Chapter 28 Section 2 Export of Yuan Dynasty Porcelain

After the Yuan Dynasty unified China, it wiped out the separatist forces in the north and northwest.Various commercial routes including the Silk Road in Northwest China were very active.The maritime trade in the coastal areas was protected by the government and developed unprecedentedly, forming the famous ceramic road. The commercial route of the Yuan Dynasty, that is, the export route of porcelain, was divided into two aspects: land route and sea route.There are three main lines of transportation by land: First, start from Dadu to the northeast, cross Liaoyang Road to Kaesong, Koryo, and cross the sea to Japan.You can also go through Kaiyuan Road, Shangjing Old City, Huli Gaihufu to Nuergancheng.Second, from Dadu to the north along the Heilongjiang River and the Qilulian River to Hening.Thirdly, traveling from the northwest of Dadu to Xuande, Hening, Waisawangfu, Yilanzhou, Qianzhou, crossing Siberia and entering Burial, Moscow, and Nawoguoluo in the Volga River Basin in Europe, this is also an important silk and tea The business path of the output.From Dadu to the west, it goes through Xuande, Datong, Fengzhou, Ningxia, and Ganzhou, and goes south to Jining, Jining, and Fengyuan.Go westward or southwestward from Hening to reach Bieshabali and Ali Mali.On the silk road, you can reach Husiwo Ruduo, and you can lose Hal.To the famous cities of West Dacia, Samaergan, Chachi, Tarasi and Balihei.Along the Syr Darya River and the Amu River, go northwest to Dabrial, Moscow, and Nawogoluo.Traveling in the southwest, Dayisi Fahang, Bajida, and Lost Kyrgyzstan.Going southeast from Samarkan and Balihei, it enters Kebuli, Peshawar and Dili in South Asia.Ziyisifa Hangzhou can reach Hamadan, Sun Danniya, and Tebilisi by traveling northward from Hangzhou.To the north, pass Jinsalai and Busiar.Beyond the Ural Mountains to Europe.Going northwest through Sarimund to Constantinople.Go south from Bageda to Persia, the port of Persian Gulf.From the Lost Jinan, I traveled through Medila to the Islamic holy city of Merga.Going southwest through Jerusalem, west to Alexandria of Michel.Westbound along the African coast of the Mediterranean to Fez and Tangier, Morocco.The activity of these land transportation lines exceeded that of the Song Dynasty.

The most frequent traffic lines are North Korea and Japan, from the Haihe River to the Bohai Sea to the east to Kaesong and Japan.From Dengzhou to Korea and Japan.From Yangzhou, Qingyuan, Hangzhou, and Quanzhou to the sea and east to Japan. Southeast Asia, South Asia, West Asia and Africa were also closely related to the Yuan Dynasty.The route is roughly that goods from all over the country are collected in Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Qingyuan, Hangzhou, and Wenzhou, loaded on to the sea, and sailed southwest along the coastline to reach Vietnam, Indonesia, Brunei, the Philippines, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Myanmar. ,Bengal.Mabal and Gayile can be reached by sailing along the east coast of India.Crossing the sea to the south will reach Mount Sengana (Sri Lanka).Sailing northwest along the coast of the Indian Ocean, you will arrive at the famous commercial ports of Khurimez and Persia in the Persian Gulf.Going south from Khurmiz, you can reach Zufar, and westward you can reach the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea to the city of Meqah and Mishar.Going southwest from Zufar, passing through Sukoyara Island, it goes straight to the coast of Africa, such as Tiyaoluo and Madagascar.Wherever China's overseas traffic is developed, Chinese porcelain will be sold there.Wang Dayuan's "Daoyi Zhilue" records that the regions where Chinese porcelain is sold are: Ryukyu, Mishima, Wuzhiba, Champa, Danmaring, Rili, Malilu, Yalaiwu, Pengkeng, Kelantan, Dingjia Lu, Shu, Luowei, Luohu, Dongchonggela, Suluoge, Danmiao, Jianshan, Bajienajian, Xiaopeng, Java, Wendan, Sulu, Longya rhinoceros horn, Jiugang, Banzu, Pu Ben, Wenlaogu, Longyamen, Lingshan, Huamian, Danyang, Goulanshan, Bhandari, Mandala, Nangli, Jialina, Maxima, Xiao? [Ge Ge] South, Pengjia, Tiantang, Tianzhu, Ganbuli, Uday.These ancient place names belong to Japan, Philippines, India, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Thailand, Bangladesh, Iran, etc.Archaeologists from various countries have discovered Yuan Dynasty porcelain in a much wider area than documented.The Yemeni writer Abu Mekarama describes a well-earned cloth dealer who once lived in Aleppo and Baghdad in Syria. Because he went to India and China, he became very rich because of his fortune.When he moved to Aden from India, he brought with him many possessions, most notably beautiful Chinese porcelain.The Arab traveler Ibn Batuta said in his travel notes that he had been to China in the fifth year of Zhizheng (AD 1345).He wrote: Qin Kelan (Guangzhou), like Laitong (Quanzhou), is rich in porcelain.Qin Kelan is a world-renowned big city with a prosperous market and the largest pottery market. From here, merchants trafficked porcelain to all parts of China, and then to India and Yemen.When he was passing through Damascus, he saw a young female slave accidentally smashing a Chinese porcelain dish on the street. In order to avoid the master whipping her, she immediately went to the shop to buy the same porcelain dish.

The types of porcelain exported in the Yuan Dynasty were mainly blue and white porcelain, blue and white porcelain, and celadon porcelain. The Chuzhou porcelain and Chuware described in "Daoyi Zhilue" are mainly Longquan celadon, because Longquan is under the jurisdiction of Chuzhou.According to the physical analysis, there are also celadon from Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi and other coastal areas, imitation Longquan celadon, Tong'an kiln, Nan'an kiln, Anxi kiln, Quanzhou Dongmen kiln, and Cizhou celadon.Qingbai porcelain is mainly produced in Jingdezhen and its surrounding areas in Jiangxi Province.The blue and white porcelain with the best quality and the largest output is produced by the Hutian Kiln in Jingdezhen.White porcelain and bluish-white porcelain produced in Dehua kiln in Fujian, bluish-white porcelain produced in Chaozhou kiln and Xicun kiln in Guangdong are also widely found overseas.Blue and white porcelain and underglaze red porcelain are mainly products of Jingdezhen, and are very popular with overseas countries for their high quality and character.The products exported overseas include white porcelain, white glazed black flower porcelain, black porcelain, dark brown glazed porcelain, green glazed black flower porcelain, Jun porcelain, imitation Jun glaze porcelain from Jinhua, Zhejiang and other places.

The most exquisite porcelains of the Yuan Dynasty were found in the following regions: Iran in West Asia, Iran and China had a close relationship at that time.There are 1,160 pieces of Chinese porcelain in the Adibir Temple, all of which are from the royal collection of the Abbasid Dynasty. Among them, the blue and white porcelain is exquisite and famous all over the world.Most of these porcelains were produced in Jingdezhen from Yuan to Zhengzheng years to the early Ming Dynasty, as well as blue-glazed porcelain, shufu-glazed white porcelain, blue-white porcelain, Longquan celadon and other white porcelain.Yuan Dynasty blue and white porcelain was unearthed in Naishpur.Many exquisite porcelains are exhibited in the Mashhad Museum, among which the Longquan celadon bowl is of the best quality.The Longquan celadon unearthed at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty in the Museum of London, UK.Some Yuan Dynasty porcelain tablets unearthed from the Kasliya Bunasr site are collected in the Iran Capital Museum.In the Azerbaijan Museum in Tabriz, there are exquisite porcelains such as blue and white plates, plum vases and bowls from the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties.

In Egypt, which spans Asia and Africa, many Chinese porcelains were unearthed from the ruins of the ancient capital Fustat.A considerable part is Yuan porcelain, such as Longquan celadon with excellent quality, such as a jar that is tall and straight from the mouth to the abdomen, with a straight mouth and straight neck, and a melon-shaped celadon jar with a neck. Carved flower bowl, Banyan Double Fish Wash, Cane Segment Wash, Banyan Dish with Linghua Mouth and Chrysanthemum Pattern, Small Bowl carved with lotus petals, Printed Ruyi Bowl, Swastika Bowl.Japanese archaeologists conducted a large-scale excavation at the Fustat site in Egypt, and some of the excavated items were transported back to Japan and exhibited at the Idemitsu Art Museum.Among them are some exquisite and large pots and bowls. There is a round hole in the center, and wide fat lotus petals are pasted along the hole for two weeks. Quality blue glaze layer, will not leak.This may have been custom-made for Egypt and other Arab regions at that time, but it was not seen in other regions.There are also some dotted blue and white porcelain animal sculptures produced in Jingdezhen, and high-quality blue and white porcelain with huge shapes.Among the many blue and white porcelains, there are mainly white ground blue flower porcelains, such as vases with phoenix wearing peony patterns, bowls with mandarin ducks and lotus pond patterns, peony vases with twining branches, and phoenix wearing vases, etc. painted in cobalt blue.There are also blue-glazed and brown-glazed coarse porcelain from the coastal areas of Guangdong and Fujian, and fragments of white-ground black-flowered and engraved porcelain from Cizhou Kiln in the north.Many blue and white porcelain, Longquan celadon and blue and white porcelain were found on the hills near the Abbas Mosque at the eastern end of Cairo.Longquan celadon was unearthed underground in Alexandria.Fragments of blue and white porcelain from the Yuan Dynasty were unearthed in Qusair, Aswan and Nubia.

South Korea is the country that salvages the most Yuan Dynasty porcelain from shipwrecks on the seabed.Porcelains of the Yuan Dynasty were discovered from time to time in North Korea, the most spectacular of which was a shipwreck found on the seabed of Xin'an, South Korea from 1976 to 1982. A total of eight scientific salvages were carried out, and 16,792 pieces of various types of porcelain were salvaged, including 9,639 pieces of celadon. There are three pieces of Goryeo celadon, and the rest are Longquan celadon.There are 4,813 pieces of white porcelain and blue and white porcelain.There are 371 pieces of black-glazed porcelain, many of which are rare and valuable.180 pieces of glazed porcelain.Longquan celadon products represent the level of Longquan celadon in the Yuan Dynasty, such as folded straight-neck amphora, five-tube (law tube) lotus petal vase, celadon applique with peony patterns, celadon carved peony pattern string patterns, celadon corrugated Jar with patterned cover, Ge glaze double-eared incense burner, celadon Taoist priest-shaped water drop, celadon fish-shaped water drop, celadon engraved peony pattern large plate, celadon brown spot pot, celadon engraved chrysanthemum and peony pattern "commonly used by the commander-in-chief" inscription plate, 鬲Shaped furnace, celadon decal appliqué dragon plate and other works have high artistic value.These Longquan celadons are used in daily life, and they are not inferior to the Longquan celadon unearthed from the tombs of local princes and nobles in China. It can be seen that the porcelain workshops of the Yuan Dynasty exported the highest quality varieties overseas and attached great importance to the export business of porcelain.It also shows that the level of pottery handicrafts in the Yuan Dynasty has greatly surpassed that in the Song Dynasty.In the past, some jade-like porcelains were classified as products of the Song Dynasty, and the opinion that Yuan Dynasty porcelains were rough also needs to be corrected.Qingbai porcelain and white porcelain, including some high-grade blue and white porcelain inlaid with copper rims, and privy-type blue and white porcelain are also exported. Families with money, including aristocratic bureaucrats, wealthy businessmen and big families, can also use it.The types of porcelain salvaged from the seabed in Xin'an, South Korea are the same as those unearthed from the Fuhoushan Yuan Dynasty Guanfu Shibosi site in Quanzhou, except that more local Dehua kiln white porcelain and celadon products were unearthed from the Fuhoushan site.

According to the maritime traffic lines and trade circles of the Yuan Dynasty, Southeast Asia was an important market, goods distribution center, and transfer station for the export of ceramics in the Yuan Dynasty. Now Southeast Asian countries have buried underground and preserved a large number of Yuan Dynasty porcelains.Take the Philippines as an example. Since the beginning of this century, scientists have conducted extensive investigations and excavations in various parts of the Philippines, and discovered a large number of Chinese Yuan Dynasty porcelains. Longquan celadon, Qingbai porcelain from Hutian Kiln in Jingdezhen, exquisite and exquisite bluish-white porcelain decorated with brown spots, and Dehua white porcelain were unearthed in Santa Ana, Manila, Port of Calais, Mindoro, and other places. Uncommon elsewhere.There are also blue-and-white and underglaze red porcelains from the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties, and a large number of them are daily utensils, such as pots, bottles, bowls, bowls, etc.There are also many small button boxes for ointment and powder, as well as exquisitely made small Buddha statues, villains riding bulls, villains riding lions and other small works of art.These artifacts show that the living habits of the local people are the same as those of the coastal residents in Fujian, Guangdong, China.It is estimated that it was transported to meet the needs of the Chinese living in the Philippines.

Many Chinese porcelains have been unearthed in various places in Malaysia, among which white porcelain and blue and white porcelain from Dehua porcelain kiln system, blue and white porcelain and blue and white porcelain from Jingdezhen, Longquan celadon and porcelain from coastal areas are mostly. In Indonesia, Yuan Dynasty porcelains have been unearthed in its coastal lands and islands. Longquan celadon is the most abundant, Jingdezhen's blue and white porcelain ranks second, and Dehua kiln's white and blue white porcelain ranks third. In Japan, a neighboring country separated by a narrow strip of water, the unearthed Chinese ceramics of various ages are even more eye-catching.The relationship between Japan and China in the Yuan Dynasty is still very close from the unearthed porcelain.Exquisite Yuan blue and white porcelain pieces were unearthed on the coast of Kamakura, and fragments of Yuan blue and white porcelain pieces were unearthed in Katsuren Castle in Okinawa, Okinawa Island, and the Chenggu site of the Echizen Asakura clan.Among the Yuan Dynasty porcelain unearthed in various parts of Japan, Longquan celadon is still the most.The shipwreck at the bottom of South Korea’s Xin’an Sea mentioned earlier was verified to be a Japanese merchant ship. If the verification is correct, it shows that the Japanese merchant ship transported a considerable amount of Longquan celadon.The ship sank during its voyage, and its destination is unclear.But one thing can be believed, there must be a lot of Longquan celadon shipped to Japan.A lot of Longquan celadon wares were unearthed in the Komachi and Omachi Tumulus in Kamakura City. The Longquan celadon bowl unearthed from the Shomyoji Tumulus in Kanazawa District, Yokohama is the same as the Meiziqing bowl produced by the No. 1 kiln in Shangyaner Kiln District, Longquan, Zhejiang.High-quality Longquan celadon has been unearthed in Fukuyama City, Fukui City in Hiroshima, and Fukuoka City in Kyushu.White porcelain and bluish-white porcelain from Dehua Kiln, bluish-white porcelain from Hutian Kiln in Jingdezhen, green-glazed brown-colored coarse porcelain from Cizao Kiln in Quanzhou, Fujian, and black porcelain and low-temperature glazed pottery from various parts of the South were also unearthed.

In South Asia, celadon was found in Kabul, Afghanistan, which belongs to Longquan celadon of Yuan Dynasty. The Mysore State Museum in India preserves the Longquan celadon unearthed by archeology and the blue and white porcelain and celadon produced in Jingdezhen, Guangdong, and Fujian in the 11th to 13th centuries. In Sri Lanka, although there are not as many Chinese ceramics unearthed as in the Tang Dynasty, there are Longquan celadon and Qingbai porcelain from Dehua Qudougong kiln unearthed in Yapahuwa, Bologna Nuwara and other places.In particular, the Dehua double-phoenix bowl unearthed at the temple ruins is of a high level and deserves attention.

In the Port of Edhab, Sudan, Africa, Longquan celadon has been continuously discovered since this century, such as appliquéd double fish dishes and emerald green glazed porcelain pieces printed with Bhasba script. Various porcelains from the 12th to 15th centuries have been unearthed in various parts of Ethiopia and Somalia, and Yuan porcelain accounts for a certain proportion. Yuan Dynasty blue and white porcelain was unearthed at the Madilin site in Kenya.Many celadon, blue and white porcelain, blue and white porcelain and underglaze red were unearthed from the Jidi site.Among them, the unearthed underglaze red porcelain is particularly noteworthy, because such products are rarely produced.

In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Yuanlongquan bowls with string patterns, bowls with carved lotus petal patterns, and double fish washes with appliques were found.Three pieces of Longquan celadon were unearthed in Kisiyu, one of which is a work of the Yuan Dynasty.Yuan porcelain was also unearthed in Unguja on Zanzibar Island.Yaozhou celadon, southern celadon (mainly Longquan celadon), Ding kiln, Cizhou kiln white-glazed ocher porcelain, Dehua white porcelain and Jingdezhen blue-and-white porcelain were unearthed at the site of the Great Mosque at the northern end of Kilwa Island.Unearthed in the ruins of the big house, Makudanni, Husunni Kubwa Palace, Huxunmin Ndogo, Jiangfanwa Mosque, "House with Porch", Songge Munara Island and other places There are Longquan celadon, blue and white porcelain and blue and white works.Among the Chinese porcelain unearthed in Africa, the Chinese porcelain unearthed in various parts of Tanzania is particularly noteworthy. Longquan celadon and bluish-white porcelain were unearthed in Wuhemar in Madagascar and Mapangubwe in South Africa, such as the gourd-shaped pot decorated with brown spots produced in Jingdezhen. The export of Chinese porcelain to Africa is a vivid proof of the long history of friendly exchanges between China, a rich ancient civilization, and the beautiful African continent, especially the countries on the east coast of Africa.