Chapter 8 The basic format of the third character
When talking about the format of characters in "Yili·Shi Guanli", it says this:
Uncle's father.Zhong, Shu, Ji, only what they should do.
This typical format is to first list the word of the rank order of the person among the brothers, then list the "table word" that matches the name, and finally add the most beautiful word "father" for men.Let me illustrate with a common example.For example, the name of Confucius is Qiu, and the name is Zhongnifu.why is it like this?Confucius was born because his parents prayed on Mount Niqiu in the State of Lu, so he was named "Qiu" and the word "Ni" to remember his event.Confucius had only one half-brother named Meng Pi.Confucius Xing Er, so Xing Di used a "Zhong".If he is the only one born to his parents, the characters of Xingdi are unnecessary.This format was common in the pre-Qin period.For example, among the ancestors of Confucius, there was one named He Fufu, one named Zhou named Songfu, and one named Jia named Kongfu.Confucius was a descendant of the Yin people, and his original surname, Kong Zuo, came from this father of Confucius.
The character format of "Bo Mou Fu" was the most popular in the Spring and Autumn Period.However, for convenience, it is often omitted when used.It has two formats:
(1) "a certain father" style: the founding monarch of Lu State is the eldest son of Duke Zhou, and his name is Boqinfu. Eight Years" is called Qingfu.Confucius was named Zhongnifu, and Duke Ai of Lu called him Nifu.Others, such as Lu Gongzi Yishi is called Zhongfu, Gongzi Hui (hui Hui) is called Yufu, Gonglianyang is called Gonglianchufu, and Bank of China Huanzi is called Xunlinfu, etc., all of which are omitted. Words, only called "some father".
(2) "Bomou" type: Boqinfu is also called Boqin. Except for "Zuo Zhuan Dinggong Four Years", this name is often used in ancient literature.In Zhou Nei, Shi Shuxing's father was also called Shuxing in "Zuo Zhuan Sixteen Years of Duke Xi".Except for Duke Ai of Lu who called him Nifu in "The Sixteenth Year of Duke Ai", Confucius was called Zhongni in other places.
Both of the above are ways of calling characters, not ways of picking them, but they have had an impact on later generations' picking of characters. The "some father" style was adopted by liberal scholars who loved ancient times, especially in the Song Dynasty.For example, Kong Wenzhong was named Jingfu, Kong Wuzhong was named Pingfu, Kong Pingzhong was named Yifu (father), Liu Chang was named Yuanfu, Liu Tun was named Gongfu, Hong Chu was named Jufu, Hong Peng was named Guifu, and so on. Later generations of the "Bomou" style imitated You Guang, and it is innumerable just from the "Three Kingdoms".For example: Sun Ce is named Bofu, Sun Quan is named Zhongmou, Lu Xun is named Boyan, Jiang Wei is named Boyue, Ma Chao is named Mengqi, Ma Liang is named Jichang, Ma Di is named Youchang, Xu Chu is named Zhongkang, Guo Huai is named Boji, Cheng Yu's name is Zhongde, Ji Kang's name is Shuye...
As for the typical character selection format of "Bo Mou Fu", although the character selection has not been adopted by later generations, it is still used when signing a book, work or some solemn occasion.For example, Wei Xueyi [yiyi] of the Ming Dynasty recorded in "He Zhou Ji" that the miniature carving artists carved on the back of the boat like this:
This "Shu Yuanfu" is an imitation of "Bomou Father", that is, "Shu Yuanfu".In the Han Dynasty, the word "father" was thought to be too dazzling, so "fu" was used instead.Although "Father" is also pronounced as the third tone when it is used as a suffix, which is the same as "Fu", it is still rarely used by future generations, and only some people who love antiques still use it occasionally.This adds a polite term to Chinese.When friends meet each other for the first time, they first ask each other: "What is your surname?" After getting the other party's answer, they then ask: "Taifu?" This "Taifu" means "Zunzi", or "your character".
The typical format of "Bo Mou Fu" was not only applicable to noble men in the pre-Qin period, but also to noble women. name.For example, in the Spring and Autumn Period, the inscription on the bronze casting gong [fufu] has "Meng pregnant car mother", and there is "Zhong (Zhong) Ji Kemu" on the plate of Qian's uncle.Among them, "Meng" and "Zhong (Zhong)" represent the rank, and "Pregnant" and "Ji" are the surnames.The reason why the surnames are marked is because the pre-Qin period emphasized "no marriage with the same surname", and worried that marriage with the same surname would "not make life complicated", so it formed the atmosphere of "men value surnames (only nobles have surnames), and women value surnames".This custom has been continued to future generations. Women surnamed Zhang will be called Wang Zhang when they marry into the Wang family, and women surnamed Li will be called Zhao Li when they marry into the Zhao family;In addition to listing surnames after Xingdi characters, there are also country names listed before Xingdi characters.For example, there is a good mother of Meng Ji in Guo [Guo State] on Yi [Yi Yi], Marquis of Qi.The reason why the names of countries are listed before women's names is due to etiquette and customs.For example, Duke Zhao of Lu married a woman from the State of Wu. In order to avoid being ridiculed for marrying with the same surname, he called the lady of the State of Wu Wu Mencius, making her look like a woman from the State of Song (Song is the surname of Zi), and did not dare to call her Wu Mengji.
Neither "Yi Li" nor "Book of Rites" recorded the style of characters used by noble women in the pre-Qin period. This was revealed by the famous modern scholar Wang Guowei through the study of bronze inscriptions.Because it was discovered late, it will not have any impact on future generations of women.
In the pre-Qin period, another popular format for selecting characters was to add the modified word "zi" before "table character".Zi is a good name for men.Many of the characters written by Confucius' disciples adopt this format.For example: Chen Kang is Ziqin, Nangong (辶晚) [kuokuo] is Zirong, Bu Shang is Zixia, Yanyan is Ziyou, Duanmuci is Zigong, Zhuan [zhuanzhuan] Sun Shi is Zizhang, Zhong You, Zi Zi Lu, and so on.This format is quite popular in later generations.For example, in the Han Dynasty, Zhang Liang was named Zifang, Su Wu was named Ziqing, Zhao Yun of the Three Kingdoms was named Zilong, Zhuge Jin was named Ziyu, Tang Dufu was named Zimei, Liu Zongyuan was named Zihou, and so on.
In the pre-Qin period, there were also one-character characters without any modifiers.For example, the character of Gongzi is Shi, the character of Shendang is Zhou, the character of Gongzi Wu is Ren, the character of Baidan is Gui, and the character of Quping is Yuan.There may also be "zi" in it that can be omitted.For example, Yan Hui is only called Yan Yuan, but Yan Ziyuan and Yan Yuan are used together in "Historical Records: Biography of Zhongni's Disciples".However, later generations once used one-character characters, such as Xiang Ji's character Yu and Chen Sheng's character She.After the Han Dynasty, it gradually became rare.It appeared again in the Tang Dynasty, such as Fang Xuanling's character Qiao, and Yan Shi's ancient character Zhou [zhou day].
Since the Han Dynasty, many people have put "zi" after the word Biao.This format seems to imitate the posthumous titles of officials from various countries in the pre-Qin period, such as Ji Kangzi, Zhao Xuanzi, Zhao Jianzi, etc.Han people put "zi" after the table characters, such as Zhu Maichen's word for Wengzi, Baiguang's word for Shaozi, Zhang Yu's word for eldest son, Chen Sui's word for eldest son, Wang Chong's word for youngest son, and Zhang Heng's word for Pingzi in the Eastern Han Dynasty.This format has been used since the Wei and Jin Dynasties.For example, Sima Daozi in Jin Dynasty was named Daozi, and Daoxuan in Tang and Wu Dynasties was named Daozi.
Later generations also used the word of table line number as a suffix.This is probably also following the pattern of the Spring and Autumn Period for the posthumous names of the late Qing and doctor.For example, Tian Wan of Qi State was called Tian Jingzhong, Guan Yiwu, the chancellor of Duke Huan of Qi, was called Guan Jingzhong, Zang Sunchen, a doctor of Lu, was called Zang Wenzhong, and Zang Sunda was called Zang Aibo.These Jing, Wen, and Ai are all posthumous posthumous titles. Zhong and Bo always thought they were characters, but they may also be rank titles.Zhou people are used to calling brothers after 50, and people regard it as a respect, so they think it is a character.People after the Qin and Han Dynasties put the words Bo, Zhong, Shu, Ji, etc. behind, which is undoubtedly the first place in the table.For example, in the Western Han Dynasty Zhai Yi was named Wenzhong, Shi Dan was named Junzhong, Xiang of the Three Kings was named Xibo, He Yan was named Pingshu, Li Mi was named Lingbo, Du Shu was named Wubo, and so on.
The format changes of later characters are mainly the changes of modifiers.In the past dynasties, there have been some fashionable words, either placed in front, or appended to the end, and some can only be appended to the end (such as father, old, old man, village, hall, fast, etc.), the situation is different.But no matter how it changes, and no matter how many new modifiers appear, it can only play an auxiliary role as a foil, and cannot be equally as important as the main body.
However, many of the later generations used scriptures, allusions, or the names of ancient people, and the two characters often function together, which is different from Xingdi and other modifiers.For example, Lu Yu's character Hongjian in the Tang Dynasty used "Yi Jian Gua" "Hongjian is in Lu, and his feathers can be used as a ritual"; Lou Bogui's character Yuxi in Song Dynasty used "Book Yugong" "Yuxi "Xuan Gui"; Zhang Xian in the Song Dynasty used Shudu, which used the name and character of Huang Xian in the Eastern Han Dynasty; Zhuang Yuehuang in the Qing Dynasty used the word Weichuan, which used the story of Jiang Taigong fishing in Weishui, got a jade huang, and met King Wen later. .These are all two-character characters, all of which are entities, and none of them are modifiers, so it is difficult to distinguish between primary and secondary.
From the above, we can understand that the vast majority of human characters are composed of two characters, one of which is the main character and the other is the auxiliary character; The role of patronage, some are to express the rank.Some auxiliary words are placed in front, some in the back, and some can only be suffixed but not in front.Words that use allusions and matters often emphasize both.
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