Chapter 13 Section III Name and Type

Family tree has many names in history, and family tree is only one of the most used and most representative ones.From ancient times to the present, the titles of genealogical documents are generally as follows: genealogy, family record, family surname Zhaomu record, family history, genealogy, family book, family tree, family history, family certificate, family history, family history , Family Records, Hundred Family Genealogy, Shilu, Shijia, Shiben, Century, Genealogy, Shibi, Genealogy Record, Branch Genealogy, Benzhi Lineage, Branch Genealogy, Emperor Line, Yuji, Distinguishing Clan Records, Listing Surnames Genealogy, Blood Lineage, Yuanpai Genealogy, Family Leaf Genealogy, Shu Genealogy, Datong Genealogy, Dacheng Genealogy, Clan Summary, Zhongbiao Book, Fang Congpu, Zhufanglue, Weichenglu, Genealogy, Fangpu, Temple Genealogy .

The naming of the family tree is usually preceded by the surname, place name, prefecture, and Jixiu. "Liuxiu Yan's Family Tree" only has several Xiuhe surnames.There are also some genealogies where the relocation is also marked on the name, such as "Xishan Guoshi Hutang School Moved to Changzhi Genealogy", that is, the genealogy of the Guo surname Hutang branch that moved from Wuxi to Changzhou.Others are marked with specific residences, such as "Piling Xiushanli Hu Family Genealogy", which indicates Piling (the ancient name of Wujin County) Xiushanli, so as to distinguish families with the same surname in the same county.In addition, after some genealogies were completed, some very special names with certain meanings were adopted. For example, after Jurong Huazhu compiled 54 volumes of Fahrenheit’s family history in the early Qing Dynasty, they were not named according to the general practice, but named "Fahrenheit Book" ", after reading the examples in this book, I just realized that the meaning of this name is to seek the source of the original.During the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, Qian Rixu compiled ten volumes of genealogy and named it "Wuyue Qian's Qingfen Zhi", which was derived from the meaning of "chanting the ancestors' Qingfen" in Lu Ji's "Wen Fu" in the Jin Dynasty.During the period of the Republic of China, Yuan Yong compiled a volume of genealogy "Never Forget the Numbers", which is against the meaning of "forgetting the ancestors" in "Zuo Zhuan".This kind of naming method is not common, and it is generally named by place name, county name, surname, Jixiu and family tree.

Since ancient times, there have been innumerable genealogies compiled in the past dynasties. Most of them have been lost in the long river of history due to their age. We can only understand their types and characteristics by relying on the records of contemporaries and future generations. However, there are only about 20,000 genealogies handed down to the present and newly revised.These lost and existing genealogies have different forms due to different editors, different compilation purposes, and differences in carriers, characters, and materials. After careful inspection, ancient and modern genealogies generally have the following types:

First of all, the family trees that record the blood lineage and history of the family are not limited to the Han nationality. Although the number of family trees owned by the Han nationality accounts for an absolute majority, there are similar or similar documents in some other ethnic minorities other than the Han nationality. The Hui, Zhuang, and She nationalities who use the same language and script all have genealogies; the Mongolian and Yi nationalities also have genealogies written in their own languages.In the Qing Dynasty, because Manchus needed documents to prove their blood and identity when they became princes and became officials, among the ethnic minorities, the family trees of Manchus accounted for a large part.Some other ethnic groups without writing, such as Nu, Hani, Lisu, Miao, Pumi, Achang, Oroqen, etc. also have their own knotted or oral family trees.This shows that the types of genealogy are not only written records, but also oral and knotted.

In the family tree recorded in writing, due to the different carrier and generation method, it can be divided into physical and book-like.Early ones such as oracle bones from the Shang and Zhou dynasties, bronze family trees, and stone family trees from the Han Dynasty are all real objects.In the physical genealogy, it seems that a bamboo book should be added. This is because the bamboo book is the main form of books from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the early Han Dynasty. Unfortunately, due to the long history, no physical book of the bamboo book family tree has been unearthed.The genealogies after the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties are all book-style, the difference is that some are handwritten, some are engraved and printed, and of course there are typeset prints now.The carrier of writing can be divided into paper and silk, and the binding forms can also be divided into scroll, album, folded, thread, paperback, and hardcover.

In the existing genealogy, there is still a difference between repairing first and repairing later. The lineage of the family continues from generation to generation. The genealogy that records the lineage of the family must be renewed frequently or regularly to record the process of continuation. In this way, the original There are differences between repairs, continuations, third repairs, and fifteen repairs.The genealogy continued by future generations basically includes the content compiled by the previous generation. However, due to changes in the times, the social atmosphere and the concept of the genealogy editors have also changed, resulting in different emphases for recording family history. The structure is not exactly the same.For example, in ancient times, business people had no status in the family, but since modern times, the social atmosphere has changed, and the status of those who became rich through business has risen sharply, which is reflected in the increase in the length of biography in the genealogy. The position is prominent, especially after donating a sum of money to the ancestral hall or funding the compilation of music scores.

In the history of genealogy development, there are still differences between compilers. Before the Tang Dynasty, most of them were compiled by officials. Therefore, most of the compiled genealogy and group genealogy appeared in the form of surname genealogy and clan annals, and all surnames were divided into levels. The lineage is recorded in sequence. Since there are too many clans to be recorded, the content of the record is relatively brief, and the lineage is generally the main one.After the Song Dynasty, the genealogy was compiled by each family and only recorded the history and current situation of the family. Therefore, there was room to enrich the content of the genealogy, and the composition of the genealogy became increasingly complex.The genealogy after the Song Dynasty, due to the different scope of description, can be divided into the branch genealogy that only records the lineage of a large family branch, and the genealogy and total genealogy that record the lineage of a large family. There are also some combined genealogies that record two different clans with the same surname. .It specializes in recording the emperor's lineage and jade certificate.The book that records the family background of the princes is called Shiben.Records of ordinary families are called genealogy or genealogy, genealogy.

Among the types of genealogy, there are some more special genealogy.Whether in the past or now, if a person has no descendants, he usually adopts a boy from his own surname or a child with a foreign surname. Cao Song, the father of Cao Cao, a famous statesman during the Three Kingdoms period, was adopted from Xiahou’s family to Cao’s family.Ordinarily, offspring adopted from a foreign surname cannot be included in the family tree, but since I have adopted someone else's surname, I have to have children to form a family continuation. All the surnames are listed on the name of the genealogy, such as the "Yuan Zhu Clan Genealogy" compiled in the early Ming Dynasty.The first ancestor Zhu Zi, originally surnamed Yuan, was adopted by his uncle Zhu Demin as his heir. After the fifth generation, when the descendants compiled the genealogy, they asked Ming Taizu to restore their original surname Yuan, but they did not agree. In the end, they had to be named "Yuan Zhu". It has been revised eight times, and all of them are named "Yuan Zhu Clan Genealogy".The "Zhou Li He Pu" compiled by Li Zhaotang during the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty, and the "Fang He Genealogy" compiled by He Chengshi and others during the Guangxu period also belong to this situation. This is a special type of genealogy.

Among the family tree types, there is also a very special type that records all the aunts in the family.In the feudal era, concubines had no status in the family, and when reflected in the genealogy, they were usually not included, unless they gave birth to a son.Even if the income is recorded, the content is extremely simple. It is only a certain family, the number and names of children born, and even his own name cannot be listed.In contrast, during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Jin Yingsuxiu had a six-volume book dedicated to recording the genealogy of 132 concubines in each branch of the family——"Pang [dangdang] Genealogy of Wai Qi", which was compiled during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty The "Zhiyingying Family Genealogy" is also followed by the concubine's genealogy. Each concubine on the genealogy has a biography, including name, place of origin, father's name, date of birth and death, burial place, children, and Yixing, Poetry and so on.Genealogy is a very formal family document enshrined in the ancestral hall and accepted by the clan members. In this kind of document, the status of concubine mother in the feudal family is formally established, which cannot but attract the attention of later generations. It can be considered that concubine mother The appearance of the spectrum was a shock to the traditional Chinese ethics, however, it did not arouse much repercussions, and there seems to be no imitators for future generations.

According to the "Qianqingtang Bibliography" recorded by Huang Yuji of the Qing Dynasty, during the reign of Hongwu, Taizu of the early Ming Dynasty, the volume of "Mingzhu Son-in-law" was compiled by the official, which specifically included the son-in-law recruited by Ming Taizu and the princes, which became a very special one in ancient Chinese literature. The genealogy of the son-in-law, which has not been recorded in other documents. In the Han Dynasty, there was also a genealogy dedicated to recording the family's favor and prosperity - "Deng's Official Genealogy", which concentrated on the history of the great bureaucrat Deng Yu's family in the Eastern Han Dynasty.After the Song Dynasty, the content of this kind of enrong occupies a relatively important position in every genealogy, so it is no longer necessary to compile enrong genealogy separately.