuanding (111 BC) in "Hanshu Wudi Ji", "General Fuju, Gongsun He, was sent out of Jiuyuan", and the descendant Chen Zan [zan Zan] wrote in the annotation: "Fuju, the name of the well, Among the Xiongnu, go to Jiuyuan for two thousand miles, see "Hanyu Map"." It can be seen that the "Hanyu Map" seen by Chen Zan includes the place names of the Xiongnu 2,000 miles away from the border of the Han Dynasty, and it does not rule out that there are places on the map marked with Mileage Possibility.

The other type is maps that mainly depict territories and political districts. At that time, the first-level administrative regions, counties and countries were the basic content on the map, so after consulting the map, you can know the situation of counties and countries in the whole country.In the first year of Gengshi (23 A.D.), when Liu Xiu raised troops in Hebei, Deng Yu once said to him: "There will be no difficulty in capturing the world." I looked up the map on the Internet and found that I had very little land, so I asked Deng Yu: "There are so many counties in the world, and now I have one of them. Last time you said that it would be no problem to seize the world. What's the reason?" When Longxi was separatist, Ma Yuan once persuaded his general Yang Guang to say: "I just checked the map not long ago, and there are 106 counties and states in the world. Why should we use two counties to fight against the 104 counties and states in the Central Plains?"

When the Han Dynasty enshrined the princes and kings, relevant departments had to submit maps, and the emperor determined the scope and name of the kingdom.For example, in April of the sixth year of Emperor Wu Yuanshou (117 BC), the censor played the "Yu Map" and asked the emperor to determine the name of the country. Ten days later, the prince Liu Hong (hong hong) was officially established as the king of Qi and Liu Dan as the king of Yan. It is estimated that the scope and name of the new kingdom have been drawn on the map.In the sixteenth year of Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 40), Emperor Guangwu's distribution of the titles to the princes was officially carried out after relevant officials played the map. The administrative district map at the county level can be accurate to the boundary of the township level and the place names below the township, and it is constantly revised.In Tongxian County of Linhuai County (now northeast of Sixian County, Anhui Province), there is Le'an Township, which has 3100 hectares of land and is bounded by Minbai in the south.When the county map was revised in the first year of Chuyuan (48 BC), the southern boundary of Le'an Township was drawn to Pinglingbai by mistake, which added 400 hectares of land to the township.Prime Minister Kuang Heng was named Marquis of Le'an, and Le'an Township became his food town, so he overcharged 400 hectares of rice for rent.In the first year of Jianzhao (38 BC), the county surveyed and determined the boundary of the Marquis of Le'an, only to discover the mistakes on the map, correct it, and report it to the prime minister's office.As the prime minister, Kuang Heng signaled his subordinates to use the old map as a basis to question Linhuai County, so the prefect of the county had to make a mistake and allocated 400 hectares of land to the Marquis of Le'an, causing Kuang Heng to overcharge the rent. Yu Shi.The two revisions of the county map were exactly 10 years apart, which may have been the time limit stipulated at that time. Maps can often serve as an authoritative adjudication when adjacent political districts dispute over the dividing line.During the Wei Dynasty of the Three Kingdoms, the border disputes between the two counties of Qinghe and Pingyuan had been quarreling for eight years, and their bosses, the Governor of Jizhou, had changed two terms and failed to resolve the problem.When Sun Li became governor, Grand Tutor Sima Yi asked him what he could do, and he said: "Liezu (Emperor Wei Ming) drew a map when he first became king of Pingyuan. "After checking the original map, it proves that the disputed land is in the northwest of Gaotang County and should belong to Pingyuan County. This type of map also records taxation, household registration and other data.In the 15th year of Yongping (AD 72), when Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty granted the titles to the princes, he first checked the scope on the map, and all of them were only half of the existing kingdom.Empress Ma met at the side and said: "The children only have the tax of a few counties. Is it too little according to the system?" Emperor Ming said: "How can my son be the same as the son of the first emperor? There are 20 million stone rents every year. Rice income is enough." In the fourth year of Jianchu (AD 79), Emperor Zhang personally revised the "Yu Map" and increased the fiefdoms of his brothers Guangping King, Julu King, and Lecheng King to an annual income of 80 million. Stone tax range. In addition, there are city maps and palace maps.For example, the famous "Sanfu Huangtu" recorded in detail the palaces, mausoleums, temples and other buildings and structures in the Sanfu area centered on Chang'an (Jingzhao, Zuofengyi, and Youfufeng three political districts directly under the central government) in the Han Dynasty. The layout of the city originally had a map, but it was lost later.Whether single or multiple, this is the city map and palace map of the capital area of ​​the Western Han Dynasty.In the Western Han Dynasty, there was still a "Chang'an Map". Although the original map can no longer be seen, some speculations can be made from the citations of later generations.For example, "Historical Records Wendi Ji" Pei Yi (yin Yin) commented and quoted Ruchun said: ""Chang'an Map", Xiliu Cang is in the north of Weibei, near Shijiao." "In the Han Dynasty, there was a Yinma Bridge in Qili Canal." It can be seen that "Chang'an Map" includes both the city and the suburbs, at least marking water canals, bridges, warehouses and other place names.In addition, there are "Pictures of Guanzhong", "Pictures of Yongzhou", etc., such as the note in "Continued Hanshu·Junguozhi": "In the case of "Pictures of Guanzhong", there is Xinfengyuan in the south of the county." A kind of map made of embroidery appeared in the Three Kingdoms period. According to the records of "Supplements of Relics": Sun Quan often sighed that Wei and Shu were not destroyed, and there was a gap between the army. He thought of someone who was good at painting, and made pictures of mountains, rivers, terrains and army formations.Da Naijin's younger sister has the power to write about Fangyue's situation in the rivers and lakes of Kyushu.The wife said: "The color of the blue and green is very easy to fade, and it cannot be treasured for a long time. I can embroider the kingdoms on Fangsi, and write them in the shape of five mountains, rivers and seas, cities and towns." Once completed, it will be advanced to Lord Wu. [Journal translation] Sun Quan often lamented that Wei and Shu had not been eliminated. During the interval between the army, he wanted to find a person who was good at drawing and asked him to draw mountains, rivers, terrain and military formations into maps. (Zhao) Da recommended his younger sister, and Sun Quan asked her to draw the distribution of rivers, lakes and mountains in Kyushu. Mrs. Zhao said: "Painting with color is easy to fade and cannot be preserved for a long time. I can use embroidery to embroider the countries on a square silk, and at the same time I can embroider the layout of the five mountains, rivers, seas, cities and formations." After the map was embroidered, it was dedicated to the Lord of Wu, Sun Quan. This type of map just uses colored threads to replace the colors used when drawing the map. It may be brighter when it is first embroidered, but it may not keep fading after a long time. Not only is it time-consuming and expensive to make, but it is also difficult to maintain accuracy, so there is no popularization value.