Chapter 20 Section 10 Special Genealogy - Jade Document

Among all the genealogies, there is the most noble and special kind of genealogy, that is, the emperor's genealogy, known as the Jade Document. As early as the era of slavery, the royal family had a family tree that systematically recorded the family lineage, including the Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, and Zhou Dynasty. World book.Based on this, Sima Qian created 12 chapters of this Ji and related family, world table and chronology in his immortal book "Historical Records".The emperor's genealogy was the most valued no matter in the era of slavery or in the feudal era, and it was compiled and managed by specialized institutions.After the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, the post of Zongzheng was set up for the first time, who was responsible for managing the affairs of the royal family and mastering the royal family genealogy. After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, although there were some changes, the system of the Qin Dynasty was generally followed, except that the Zongzheng officials of the two Han Dynasties were all held by members of the royal family. Appears more solemn.The Three Kingdoms and the Western Jin Dynasty followed the Han system, the Eastern Jin Province Zongzheng was merged into Taichang, the Southern Song and Qi dynasties followed the Eastern Jin system, and the Liang Dynasty restored the post of Zongzhengqing. The Sui Dynasty also had the post of Zong Zhengqing.The Zongzheng Temple was set up in the Tang Dynasty. The Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty were the same as the Tang Dynasty. The Liao Dynasty changed the Zongzheng Temple to the Dati Yinsi, and the Jin Dynasty was the Dazong Zhengfu.In the Yuan Dynasty, it was restored as the Dazong Zhengfu. In the early Ming Dynasty, the Dazong Zhengyuan was established, and later changed to the Zongrenfu. The Qing Dynasty followed the Ming system and established the Zongrenfu.The genealogy of the royal family in the past dynasties is highly classified by the state and is rarely circulated among the people. Therefore, the exact number of jade documents compiled by each dynasties is now impossible to count. The records scattered in later generations are roughly as follows: Han Dynasty "Genealogy of Emperors and Princes" 20 volumes, " Four volumes of Song Spectrum, four volumes of Qi Liang Emperor's Genealogy, three volumes of Qi Liang Clan Book, 13 volumes of Liang Emperor's Spectrum, three volumes of Later Wei Spectrum, four volumes of Later Wei Emperor's Genealogy, There are six volumes of "Qi Gao Family Genealogy", one volume of "Hou Qi Genealogy", and one volume of "Emperor Genealogy" and "Zhou Yuwen Family Genealogy" in the Later Zhou Dynasty.The royal genealogy of the Tang Dynasty can be roughly divided into the jade record that records the "emperor's family", the queen's genealogy that records the empress, the Tianhuangyuan faction that records the imperial lineage, the genealogy that records the princes and daughters, and the clan genealogy that records the entire royal family, etc. five kinds.After the Five Dynasties, there are two kinds of "Tianhuangyuan School".The royal family genealogy in the Song Dynasty is also divided into five types: Yudi, genus, Zong and vassal celebration records, Xianyuan Jiqing map, and Xianyuan genealogy.In the Jin Dynasty, there was "Jin Chongxiu Jade Document", in the Ming Dynasty there were "Tianhuang Jade Document", "Jade Document", "Ming Zong Zhi", "Ming Zhu Son-in-law", "Da Ming Genealogy", "Da Ming Genealogy", etc. In the Qing Dynasty, there were "Jade Document" and "Xingyuan Jiqing".It is a pity that all the jade documents before the Tang Dynasty have been lost, and only remnants of the emperor's genealogy of the Song Dynasty "Tianhuang Yushu", "Xianyuan Leipu", and "Zongfan Qingxilu" survive.In the Ming Dynasty, there is only one volume of "Tianhuang Yushu" recorded in the "Cunmu" of "Siku Quanshu". It is the lineage of Ming Taizu in the past dynasties. , Prince, posthumous titles of kings, titles, birth and death, etc.

Among the royal genealogies of the past dynasties, the Qing Dynasty royal family's jade documents are the only ones that have been preserved most completely and systematically.According to statistics, China's First Historical Archives has more than 2,600 volumes of various types of jade documents from the Qing Dynasty, and the Liaoning Provincial Archives also preserves a copy with roughly the same content. The compilation of jade documents in the Qing Dynasty began after the entry into the customs.In the twelfth year of Emperor Shunzhi (AD 1655), it was stipulated that the imperial family tree should be compiled every ten years.Six years later, in the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (AD 1661), the compilation officially began.The organization of the compilation was undertaken by the Clan Mansion, which was in charge of the affairs of the royal family. Each revision was first submitted to the "imperial order" by the Clan Mansion, and after approval, it was implemented by the specially opened Jade Document Hall.The Jade Hall is a very temporary institution similar to the Fanglue Hall. It is usually opened after the genealogy is revised, and it will be withdrawn immediately after the genealogy is completed. Since the Qing Dynasty stipulated that the Jade Hall should be revised every ten years, the Jade Hall will only be opened every ten years.The chief and vice presidents of the Jade Hall are selected by the emperor from the Zongling of the Clan Mansion, Zongzheng and Manchu University Scholars, Ritual Ministers, Ministers, and Cabinet Bachelors, and a senior scholar is appointed to be in charge of the relationship between the Jade Hall and the emperor. contact.The Chancellor of the Zongrenfu served as the school manager and promotion officer, and the editors were appointed by the directors of the Zongrenfu, the chiefs of the Manchu and Han Dynasties, the ministers of the cabinet, the Hanlin bachelors, and the officials of the Ministry of Rites. Sometimes there were as many as fifty or sixty people.After the Jade Document was completed, it was presented to the emperor, who approved it after reading it, copied out a copy, and distributed it to various places.When the ten-year continuation is completed, the previous example will be used again, and it will be withdrawn as soon as the revision is completed. Each revision will attract many teachers and cost a lot of money.

Different from the compilation of folk genealogy, the continuation of folk genealogy is based on the original foundation, adding new materials, adding and deleting again, and compiling a new genealogy.The new score and the old score are slightly different in detail and coexist at the same time.As for the continuation of the Jade Document, the old version remains unchanged, and a new notation is made. Every time it is renewed, the previous notation is copied again, and then the new one is added at the end with a red pen, and the last notation is written with an ink pen. The dead are changed to black.The new notation completely includes the content of the old notation and can replace the old notation.

In terms of content, there are differences between the clan jade and the Jueluo jade.During the Shunzhi period, it was stipulated that the royal family of the Qing Dynasty was counted from the father of Taizu Nurhachi, Xianzu Takshi, and his direct descendants were called "the clan"; The descendant is Xiaozong, called "Jueluo".There is usually a difference between the clan and Jueluo. The clan wears a yellow belt around the waist, commonly known as the yellow belt.It is reflected in the Jade List, the clan Jade List has a yellow cover, and the Jueluo Jade List has a red cover to show the difference.Regardless of whether it is the clan or Jueluo, men and women have different books, and they are recorded in jade documents with different names.

In terms of layout, there are two types of jade documents in the Qing Dynasty: the horizontal grid and the vertical grid. The horizontal grid indicates the branch, and the vertical grid indicates the seniority. The content of the two is slightly different, and the layout has its own strengths. , complement each other to form a complete jade system. There are two kinds of horizontal jade records, which do not record women, and they are divided into two types: the horizontal jade records of the descendants of the clan (also known as the horizontal jade records of the descendants of the ancestors) and the horizontal jade records of the descendants of Jueluo.Its basic form is 13 rows of horizontal grids per page, each grid represents a generation, the highest generation is written on the first horizontal grid at the beginning of the volume, and its descendants descend in descending order according to generation. , house number, title, title, title, whether there are any children, date of birth and death.The clan horizontal grid does not record the emperor himself, and the emperor and his direct children are separately compiled into the emperor's line. According to the seniority, each emperor and his princes are one page.In addition, among the imperial family horizontal grid jade discs, there is another one written in Chinese characters called "Xingyuan Jiqing", which specifically records the descendants of the emperors of various generations after Qianlong, and each male and female has a share. "Xingyuan Jiqing" was first built in the 22nd year of Jiaqing (AD 1817), and the emperor personally signed it. Since then, it has become a custom.

The straight-frame jade-disc is also called the vertical-grid jade-disc, with 16 lines of vertical grids per page. In principle, each generation compiles a volume, men and women are separated.There are four kinds of Zhige Yufu: the Zhige Yufu of the descendants of the clan (also known as the Zhige Jade of the descendants of the ancestors), the Zhige Jade of the descendants of Jueluo, and the Zhige Jade of the descendants of the clan (also known as the Zhige Jade of the ancestors and grandchildren). The imperial family vertically framed the Jade Letter), and Jueluo's daughters and grandchildren Zhige the Jade Letter.The format is similar with minor differences, generally one or two grids record one person.The content of the men's jade ultimatum includes name, title, appointment, date of birth and death, year of death, birth mother's surname, wife and concubine's surname, father-in-law's name, title, children, awards and punishments, etc., and the posthumous title of the prince.The records about the emperor are particularly detailed. In addition to the above items, it also includes the year and month when he was established as the crown prince, the date of accession to the throne, posthumous name, temple name, birth mother's surname and emblem, and the status of the concubine.Since the emperor has many concubines, it is impossible to list them all. Therefore, before the seventeenth year of Daoguang (1837 A.D.), only when the concubine had children was allowed to be included in the jade certificate; All are included in the jade ultimatum; those who have children under the imperial concubine are included, and those who have no children are not included.The emperor's name is taboo, and where the emperor's name appears in the jade ultimatum, it is covered with a small yellow silk to show respect.In most cases, only the emperor's year or temple name is written, and the emperor's name is generally not written directly.The content of the women’s jade is simpler than that of men’s. It only writes the date of birth and death, the year of death, the surname of the biological mother, the name of the grandfather, the title, the date of marriage and the name and title of the husband and son-in-law. No name is written, only the daughter of a certain number If you have a title, please sign the title below.

Important documents in the early Qing Dynasty were all written in Manchu, and the Yuji was no exception.The emperor's family lineage and birth date are top secrets, and the Han people cannot know about them. Only Manchus can participate in the compilation. Therefore, there is only one type of jade document compiled in the Shunzhi and Kangxi dynasties in the early Qing Dynasty.In the first year of Yongzheng (AD 1723), Han officials were only allowed to participate.Therefore, the jade documents compiled after Yongzheng were written in Manchu and Chinese, with exactly the same format and content.In addition, the horizontal-style jade "Xingyuan Jiqing" compiled after Jiaqing is only in Chinese, not Manchu.

The materials of jade documents in the Qing Dynasty come from daily accumulation and collection during writing.In normal times, members of the clan and Jueluo regularly report their family status to the clan mansion, including their name, paternal lineage, children's concubine, birth and death, marriage, official title, posthumous title, succession order, time, rank salary, dispatch, etc.In the early Qing Dynasty, it was stipulated that the newborn children of the clan and Jueluo should be inquired by the leaders of each banner, etc., and a book should be made and reported to the Zongren Mansion before the tenth day of the first lunar month every year. The red book is for use when compiling the Jade Document.Later, due to the rapid increase in the population of the royal family, once a year could no longer adapt. In the 29th year of Qianlong (AD 1764), the report was changed to once every three months, four times a year.In order to maintain the purity of the royal lineage, it is also stipulated that: Anyone who does not report a son, who has no heirs, or who has no heirs and adopts them as nothing, once found out, in addition to being punished, even the responsible officials will be punished. and punished.The royal family who moved back to Shengjing (now Shenyang, Liaoning) in the middle of Jiaqing had to report to the Beijing Clan Mansion every ten years a list of clans and Jueluo generations.When the royal family living in Shengjing was included in the jade, they all wrote the words "living in Shengjing" next to their names.

In the Qing Dynasty, it was stipulated that the jade certificate should be renewed once every ten years, but in the Kangxi and Yongzheng dynasties, it was not rebuilt after ten years, but it had to be renewed in the tenth year, which was actually only nine years apart.The Qianlong Dynasty changed it to a renewal every ten years. However, after the reconstruction was completed in the seventh year of Qianlong (AD 1742), it was supposed to be rebuilt in 17 years. rebuild.After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, Puyi's small court was repaired for the last time in 1921.Therefore, since the first revision of the Jade Document in the 18th year of Shunzhi, the Qing Dynasty's Jade Document has been revised 28 times in total.

After the jade document was completed, three copies were copied in the early stage. One copy was "presented to the imperial examination".In the 25th year of Qianlong (1760 A.D.), two copies were copied. One copy was still kept in the imperial history, and the other copy was sent back to Jingdian Pavilion in Shengjing (now Shenyang, Liaoning). The copies are in both Manchu and Chinese languages, and only manuscripts exist in the Zongrenfu.The whole delivery process was very grand. On the auspicious day selected by the Qin Tianjian, the officials of the Jade Document Hall, led by the president, put on court clothes, kneeled three times and kowtowed nine times to the Jade Document, and then the clan mansion and the Ministry of Rites The formed guard of honor sent it to the palace for review by the emperor, and all civil and military officials knelt outside the Meridian Gate to welcome it. In addition to the above-mentioned set of etiquette when leaving Beijing, local officials will set up new sheds to greet and see off the jade documents. All must wear court clothes, go out of the city and kneel to greet them, and then send them to the Chongzheng Hall of the Shengjing Palace Museum for display, and then move them to the Jingdian Pavilion for storage.

The specifications of the royal family tree are also different from those of the folk family tree. It is very large and the paper is thick. It is usually 90 cm long and 45 cm wide. The thickness of a jade document is about 50-80 cm. , It takes four big men to lift it, and then wrap it tightly with yellow silk, and put it in a wooden cabinet for storage. Because it is too big and stupid, it is difficult to use, and now it can only be preserved as a cultural relic.The manuscript of the Jade Disc is commonly known as the Small Jade Disc, with a size of 54 cm x 31 cm and a thickness of 10 cm, which is easy to use.At the same time, because the small jade disc is a manuscript, there are many places in the book that have been signed, altered, and annotated, so the research value is no less than that of the official jade disc.A jade document originally preserved in Huangshicheng and a manuscript jade document from the Clan Mansion are now in the collection of the First Historical Archives of China.One part is stored in Jingdian Pavilion in Shenyang, and it is now in the Liaoning Provincial Archives.The manuscript manuscript has been basically sorted out by the First Historical Archives of China, and there is a detailed catalogue, which can be used by all walks of life.