Chapter 29 Section 4 Important Neolithic Sites

(See Dadiwan Culture) (See Lijia Village Culture) (See Cishan Culture) (See Peiligang Culture) The site of the Peiligang Culture in the Early Neolithic Age.Located in Jiahu, Wuyang County, Henan Province.The area is about 5500 square meters. There are house foundations, ash pits, pottery kilns, tombs and other relics in the ruins. Among them, the houses have single rooms, double rooms, three rooms, and four rooms, which are circular or oval semi-crypt buildings.More than 300 tombs were found.The unearthed relics include various pottery, stone, and bone products. Pottery includes pots, jars, bowls, tripods, brackets, etc., and stone tools are divided into two types: hammered and ground.The important discovery is the tortoise shell engraved symbol as a funerary object, which provides new information for exploring the origin of Chinese characters.In addition, the bone flute is a distinctive relic of the site, made of crane bone pipes, generally seven-hole flute, which can play melodies.

The site of the Yangshao Culture in the middle of the Neolithic Age.Located in Yangshao Village, Mianchi County, Henan Province.Its first excavation was carried out in 1921 by the Swedish Andersen. The cultural accumulation of the site can be divided into five phases, the first and second phases belong to the Yangshao culture, the third and fourth phases correspond to the transition period from the late Yangshao culture to the Henan Longshan culture, and the fifth phase corresponds to the Henan Longshan culture period.The main relics of the site include tombs and ash pits.Some tombs have a small number of funerary objects.The relics produced include pointed-bottomed bottles, jars, painted pottery bowls, basins, retorts, cauldrons, stoves, etc. in the Yangshao period.In the late Yangshao period, there were bowls, basins, cans, beans, tripods, pots, small-mouthed pointed-bottom bottles, and clarifiers.During the Longshan Culture Period in Henan Province, there were Ge, Ding, Fuzao, Double Belly Basin, Single Cup, Bean, Steamer, etc.

The site of the Neolithic Yangshao Culture.It is located in Banpo Village on the east bank of the Dongchan River in Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province.The area is about 50,000 square meters, and the exposed area is 10,000 square meters.According to radiocarbon dating and correction, the age is 6800-6300 years ago. The cultural remains of the site are divided into two phases. The early period is the Banpo type remains of the Yangshao Culture.Such relics include pottery groups represented by small-mouth pointed-bottom bottles, various stone, pottery, and bone agricultural, fishing and hunting production tools, decorations, livestock bones, and rapeseed.The important discovery is the settlement remains of the Banpo type. The shape of the settlement is an ellipse long from north to south and narrow from east to west, surrounded by moats. The east side of the ditch is the kiln field, and the north side is the clan public cemetery. The houses in the ditch are distributed in a centripetal pattern.Late remains are rarely found, and are called late Banpo type.

The Neolithic site is dominated by the Yangshao Culture.It is located in the north of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province.The area is about 50,000 square meters, and the exposed area is 16,580 square meters.From early to late, the cultural remains of the site are Banpo type, Shijia type, Miaodigou type and late Banpo type.According to radiocarbon dating and correction, the Banpo type is 6600-6400 years ago, and the historian type is about 5600 years ago.In addition, the site also has a small amount of Shaanxi Longshan cultural relics. Banpo type relics are rich, including various painted pottery and shell decorations with exquisite patterns, and inscribed symbols have also been found on some pottery.A tomb of the historian type unearthed the earliest set of art supplies in my country so far, including a stone inkstone, an inkstone cover, a grinding rod, a pottery cup and several pieces of black paint.The settlement layout of the Banpo type is divided into residential areas, kilns and cemeteries.The residential area is surrounded by moats, and the housing sites are divided into 5 groups in a centripetal layout, and each group of housing sites has a larger central building.

Sites of Yangshao Culture and Longshan Culture in the Neolithic Age.Located in Dahe Village, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province.The area is about 300,000 square meters.The site is divided into six phases of remains. According to radiocarbon dating and correction, the age of the second and third phases is 5700-5000 years ago. The remains of the first and second phases of the site are close to or equivalent to Miaodigou type.The remains of the third and fourth phases are of the Qinwangzhai type, some people call them the Dahe Village type.There are four groups of connected buildings and a large number of pottery and other relics and tombs. Among them, the statue, the back pot and the pot show the communication relationship with Dawenkou or Qujialing culture.The remains of the fifth phase belong to the early Longshan culture, and the remains of the sixth phase belong to the Henan Longshan culture.

Sites of Yangshao Culture and Early Longshan Culture of the Neolithic Age.Located in Miaodigou, Shan County, Henan Province.The area is about 240,000 square meters.According to radiocarbon dating and correction, the age of Yangshao remains is 5900 years ago, and the age of early Longshan culture remains is 4700 years ago. House sites, pits, and tombs were found in the remains of Yangshao.Among the relics, the pottery is mostly red pottery, the painted pottery is developed, and there are abundant pottery, stone, bone production and living tools.House sites, pits and tombs were found in the early Longshan (Miaodigou Phase II Culture) remains.The unearthed relics show the nature of the transition from the Yangshao culture to the Longshan culture.

Neolithic-dominated sites.It is located in Xiawanggang Village, Xichuan County, Henan Province.The area is about 4000 square meters. From early to late, the cultural accumulation of the site is Yangshao Culture, Qujialing Culture, Longshan Culture and Shang Culture.The large number of relocated burials in Yangshao Culture and the row-by-row buildings in Qujialing Culture provide research materials for the connotation and development of Neolithic culture in this area. The site of the Neolithic Yangshao Culture.It is located on the west bank of Jinling River in Baoji City, Shaanxi Province.The area of ​​the site is about 60,000 square meters, and the excavated area is about 4,727 square meters. The cultural accumulation of the site is divided into three periods. According to radiocarbon dating and correction, the early age is 7100-6900 years ago, and the middle period is 6700-6100 years ago. years, and the late period is 6000-5700 years ago.

There are few early remains, and the main remains are ash pits, tombs and pottery kilns.The unearthed pottery is mainly red or reddish-brown pottery, with oval-shaped three-short-legged urns, pots, bowls, and bowls being the representative types.It has the nature of inheriting the end of the old Guantai culture on the top and the beginning of the Yangshao culture on the bottom.The mid-period remains are of the Banpo type of the Yangshao Culture, and the remains are mainly two cemeteries.The unearthed pottery is represented by pointed-bottomed bottles, garlic pots, and painted pottery boat-shaped pots.The late period may belong to the late Banpo type, and it is a settlement remains.The center of the settlement is a square, with three groups of house sites in the north, west and southeast, and a cemetery.The house is a square or rectangular semi-crypt building with rounded corners. There is usually a kindling tank for storing kindling beside the firepit in the house.Pottery is represented by bowls, basins, jars, lids and various painted pottery.

The Neolithic site is dominated by Yangshao Culture and Henan Longshan Culture.It is located near Gushui Town, Luoyang City, Henan Province.According to radiocarbon dating and correction, the age is about 5300-4300 years ago. The site is divided into three phases.The pottery of the first phase culture is represented by heavy-lip small-mouth and gourd-mouth pointed-bottom bottles. The relics include house sites, ash pits and tombs.The main cultural relics of the second phase include ash pits and tombs.In the third period of culture, pottery jia and ge appeared.At present, it is generally believed that the first and second phases should be regarded as a local type of Yangshao culture, and the third phase is a local type of Henan Longshan culture.

The site of the Neolithic Yangshao Culture.It is located in the south of Xinmin Street in Puyang County, Henan Province.The area is about 50,000 square meters. The main remains of the site include house foundations, cellars and tombs.Among them, M45 is quite special, the plane is in the shape of a human head, the owner of the tomb is buried in the middle, and three other people are buried in small niches on the east, west and north sides of the tomb, which seems to be "buried together".On the left and right sides of the owner of the tomb, there are patterns of tigers and dragons made of shells, showing the power status of the owner of the tomb.The pattern itself also has high artistic value, which provides valuable information for the study of the history of Chinese arts and crafts.The pottery in the unearthed relics is mainly muddy red pottery, common bowls, bowls, tripods, basins, bottles, jars and cans.Stone tools are common axes and shovels.In addition, there are a small amount of pottery and bone production tools or decorations.

The site of the Longshan Culture in Henan Province in the Late Neolithic Age.It is located in Baiying Village, Dongdong, Tangyin County, Henan Province.The area is 30,000 square meters.The remains are divided into early, middle and late periods. According to radiocarbon dating and correction, the early date is 4500 years ago, and the late period is 4200-4100 years ago. In the early days, there were nine house sites, and a square well with rounded corners and a well with a well-shaped wooden frame.There were eight house sites in the middle period and 46 house sites in the late period, one of which was built with adobe walls, representing the early Chinese adobe buildings.Various types of pottery and production tools made of stone, bone, and clam were produced in the early, middle, and late periods.One of the high-circle foot plates is engraved with two portraits with outstretched arms and bare breasts, which is a treasure of line engraving art. The site of the Longshan Culture in Henan Province in the Late Neolithic Age.It is located in the northeast of Wangyoufang Village, Yongcheng County, Henan Province.The area is about 10,000 square meters, and the excavated area is 600 square meters. The main remains of the site include house foundations, ash pits and tombs.The foundation of the house is generally a circular ground building, and some are covered with white and gray surfaces to prevent moisture.The pottery produced is mainly argillaceous gray pottery, mostly decorated with square patterns, such as jars, bowls, tripods, and basins, and there are also many jars, and engraved symbols were found on some pottery.The production tools are mainly stone tools, including knives, shovels, knife-shaped tools, arrowheads, and stone tools.In addition, there are bones, mussels, horny net pendants, cones, chisels, arrowheads, knives, sickles and other production and daily necessities. The city site of the Longshan Culture in Henan Province in the Late Neolithic Age.It is located in the northeast of Bafang Village, Gaocheng Town, Dengfeng County, Henan Province.According to radiocarbon determination, the age should be 4000 or 3900 years ago. The site of the city is divided into east and west cities, and the west wall of the east city is the east wall of the west city.Only the west section of the south wall and the south section of the west wall remain in the east city, and there seems to be a "horse face" protruding from the city wall at the corner of the city, and only a few ash pits and bottoms remain in the city.The outline of the west city is relatively clear, with an area of ​​about 10,000 square meters.The city wall is rammed, and there are "horse faces" protruding from the city wall at the four corners.A group of rammed earth foundation sites were found in the higher parts of the central and western parts of the city, which should be the "palace area".Other relics include rammed earth pits, foundation pits, ash pits, etc.Various pottery, stone, bone, clam and jade production and living utensils were unearthed.From the analysis of a large number of relics and relics, social production has made great progress at that time, the nature of society may have changed, and "civilization" may have quietly appeared. Castle ruins of the Late Neolithic Longshan Culture in Henan.It is located near Dazhu Village in the east of Huaiyang County, Henan Province.According to radiocarbon dating and correction, the city was first built earlier than 4400 years ago and continued to be used after 4100 years ago. The plane of the city site is square, with an area of ​​about 34,000 square meters.The city wall is rammed, the base is 13 meters wide, the top is 8-10 meters wide, and the residual height is more than three meters. There are two doors on the south and north walls. drain pipe.More than 10 house sites were found in the city, and adobe was generally used and built on high platforms. "High platform buildings" are inventions and creations of ancient humans.In addition, copper slag and a fragment of a copper container were also found in the ash pit in the city, which advances the history of copper smelting in the Central Plains by hundreds of years. The late Neolithic Longshan culture in Shaanxi and the main sites of the Western Zhou Dynasty.It is located on the west bank of Feng River in Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province.There are a small amount of Yangshao cultural relics in the lowest layer, and the Longshan cultural relics in Shaanxi are the most abundant. There are semi-crypt buildings, cellars and kiln sites represented by double-connected room sites in the shape of "Lv".There are rich relics, including pottery, stone, bone, jade production, daily necessities, oracle bones and other religious items, as well as a large number of bones of domestic animals and wild animals.The remains of the Western Zhou Dynasty are mainly tombs. Sites of the Taosi type in the Late Neolithic Longshan Culture.It is located in the south of Taosi Village, Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province.The total area of ​​the ruins is about 3 million square meters, and more than 6,000 square meters have been exposed.According to radiocarbon dating and correction, the age is 4500-3900 years ago. There are rich cultural relics in the ruins.Daily-use pottery is mainly sand or muddy gray pottery, mostly decorated with rope patterns, and basket patterns are common in the late period.Most of the clay pottery in the funerary pottery has black pottery clothes and painted. The panlong painted on the pottery plate is the earliest physical specimen of panlong image in the Central Plains.Production tools are usually made of pottery, stone, and bone, and there are also composite tools, as well as musical instruments such as stone chimes, 鼍 [tuo] drums, copper bells, pottery bells, xun, etc., and a large number of ritual vessels made of jade and stone.The painted wooden utensils unearthed from large tombs are another feature of Taosi culture. People in Taosi live a settled agricultural life and raise livestock. The handicraft industry has also been separated from agriculture, and social division of labor has emerged.There are three forms of their living quarters: semi-underground, ground and cave dwellings, which are connected by roads and distributed with wells and dense ash pits.They have large-scale public cemeteries, and the tombs are divided into three types: large, medium, and small. The large and medium-sized tombs are small in number but high in specifications. There are wooden coffins and rich burial objects. The disparity between the rich and the poor in Taosi society was huge, and a small number of aristocrats accumulated a large amount of wealth, forming a privileged class. Classes may have appeared, and it was on the eve of the birth of the country. (See Houli Culture) Neolithic ruins.It is located about 25 kilometers southeast of Teng County, Shandong Province.The area is about 50,000 square meters. It was excavated twice in 1978-1979.According to radiocarbon dating and correction, the age is about 7400-6400 years ago. Among the unearthed objects at this site, pottery is the most characteristic, which can be divided into two types: sandy pottery and clay pottery. There are tripods, cauldrons, pots, bowls, red top bowls, supports, etc.Stone implements are mainly hammered, including shovels, knives, sickles, millstones, millsticks, millcakes, axes, adzes, chisels, daggers, and pestles.In addition, there are abundant bone horn devices and clam devices unearthed. The cemetery of the Neolithic Dawenkou Culture.It is located near Dawenkou Town, Tai'an County, Shandong Province and Baotou Village, Ningyang County, so it was once called "Baotou Site".The area is about 820,000 square meters, and the exposed area is 5,400 square meters.The age is about 5500-4500 years ago. There are 133 tombs in the excavated part of the cemetery, 14 of which were buried with wooden burial utensils. Most of them were buried with a single person on his back and upright, with most of his head facing east.Funeral objects are rich, including various pottery, stone tools, jade ware used as ritual vessels, bones, horns, clam ware and tortoise shells, pig mandibles, and other animal bones.According to the scale of the tombs and the number of burial objects, the tombs can be divided into three types: large, medium, and small. Some small tombs can only accommodate people, while large tombs can be buried with dozens to hundreds of exquisite burial objects. Divide between rich and poor. Neolithic sites dominated by the Dawenkou Culture.It is located in the south of Wangyin Village, Yanzhou City, Shandong Province, with an area of ​​about 60,000 square meters and an exposed area of ​​about 10,000 square meters.According to radiocarbon dating and correction, the age is about 6100-5500 years ago. The main discovery of the site is that 899 early tombs of the Dawenkou Culture were cleared up.Most of the tombs are in rectangular shallow caves, facing east, and the burial style is mainly for a single person with his body upright and his limbs straight.It was found that there were artificial deformation of the skull, tooth extraction and mouth stone balls.Same-sex joint burials and multiple joint burials are the main features of this cemetery, showing the strong blood ties among clan members.There are not many burial objects, mainly pottery or Ming vessels for daily use and small pieces of living utensils, ornaments and sacrificial food.The goblet-shaped vessel in the pottery has a peculiar shape and is full of characteristics. It, together with the tortoise shell and deer teeth buried with it, should represent a certain religious meaning. Sites of Dawenkou Culture and Longshan Culture in the Neolithic Age.Located in Beisanlihe Village, Jiaoxian County, Shandong Province, it covers an area of ​​about 50,000 square meters, and the excavated area is about 1,570 square meters. The remains of the Dawenkou culture in the ruins mainly include house sites, tombs and pits.The tombs are usually buried with a single person on his back and upright. There are wooden burial utensils and rich burial objects. Some tomb owners hold long clam shells or deer-tooth hooks in their hands. The bones generally have tooth extraction and artificial deformation of the occipital bone.Among the unearthed relics, there are many types of pottery, and the total number of bone, horn, and tooth tools is more than that of stone tools, and new tools such as clam knives and clam sickles have appeared.The main relics of the Longshan cultural relics include remnants of residential sites, pits and tombs, and a river pebble relic and a pebble bottom pit were found in the burial area, which are of special purpose.The skeletons in the tombs also have tooth extraction and artificial deformation of the occipital bone. The pottery produced has many colors, such as black, gray, brown, red, orange, white gray, etc., with simple decoration. Cups with thin tires and high handles are rare in the site, but common In large and medium-sized tombs.In addition, there are stone, bone, horn, tooth, and jade production tools or decorations. The site of the Neolithic Dawenkou Culture.Located near Huating Village in the southwest of Xinyi City, Jiangsu Province, it is about 5,000 years ago. The main remains of the site are the tombs of the Dawenkou culture and the pig pits that may have been used for sacrifices.There are a lot of burial objects in the tombs, and some large tombs contain more than 100 burial objects, most of which are pottery and jade objects, and there are also a small amount of stone objects and bone objects.This site is one of the more typical and rich cemeteries of Dawenkou culture, but some pottery or jade wares show a strong Liangzhu style, and even shared spiritual and cultural factors such as primitive religious beliefs, which shows that the Haidai cultural area and There is a close relationship of material and cultural exchanges between the Taihu cultural areas. Sites of Dawenkou Culture and Longshan Culture in the Neolithic Age.It is located in Donghaiyu Village, southeast of Rizhao City, Shandong Province.The area is about 80,000 square meters.The ruins are divided into upper, middle and lower floors.The lower layer is the remains of the late Dawenkou culture. According to radiocarbon dating, the age is 4800-4600 years ago.The middle layer is the remains of the transition from Dawenkou Culture to Longshan Culture or the early Longshan Culture.The upper layer is the remains of Longshan culture.These three cultural layers are connected with each other in the form of artifacts, and there are inheritance relations in tombs and buildings, which solve the relationship between Dawenkou culture and Longshan culture.The platform foundation and ramming technology appeared in the middle and upper building sites, which is the beginning of the traditional Chinese rammed earth platform foundation civil structure building. The site of the Longshan culture in the late Neolithic age.It is located in the east of Dinggong Village, Yuancheng Township, Zouping County, Shandong Province.The age is about 4600-4000 years ago. The plane of the city site is slightly square, with an area of ​​more than 100,000 square meters, which belongs to the type of Taicheng.The city wall was rammed, with a width of about 20 meters and an existing height of about 1.5-2 meters.The relics in the city are complex, mainly including house sites, pottery kilns, cellars and tombs.Nearly a thousand pieces of pottery were unearthed, among which white pottery and eggshell pottery are the most eye-catching.There are also various stone, bone and mussel utensils.The appearance of the city site shows the social changes in this area in this era, and provides new clues for the study of the origin of Chinese civilization. The site of the Longshan Culture in Shandong Province in the Late Neolithic Age.Located in Longshan Town, Zhangqiu County, Shandong Province. The plane of the city site is nearly square, with an area of ​​about 200,000 square meters.The city wall is rammed, and the east, south, and west walls are more regular, and the north wall is arc-protruding to the north, with a width of 8-13 meters.The scale of the city ranks first among the prehistoric city sites in the Yellow River Basin. It has surpassed the role of a purely defensive castle, reflecting the social production of the area where the city is located during this period, and may have become the center of early civilization in my country. The site of the Longshan Culture in Shandong Province in the Late Neolithic Age.It is located near Bianxianwang Village, Sunjiaji Town, Shouguang County, Shandong Province. The sideline royal city is divided into large and small city walls. The small city is about the middle or later period of Longshan culture, while the big city belongs to the late Longshan culture and was rebuilt after the destruction of the small city.The big city is square with rounded corners, covering an area of ​​about 57,000 square meters, with four rammed walls and one door for each.The small city is also square with rounded corners, covering an area of ​​more than 10,000 square meters. The layout, structure and construction methods are basically the same as those of the big city.The emergence of cities or castles in this period indicated the great changes in society at that time and heralded the arrival of the age of civilization. Pre-Neolithic Yangshao and Yangshao culture sites.Located in Dadiwan, Qin'an County, Gansu Province.The exposed area of ​​the ruins is more than 13,700 square meters.According to radiocarbon dating and correction, the remains of the former Yangshao period are about 7800-7300 years ago. The pottery in the first phase of the ruins is mainly sandy red and reddish brown pottery, mainly composed of round-bottomed bowls, three-legged bowls, three-legged pots, and ring-footed bowls. Into the Laoguantai culture, some people also advocate calling it "the first phase of Dadiwan culture".The remains of the early Yangshao culture at the site are equivalent to the middle and late stages of the Banpo type, and the remains of the middle stage are similar to the Miaodigou type, but have their own characteristics.The types of pottery mainly include curved belly pots, pointed bottom bottles, and narrow mouth bowls.The remains of the late period are close to the late Banpo type, and the mouth-opening jars, zun-shaped vessels, fake ring-footed bowls and some painted pottery decorations are their own characteristics that distinguish them from the late Banpo type. Late Neolithic to Bronze Age sites.It is located in Majiayao Village, south of Lintao County, Gansu Province.From early to late, the ruins are Yangshao culture, Majiayao period, Banshan period and Machang period of Majiayao culture, Qijia culture, Xindian culture and Siwa culture.Among them, the remains of the Majiayao period are the most abundant, and the painted pottery is well developed in the pottery. The site of the Banshan period of the Majiayao culture in the late Neolithic age.It is located on the secondary platform on the west bank of Taohe River, Hezheng County, Gansu Province.Banshan site is a general term for a group of sites, including Waguanzui residence site and cemetery, Banshan cemetery, Bianjiagou cemetery, Wangjiagou cemetery, and the cemeteries in the south of Banshan and east of Waguanzui.The unearthed pottery is characterized by swirl patterns, rhombus patterns, and gourd patterns composed of black and red zigzag patterns. The site of the Machang period of the Majiayao culture in the late Neolithic age.Located in Machang Yuan, Minhe County, Qinghai Province.Most of the ruins were destroyed.Most of the unearthed painted pottery is monochromatic, and the decorative motifs have changed greatly compared with those of the Majiayao period and the Banshan period, showing a trend of decline. From the Neolithic Age to the Bronze Age, the cemeteries of the Banshan type and Machang type of Majiayao culture, Qijia culture, and Xindian culture.It is located in the north of Liuwan Village, Ledu County, Qinghai Province, with a total area of ​​about 112,000 square meters. The cemetery is divided into east, middle and west areas. The eastern area is dominated by Banshan type tombs, the central area is dominated by Machang type tombs, the northern end is dominated by Xindian culture tombs, and the western area is dominated by Qijia culture tombs.A total of 1,500 tombs were revealed in the cemetery.There are a total of 257 tombs of the Banshan type. Wooden burial utensils are generally used, and various pottery, stone, and bone artifacts are buried with them. The difference in number is not obvious.There are a total of 872 tombs in Machang, and most of the "convex"-shaped cave tombs use wooden burial utensils.The number of burial objects varies greatly, and the number of burial objects in individual tombs far exceeds the needs of personal use, and there are many treasures among them, which shows the social polarization between rich and poor.Other discoveries include symbols carved on pottery, nude figures molded on pottery pots, and more than 40 tooth-engraved bone fragments.There are 366 Qi family tombs, most of which are single wooden coffins.The funerary objects are mainly pottery.There are five tombs in Xindian, and there are generally no wooden burial utensils and few burial objects. (See Qijia Culture) A cemetery of the Qi family culture.It is located in the southwest of Lianhua City, Yongjing County, Gansu Province. The cemetery is divided into north and south areas. In the south area, there are 99 tombs in six rows on the upper floor, only eight in the lower layer, and in the north area, there are 29 tombs in three rows.The cemeteries in the two districts may belong to different clans.There are two types of burial: single burial and joint burial.Most of the tombs contained different burial objects, and three of them contained bronze vessels.The pottery used as burial objects mainly includes double-eared jars, bean pots, high-necked amphorae, and extravagant mouth jars.The pig mandibles buried in the tomb should be a symbol of wealth at that time. Some tombs only buried one piece, while many had more than 60 pieces, reflecting the social polarization between rich and poor at that time. The site of Chengbeixi culture in the early Neolithic age.Located in Pengtou Mountain, Daping Township, Li County, Hunan Province.The area of ​​the ruins is about 5,000 square meters, and the excavated area is 400 square meters.It is speculated that the age should be 8500-7800 years ago. The main remains of the site include living surfaces, ash pits and tombs.The pottery in the relics is mainly red leather pottery with carbon, mainly including pots, bowls and supports.There are many chipped stone tools.Rice husk impressions were found on the red-burned soil blocks and supports at the site, which is evidence of earlier rice farming.Some people claim to name it Pengtoushan type culture based on this site. (See Chengbeixi Culture) The site of Chengbeixi culture in the early Neolithic age.Located in Zaoshi, Shimen City, Hunan Province.The exposed area is 1100 square meters.The age is about 6920±120 years ago. The upper layer of the site is the remains of Shang culture.The remains of the lower layer belong to the Chengbeixi culture, and some people call it the lower type culture of Zaoshi.The unearthed pottery is all red pottery, with uneven fire and handmade. There are mainly round-bottomed, ring-footed or flat-bottomed wares, and no tripods. (See Daxi Culture) Neolithic sites dominated by the Daxi culture.Guanmiao Mountain is located in the northeast of Zhijiang County, Hubei Province.The remains of Daxi culture are divided into four phases. According to radiocarbon dating and correction, the second to fourth phases are about 5900-5300 years ago. The main relics of Daxi culture are the red-burned earthen house sites, the foundations of which are mostly square or rectangular buildings on the ground, with square fire pits in the interior, and red-fired earth scattered water outside the root of the wall of the house foundation.A variety of moisture-proof and reinforcement measures were adopted during the construction of the house, showing high construction technology.The stone tools in the relics are generally polished, and there are also a small number of hammered stone tools.During the development of pottery from the first to the fourth period, the carbon-containing pottery decreased and the clay pottery increased, and more clay black pottery appeared in the fourth period.There are also a small number of relics and relics of Qujialing culture and Shijiahe culture in this site. (See Qujialing Culture) The site of the Qujialing culture in the late Neolithic age.It is located in Nanyue Village, Chexi Township, Northwest Li County, Hunan Province.The age is about 4700-4000 years ago. The city site is circular in plan, with a diameter of about 310 meters, surrounded by a moat 35-50 meters wide and four meters deep.The city wall is rammed, with a base width of about 20 meters and a top remnant width of about seven meters. There are four gates in the east, south, west and north. The streets connected by the four gates divide the urban area into four districts.A group of rectangular rammed earth foundations were found in the southwest of the city, which should be equivalent to the buildings in the palace area. The city site of the Shijiahe culture in the late Neolithic age.Located in Shijiahe, Tianmen, Hubei Province.The age is about 5000-4600 years ago. The area of ​​the city is about 1 million square meters, and the plane is slightly square.The city walls were rammed.The Tanjialing site in the city is the central part of the city, and the house sites excavated during the trial should be the main residential area.In the Dengjiawan site in the northwest, a large number of tower-shaped pottery, pottery animals and pottery cylinders were found, which should be a place for religious activities.Hundreds of thousands of terracotta cups were unearthed at the Sanfangwan site in the southwest. The rough workmanship makes them impractical and should be used for religious activities. Sites of the Neolithic Yangshao Culture, Qujialing Culture and Shijiahe Culture.Located in Qinglongquan Village, Yun County, Hubei Province.The area is about 45,000 square meters, and the excavated area is 1,144 square meters.The age of the Yangshao Culture is estimated to be about 5,200 years ago, the age of the late Qujialing Culture is about 4,800 years ago, and the age of the Shijiahe Culture is about 4,400 years ago. The main relics of the Yangshao Culture in the ruins include house sites and tombs.The relics include all kinds of pottery, stone, bone, horn production, living utensils and decorations.The early remains of Qujialing Culture include house sites and ash pits.The pottery in the relics is rich and varied.Production tools are mainly made of stone, with few bones, horns and pottery.In addition, there are jade, stone, bone ornaments and ivory combs.The remains of the late period mainly include house sites, pottery kilns, ash pits and tombs.The pottery is mainly gray pottery with sand and rich colored pottery.In addition, the production of pottery, stone, bone, and cutin, as well as living utensils and decorations.Rice husk marks, imprints of bamboo mats or wooden boards, and painted vermilion tortoise shells were found.Shijiahe cultural relics mainly include ash pits and tombs.There are complex types of pottery, such as tripod, 鬶, and steamer.Most of the stone tools are finely ground.The bone-horn wares are mainly arrowheads, with a small amount of decorations. (See Hemudu Culture) (See Majiabang Culture) There are mainly remains of the Neolithic Age, and there are also a small amount of remains of the Spring and Autumn Period.It is located in the northeast of Weiting Town, Wu County, Jiangsu Province.The area is about 44000 square meters.The cultural accumulation of the Neolithic Age belongs to Majiabang Culture, Songze Culture and Liangzhu Culture from bottom to top.According to radiocarbon dating and correction, the age of the Majiabang cultural layer is about 6300-6000 years ago. The Majiabang cultural relics are mainly more than 100 tombs.The burial is based on a single person bending over.There were few funerary objects, and carbonized rice grains and ribbed fabrics with flowered wefts were found.There are 89 tombs found in the Songze cultural layer, and most of them were buried with their backs upright.Most of the tombs have funerary objects, up to 25 pieces, mainly pottery, and there are also individual jade ornaments and pig mandibles.There is a large tomb in the Liangzhu culture layer, the owner of the tomb is male, two secondary buried females are attached, and a dog is buried outside the tomb.The funerary objects are rich and exquisite, including more than 60 pieces of exquisite jade and engraved pottery. Neolithic remains dominated the site.It is located about four kilometers east of Qingpu County, Shanghai.The area is about 150,000 square meters.From bottom to top, the cultural accumulation of the site is Majiabang Culture, Songze Culture and Bronze Culture.According to radiocarbon dating and correction, the age of Songze Culture in the middle layer is 5900-5300 years ago. The Majiabang cultural relics in the lower layer of the site include cauldrons, pots, indica rice, wild peaches, and apricot stones.The pottery in the Songze Cultural Remains in the middle layer is mostly sandy red pottery and argillaceous gray pottery, including tripods, beans, pots, and pots.Common stone tools are shovels and adzes, which are generally polished all over.People at that time were engaged in rice farming.In addition, there are more than 90 tombs in this layer of remains.The upper remains mainly include hard pottery with geometric imprints and primitive porcelain. Sites of the Neolithic Songze Culture and Liangzhu Culture.Located in Sanhuangmiao Village, Wujin County, Jiangsu Province.The area is about 60,000 square meters.According to radiocarbon dating and correction, the age of the Liangzhu cultural layer is about 4700 years ago. A tomb was discovered in the Songze culture layer, with a tripod, a bean, a pot, and a spinning wheel, and other relics were mainly pottery.The Liangzhu cultural layer is rich in connotations, and four tombs were found.There are as many as 124 funerary objects in M3 on the east side, including pottery, stone and jade, and the most eye-catching ones are jade bi and jade cong.According to the surface analysis of jade wares, Liangzhu people used quartz sand discs to carve jade wares and mastered advanced jade crafting technology.Bi and Cong, symbols of power and status in ancient society, were buried in the tomb of the Liangzhu Culture, indicating that the primitive clan system at that time was on the verge of collapse and the dawn of civilization appeared. Cultural sites of the Neolithic Age and the Bronze Age of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties.Located in Beiyinyangying, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province.The cultural layer of the Neolithic Age is about 6,000-5,000 years ago. A total of 271 tombs, three ash pits, and one stove pit were discovered.The tombs are densely distributed, and one single burial is prevalent, mainly with the upright and upright burials, and no tomb pits and burial utensils have been found.The unearthed pottery group has a unique style, mainly composed of sandy or muddy red pottery, with three-legged and ring-footed pots prevailing, some pottery is covered with pottery clothing, common tripods, pots, and cymbals decorated with bull-nose pulleys, horn handles, and bent feet , Beans, Bowl, Bowl.The stone tools are exquisitely polished, including pierced stone axes, pierced stone picks, pierced stone knives, stone adzes and chisels.In addition, there are jade or agate decorations such as Jue, Huang, Guan, beads and pendants.People in Beiyinyangying live in a room with a large oval stove. The social economy is mainly based on agricultural production, and they are also engaged in livestock breeding, fishing and hunting. The "Northern Yinyangying Culture" got its name from this. Neolithic remains dominated the site.It is located 7.5 kilometers south of Qianshan County, Anhui Province.The site covers an area of ​​60,000 square meters.The remains of the Neolithic Age are divided into four phases, among which the second and third phases are the most distinctive, and someone proposed the name "Xuejiagang Culture" accordingly.Its distribution area is roughly in the east of the Dabie Mountains and between the Jianghuai River and the west of Chaohu Lake.The third period was dated by radiocarbon and corrected, and the age is 5200-5000 years ago. The remains of the second and third phases of Xuejiagang have distinct cultural characteristics.A total of three house foundations were found, and the traces of rice husks found in the burned soil of the house foundations indicated that the Xuejiagang people lived a life mainly based on rice farming.In addition, 103 tombs were excavated, each with different burial objects.The pottery is mainly gray and black pottery with sand, with many plain surfaces, and very few hollow holes, carved patterns, string patterns and vermilion paintings.The representative utensils of the two phases include tripods, beans, pots, gongs, basins, and jars.Production tools include stone shovels, stone adzes, stone knives, etc., and porous stone knives are the most characteristic. (see Liangzhu Culture) The cemetery of the Liangzhu culture in the late Neolithic age.Located in Zhishan Village, Changming Township, Yuhang County, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province.The area is about 2,700 square meters, and the excavated area is 600 square meters. The "Gaotai Tombs" of the Liangzhu Culture in the Fanshan System contain 12 tombs of the Liangzhu Culture, arranged in an orderly manner and divided into two columns.There is a coffin bed at the bottom of the tomb, and there are traces of ash.The funerary objects are rich, with a total of 1232 pieces (groups), more than 90% of which are jade articles, including bi, cong and other ritual vessels, which are exquisitely made.From the analysis of the scale of the cemetery, the orderly arrangement of the tombs, and the use of coffins and other burial utensils and funerary objects, it should be a special cemetery for the nobles of the Liangzhu culture tribe. Composite site of cemetery and altar of Liangzhu culture in the late Neolithic period.It is located at the top of Yaoshan Mountain, Xiaxiwan, Anxi Township, Yuhang County, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, with an area of ​​about 400 square meters. The plane of the altar is square, with three layers inside and outside, and the inside is a square laterite platform. The outside of the platform is surrounded by a lime-soil ditch.The Liangzhu tombs are distributed in the south of the altar. There are 12 tombs, divided into two columns, the south and the north. The burial objects are rich, mainly jade, and there are also a small amount of pottery, stone and jade-inlaid lacquerware. Early Neolithic Xinglongwa Cultural Site.It is located in Xinglongwa Village, Baoguotu Township, Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, on the upper reaches of the Mangniu River, a tributary of the Daling River.According to radiocarbon dating and correction, the age is about 8200-7400 years ago. There are rich relics and relics in the ruins.Most of the pottery is filled with sand, and the types of vessels are simple, and cylindrical pots are common.Most of the stone tools were made, hoes accounted for the majority, and there were also other bone horn production tools and bone-stone composite tools.The jade wares produced are the earliest jade wares in my country.A total of more than 160 square or rectangular semi-crypt houses were discovered in the six excavations of the site, of which more than 100 were of roughly the same age, distributed in about 11 rows, surrounded by a ditch, and constituted a village.There are cellars arranged in an orderly manner around some houses.A more special relic phenomenon is room burial. Neolithic remains dominated the site.It is located near Beiling, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province. Excavated in 1973.The remains of the lower layer belong to the Neolithic Age and are named Xinle Culture.According to radiocarbon dating and correction, the age is 7300-6800 years ago. Among the relics unearthed at this site are many polished stone tools, including arrowheads, axes, adzes, and chisels, and hammered stone tools include choppers, stone shovels, net pendants, grinding discs, and grinding sticks.The pottery is mainly red-brown pottery with sand and a small amount of clay pottery, all of which are handmade.The pattern is embossed with "Zhi" pattern and string pattern.The types of vessels include cylindrical deep-bellied pots, oblique-mouthed cylindrical pots, and closed-mouth pots.In addition, the site also produced fine coal ornaments. Its main relic is a semi-underground building with a rectangular plane with rounded corners and a stove pit in the middle of the room. (See Shangzhai Culture) (See Zhaobaogou Culture) 新石器时代贝丘遗址。位于辽宁省长海县广鹿岛吴家村西。面积约5000平方米。遗址分上、中、下三层。据放射性碳素断代并经校正，中层年代约为距今6300—5900年。 下层遗存陶器以含滑石黑褐陶为主，手制，器型简单，主要是直口筒形罐。石器多打制，磨制石器仅见石斧。中层遗存陶器多为夹砂红褐陶，手制，主要有侈口筒形罐。石器以磨制为主，另有骨、牙、蚌器。上层遗存陶器以夹砂黑褐陶为主，器型多鼓腹罐。石器以磨制为主，打制石器仅见网坠和磨棒。中、上层分别受大汶口文化和龙山文化的影响。当时已有了原始农业，饲养猪、狗等家畜，渔猎占有重要地位。 新石器时代遗址。位于黑龙江省密山县兴凯湖附近。1972年发掘。命名为新开流文化。据放射性碳素断代并经校正，年代为距今6100年左右。 该遗址出土遗物中渔猎工具较多，其中打制石器有矛、网坠，磨制石器有斧、凿、镞等，细石器有镞、刮削器、尖状器等。骨、角、牙器丰富，包括工具和装饰品。陶器多是夹砂陶，均手制，纹饰有鱼鳞纹、菱形纹、网状纹、篦点纹。器型仅见罐、钵两类。 新石器时代红山文化的遗址。位于辽宁省喀左县大城子镇东南的大凌河西岸。面积约2400平方米，发掘面积2250平方米。年代约为距今5485±110年。 遗址主要遗迹有砌石建筑基址、房址及墓葬。石建筑基址所用石料大部分经过加工，并在砌墙过程中采用了错缝法。房址内有一方形“灶坑”，加工精致，可能与祭祀有关。所出遗物中陶器占绝大多数，且以泥质红陶为主，常见钵、盆、瓮、罐；石、骨器极少，其中石器分磨制、打制两种。另外还发现有孕妇塑像、人物坐像及玉、石饰品。 新石器时代红山文化的遗址。位于辽宁省建平县牛河梁。遗址面积约1.2平方公里。 遗址内主要遗迹有积石冢、女神庙、路面及车辙印迹和转山金字塔式的大型建筑。女神庙由一个多室和一个单室两组建筑组成，墙与地面经过烧烤，室内出有泥塑人像残块。积石冢则以石垒墙，以石筑墓，以石封顶。冢内排列大、小不同的墓葬，随葬品丰富，多为玉器。这一遗址红山文化遗存分布密集，尤其出土了专门供奉“神像”的庙宇性建筑，表明红山文化社会在这一时期已发展到了较高的水平，可能已迫进了阶级社会的门槛。积石冢则是东北地区石葬具的首例发现，为探究东北地区石葬具的起源提供了资料和线索。 新石器时代晚期的遗址。位于内蒙古巴林左旗。面积约六万平方米。据放射性碳素断代并经校正，年代约距今5300年左右。遗址出有圆形和方形的半地穴房址。遗物则以打制的有肩石锄、凿、钵、“之”字篦点纹筒形罐为代表，还有各种骨质的生产、生活用品及卜骨、动物骨骼。从出土的遗迹、遗物分析，当时人们应过着定居的原始农业生活，渔猎经济占相当的比重。 新石器时代的石城遗址。位于内蒙古自治区凉城县老虎山。 城址面积约13万平方米。石墙呈不规则的簸箕状，墙基夯筑，其上以石块错缝垒砌，内填石块或黄泥。在其西北角处还建有一边长约40米的小城，小城开两门，并建有门卫房。大城内地形分为八层阶地，每层均建有二—三间为一组成排分布的房址。另外，城外有窑址区和墓葬。 新石器时代洞穴遗址。位于江西万年县城东北15公里处的小河山。遗址分上下两层。据放射性碳素断代未经校正，下层遗存年代约为距今8825±240年。 下层遗存中陶器多粗砂红陶，器类仅见罐一种，表现了较强的原始性。生产工具中石器以打制为主，磨制石器数量和种类均较少。另外还有锥针、镞、凿、鱼镖等骨角器和极少的蚌器。 上层遗存有了较大进步，陶器有夹砂红陶、泥质红陶、细砂或泥质的灰陶，器类有罐、豆、壶等。生产工具中打制与磨制石器共存，新出现了石锛、骨矛和蚌镞。仙人洞人应是依靠渔猎和采集来获取食物的。它代表了当时华南地区洞穴遗址的一些共同特征。 新石器时代为主的遗址。位于广东省曲江县马坝镇西南。面积约三万平方米。据放射性碳素断代，其新石器时代遗存(遗址下层遗存)年代为距今4900—4700年。 新石器时代遗存共发现墓葬64座，盛行单人二次迁葬，其中大型墓的填土要经过夯打。随葬品以陶器为主，常见鼎、盘、釜、豆、壶和罐。有些墓分别随葬有成套的石锛、石凿、石镞或石钺。大型墓往往随葬成团的稻谷和米粒。在其晚期墓中显示了较明显的贫富分化，有些墓随葬有大量精美的玉器、生产工具和陶器，而有些墓则非常贫乏，它反映了私有制的发展和氏族社会的逐渐解体。 石峡遗址的中、上层遗存分别相当于夏商之际和西周晚期至春秋时期。 (参见山背文化) 新石器时代和青铜时代的贝丘遗址。位于台湾省台北县八里乡。遗存分上、下两层，下层属大坌坑文化，上层属圆山文化。据放射性碳素断代并经校正，年代约为距今6400年。 大坌坑文化层出土遗物中有褐色砂陶器、打制或磨制的石器，未见农业或家畜饲养的明显迹象，当时的社会经济应以渔猎、采集为主。 圆山文化层发现有房址遗存，遗物包括细砂棕灰色陶器、石器和一件青铜镞。 新石器时代为主的贝丘遗址。位于福建省闽侯县恒心乡。遗址分上、中、下三层。其下、中层代表了昙石山文化。据放射性碳素断代并经校正，下层遗存年代约为距今3300年。上层为青铜时代遗存。 属于昙石山文化时期的遗存主要有陶窑和墓葬，遗物以截面呈三角形的石锛和红或灰色的陶器为代表。 (参见圆山文化) (参见凤鼻头文化) (参见卑南文化) 新石器时代洞穴遗址。位于广西壮族自治区桂林市独山西南麓。估计遗址上层年代约为距今7500年，下层年代约为距今9000年以前。 主要遗迹有灰坑、烧坑和墓葬。墓葬葬式盛行蹲葬习俗。有的头骨或盆骨上有赤铁矿粉末。所出石器中打制、磨制各半，还有成堆存放的石料。陶器则以红陶为主，器型有罐、钵、瓮及三足器。另外出有骨制的鱼镖和镞。当时的人们应该以经营渔猎或采集经济为主，可能有少量的家畜饲养或原始农业。 新石器时代遗址。位于云南宾川县城东北三公里处。现存面积约3000平方米。遗存可分早晚两期，据放射性碳素断代并经校正，早期年代为距今4200—4100年。 该遗址发现房址11座，墓葬34座，残存稻壳、粮食痕迹的窖穴23个。另外出土了少量石刀以及罐、钵、匜〔yi 移〕、缸等陶器。它是洱海地区一处文化特征鲜明的典型遗址，有人据此提出了“白羊村文化”的命名。同时，它又是目前所知云贵地区较早的稻作农业遗存。 新石器时代遗址。位于西藏自治区昌都东南的卡若村西。面积约10000平方米。遗存可分早、晚两期，据放射性碳素断代，年代为距今5300—4100年。 卡若遗址出土遗物丰富。陶器多夹砂，常见绳纹、刻画纹装饰的罐、钵、盆。大型打制石器、细石器和磨制石器共存是这个遗址的特点之一，还发现有骨、石复合工具。其遗迹现象主要是28座房址，晚期的半地穴石墙式建筑风格独特。结合遗址中出土的炭化粟及牛、猪等家畜骨骼分析，当时人们过着以粟作农业为主、兼营狩猎、饲养的定居生活。