Chapter 3 second quarter shot

In ancient China, wars continued year after year. In order to defend and expand the territory, the monarchs and princes urgently needed some talents with both civil and military skills to provide advice and advice. "Zhou Li, Diguan Situ, Baoshi" records: It is referred to as the six arts of ritual, music, archery, imperialism, calligraphy, and number. Among them, archery and imperialism are aimed at cultivating military personnel who can defend the country.Later generations set up military imperial examinations, and included riding and archery in the selection of talents, which is to inherit the ancient tradition.Although Confucius never talked about "monsters, strength, chaos, and gods" in his life, he paid attention to military equipment and advocated that his disciples practice the six arts and practice shooting and imperial skills.According to "Liezi·Shuo Fu No. 8", it says: "Confucius' strength can expand the gates of the country, but he is unwilling to hear it." It seems that he is healthy and strong, and he has the majesty of his father and uncle Lianghe.Zilu, a disciple of Confucius, is a warrior with the temperament of a knight-errant who can "fight the tiger Fenghe".When Confucius traveled around the world, Zilu was always a personal guard, often helping Confucius out of trouble.It can be seen from this that Confucius, the great educator in ancient my country, and his disciples were not gentle and weak scholars with no power to restrain a chicken, but also had the spirit of martial arts and paid attention to military equipment.

Shooting, first appeared in the hunting activities of ancient people, the purpose is to capture prey to maintain their own life, or to defend themselves from the invasion of wild animals.Since the Xia Dynasty, it has become one of the main weapons in war and has developed greatly.According to legend, during the Dayu period, arrowheads (arrowheads) made of copper were invented, and their lethality far exceeded that of ancient stone arrowheads (arrowheads made of stone).Due to the improvement of bow and arrow, the shooting technology has also been greatly developed. Therefore, from the Xia Dynasty, the Shang Dynasty to the pre-Qin period, the monarchs and princes of various countries attached great importance to archery training when training their warriors, and it became an important military content. .It is said that Houyi, the husband of Chang'e in the moon, is a good archer.According to "Tianwen", "Huainanzi" and other records, it is said that in the time of Yao, the sky "came out in ten days, scorched grains, killed vegetation, and the people had nothing to eat", so Hou Yi held "Tong Gong, Su Ma (zeng) Zeng〕", "Nine Days of Shooting", and the first to put forward the training method of "teaching shooting with bow and arrow".In the Xia and Shang dynasties, the institutions that taught and practiced archery were called "prefaces." "Mencius·Teng Wengong 1" says: "The preface is also the subject of archery." It is not only the content of military training, but also a subject for educating students. .According to "Han Feizi Nei Chu Shuo 1", in the early Warring States period, Li Kui [kui Kui], the adviser of Wei Wenhou, made the "Practice Shooting Order" to encourage the people in his guarded areas to practice shooting in order to defend the territory and defeat the invaders. Qin Bing.The "Fengmen Shooting Method", "Yintongcheng Shooting Method", "Wei's Shooting Method", "Wangyuan Liannu Shooting Method", "Pujuziyi Method" recorded in Ban Gu's "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" in the Eastern Han Dynasty ", Yuanren Tuotuo and Alutu's "Song History·Yiwenzhi" recorded in "Shoji", "Shenshe Jue", "Bow Jue", etc., are all about archery. Unfortunately, these monographs Most are lost.

Yang Youji in "Historical Records Zhou Benji", Fei Wei and Ji Chang's master and apprentice in "Lie Zi Tang Wen Pian" are all excellent archers in the pre-Qin period.Liu Xiang's "Biography of Lie Nu Biography Jin Gonggong's Wife" in the Han Dynasty said: Yuan Kang, a native of the Eastern Han Dynasty, said in "Yuejueshu": "The left hand is like attaching to Mount Tai, and the right hand is like holding a baby." Zhao Ye [ye Ye] recorded in detail in "Wuyue Chunqiu" that Chen Yin, a sharpshooter in the pre-Qin period, taught the Yue Kingdom Soldiers practice archery skills.In ancient Chinese society, since the Western Zhou Dynasty, the "ritual system" was implemented and hierarchical names were advocated, so there were strict etiquette procedures and grade regulations for archery activities.Ritual shooting is divided into four or fourth grades according to the level, which are Da She, Bin She, Yan She and Xiang She.The first three are used for ceremonies, rewards, and feasts among the emperor, princes, and ministers. Only Xiangshe is applicable to the people, and it later evolved into a relatively common form of entertainment.

Yu, originally intended to refer to driving, later developed to specifically refer to riding.In the Shang and Zhou dynasties, military vehicles were used as the main force in wars, and the level of driving skills would seriously affect the outcome of the war. Therefore, Imperial Art has not only become an important content of military training, but also an indispensable part of education. Content.Since King Zhao Wuling advocated "Hufu cavalry and shooting", cavalry began to appear in large numbers, used in wars, and gradually formed a tendency to replace military vehicles, so it is imperative to pay attention to cavalry.Because the chariot warriors and knights in the army at that time could not only drive and ride horses, but also shoot, they were also called shooting and imperial riding and shooting.In the pre-Qin period, the schools of various countries used archery and imperial education to educate noble children. Later, because of the expansion of the scale of wars and frequent occurrences, the art of archery and imperialism was gradually developed to the common people, and became an important military measure and a tool for arming the people to prepare for war. educational content.

Zheng Xuan, a native of the Eastern Han Dynasty, commented on "Zhouli Diguan Baoshi" and said that there are five kinds of imperial techniques, named "Wuyu", that is, "singing and Luan, chasing water music, crossing the emperor's watch, dancing across the road, and chasing birds left and right". ".This shows that the driving content required at that time was quite rich and the level was also very high. It not only required the driver to be able to adapt to the needs of the war, to be able to drive on the road, but also to chase prey on the winding road according to the requirements of field hunting.In the "Six Taos · Dog Taos" written by Lu Wang (that is, Jiang Taigong) at the end of the Shang Dynasty and the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, he described in detail the riding skills of the "Warrior Knights" during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period:

These martial knights are not only very good at riding, they can gallop freely and horizontally on the difficult and dangerous terrain like walking on the ground, but they can also ride on galloping horses and draw bows and arrows to destroy the enemy.