Chapter 26 The third section is called the change of the name word

The ancients valued etiquette and paid great attention to appellations.In the pre-Qin literature, such as "Zuo Zhuan", "Guoyu", etc., when it comes to people, they are mostly called characters.Even in narrative text, this is often the case; when names are called together, the word comes before the name.Such as "Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong three years and two years": Gong Ciyan called Mengming, Xiqi and Baiyi to send out their teachers outside the east gate. Here, the three commanders of the state of Qin are all called by their names.Another example is "Three and Three Years of Duke Xi":

Xinsi, who defeated the Qin master in Xiaoyu, won Baili Mengmingshi, Xiqishu, Bai Yibing and returned.This is a combination of names, with the word in front and the name in the back. All of the above are descriptive words, or words, or names.Of course, there are many names. Dozens of personal names appear in the book, among them, the narration of Confucius' disciples is called Zi; there are also many officials involved in Qi, Lu, Wei, Chen, Chu and other countries, who are called Zi, posthumous titles, or official positions. Or the word and the posthumous title are called together, and the single name is rare.

The pre-Qin atmosphere of emphasizing the weighing of characters has always influenced later generations.Take "Three Kingdoms" as an example, when someone talks about other people, they usually call them by their names, and even their own enemies and enemies are often called by their names.For example, Ma Chao, before he died, when he entrusted his funeral, he said: The more than 200 members of the minister's sect were killed by Meng De, but his younger brother Dai should be the successor of Weizong's blood and food. Meng De is Cao Cao's character.More than 200 members of Ma Chao's family were killed by Cao Cao, and they still called Cao Cao.Another example is "Wu Zhi·Wu Zhu Biography" which quotes "Wu Li" as a commentary written by Cao Cao on Sun Quan and Liu Biao's son:

The right to travel five or six miles, and return to preach.Seeing the purge of the boats and ships and the army, he sighed and said, "Being a son is like Sun Zhongmou, and Liu Jingsheng's son is like a porpoise and a dog's ears!" It can be seen that the enemy is still called by name.Of course there are times of abuse. Calling people's characters is not only a respect for people, but also a display of one's self-cultivation and demeanor.Therefore, some celebrities in later generations wrote about certain disgraceful characters in their works, and sometimes called them characters.For example, Lu You's "Notes of Laoxue'an" called Qin Huizhi Qin Huizhi. In the notes of Ming people, some talked about power and rape Yan Song, and some even called him Yan Fenyi, Yan is Jiangxi Fenyiren.When many sages in modern times mentioned Yuan Shikai, some also called him Yuan Xiangcheng, because he was from Xiangcheng, Henan.

The Chinese have always respected great figures in history, those who have made great contributions to the previous generation, those who have made outstanding achievements in a certain field, those who are noble in character, and those who are exemplary. , Guanjue, Diwang, or other respectful titles, but the most common is the word.For example, Li Bai is called Taibai, Du Fu is called Zimei, Liu Zongyuan is called Zihou, Liu Yuxi is called Mengde, Huang Tingjian is called Lu Zhi, Xin Qiji is called You'an, Chen Liang is called Tongfu, etc. They are not named.After the rise of aliases, they called them one after another.Those without nicknames are of course still called characters.

It was mentioned earlier that in the pre-Qin period people were called together by their names, although this is still the case in later generations, but with slight changes.In the pre-Qin period, the word came first and the name came after; The name of the offspring comes first, followed by the word.Such as "Han Shu Wang Gong Liang Gong Bao Biography": From the time of Emperor Cheng to Wang Mang, there were famous men, Langxie and Ji Xun Wangsi, Qi Ze Xue Fang Zirong, Tai Yuan Xun (Huanhuan) Yue Chen Zhong, Xun Xiang Zhibin, Pei County Tang Lin Zigao, Tang Zunbogao , All of them are famous in the world for their Ming Jing.

Yan Shigu's commentary said: "The locality and name of the person are also listed side by side." Another example: Qi Lirong Keqing, Beihai Qinqing Zixia, Su Zhangyouqing, and Shanyang Cao Jingziqi were all Confucian scholars, and they resigned from the official position and did not serve in Mang.The above native place, name and word combination are all before the name and after the word. This format has been followed by later generations.For example, in Wang Anshi's "You Baochan Mountain", when he finally described the other four people who traveled with him, he said this:

Four people: Luling Xiao Jungui Junyu, Changle Wang Huishen's father, Yudi An Guoping's father, An Shangchun's father. The same is true for the signature on the work.For example, He Shouqi’s commentary printed in the third year of Daoguang reign of the Qing Dynasty was signed as follows: Zichuan Pu Songling Liuxian Xincheng Wang Shizhengyi commented Nanhai He Shouqi's body is officially approved The case of calling names is roughly the same.

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