Chapter 2 Section 2 The Four Currency Systems of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (770 BC-211 BC), commodity exchange developed greatly, which led to a large amount of currency circulation.Due to the feudal separatism for more than 500 years, the economic development of various regions has been uneven. Under different economic conditions in various regions, different currency forms have emerged and different currency systems have been established.Their common features are: (1) Copper coins are mainly used, and gold, jade, silver, tin, cloth and shell coins are also used. They are freely minted and distributed in various places. Production tools, and from the original form to light and small applicable and circular. (2) Gold coins. After the middle period of the Warring States period, gold coins were widely used in the north and south, mainly in two forms of metal sheets and gold cakes.Although the gold coins of various countries are independent, the regional restrictions are not obvious.At the end of the Warring States period, gold coins and copper coins had become the main currencies.These currencies, in summary, have the following four currency systems:
Cloth money is popular in agricultural areas such as Zhouzhou, Sanjin, Zhengwei, etc., that is, Henan, Shanxi, and Hebei in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.The original meaning of cloth money is to spread for a long time.Cloth, derived from the weeding tool "镈" [bobo], is abbreviated as 尃, and the sound is transferred to cloth.Money, originated from the transliteration of the ancient "刬" [chan production], which means a shovel for shoveling the ground.The development of cloth money has gone through four stages:
First, the original cloth.It existed around the late Yin and Shang Dynasties and the early Western Zhou Dynasty.Also known as the big shovel cloth, shaped like a farm tool shovel, it is one of the earliest physical currencies in my country and the prototype of metal coins.It has not yet broken away from the original shape of the Qianbo farm tool. It is big and short, heavy and rough.There are many kinds of this cloth, mainly including wordless cloth, Yizi original cloth, and Lu's original cloth, which are decorated and more beautiful.
Second, empty cloth.It began to appear in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and prevailed in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.Its shape is much smaller than the original cloth, thin and neat, well-made, also known as shovel cloth.This cloth is long and empty enough to hold the handle.Coin bodies come in many shapes.Flat (square) shoulder arc feet or those with slightly inward concave surface, such as square shoulders and empty head cloth.The body of the money is nearly square, with three straight lines and characters on the front and back, such as Anzangbu.Pointed shoulders, pointed feet, empty head cloth, and three straight lines on the front and back, like Gandan cloth.Slanted shoulder empty head cloth, produced in the late period, the largest is Sanchuan釿 (yin silver) cloth, and the smallest is Dongzhou cloth.Most of these cloth coins are accompanied by words, which record the stems and branches, numbers, place names, astronomical phenomena, things, etc., one word or two characters.Its monetary unit is "釿", which weighed 35 grams in the Spring and Autumn Period, 12-17 grams in the early Warring States period, and as light as about 10 grams in the late Warring States period.
Third, flat head cloth.It is also called solid head cloth, which is smaller and thinner than empty head cloth.It was first seen in the late Spring and Autumn Period and prevailed in the middle and late Warring States period.There are many kinds of flat head cloth. The cloth head is flat and has no seals. The back of the cloth is plain.The weight of the cloth also varies from 30 grams to 56 grams, and it becomes a small flat shiny copper piece with a head, two shoulders and two feet.It can also be divided into several types according to weight. Some of them use inscriptions to represent two 釿, one 釿, and half 釿, implying the meaning of mother and child.There are flat shoulders, shrugged shoulders, round shoulders, square feet, round feet, pointed feet and so on.The Pingshou cloth that was popular in the middle of the Warring States period included Jinyang, Liang, and Anyi cloth, which were divided into three types: half, one, and two, with different weights. For example, "Anyi Yi" weighs 17 grams, " "Liang Yiyin" weighs 10-16 grams.The other is called Yuan [Yuan Yuan] character cloth, which was cast in the Liang Dynasty of Wei State. And "Liang Chongyan five, twenty Dangyuan".Similar to the second set, there is also "Shanyang Cloth", which is divided into three types: large, medium and small.The late flat head cloth is lighter, smaller and more delicate, weighing about 5 grams, and there are more place names on the face of the coin. There are three types: square shoulders, square feet, and flat head cloth, mostly cast with the place names of the Three Jin Dynasties, and the back has half, half, etc. indicating the currency unit; Flat head cloth with pointed shoulders and pointed feet; flat head cloth with round shoulders and round feet.
Fourth, three-hole cloth.It is a kind of round foot cloth.There is a hole in the head of the cloth and two feet, ready to wear and tie.There are numbers on the back of the money to indicate the value of the currency. The big cloth is "one tael" and the small cloth is "twelve Zhu".This is the forerunner of the two baht coins, and the Qin Ban two coins actually originated from this.
In the same period, there were also some special-shaped cloths, such as distribution, Niejin, Chen cloth Dangyi, vertical character cloth, Xin character cloth, etc., which were relatively regular in production, generally had more characters, and had place names, weight names or value units on them, weighing about 15-30 gram.
Dao coins were mainly minted and issued by Qi, Yan, and Zhao, and circulated in Shandong, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Northeast and North Shanxi today, that is, the eastern fishing, hunting and handicraft developed areas at that time.Knives were generally useful fishing and hunting tools in these regions, and were used as a medium of exchange over a long period of time, gradually forming a general equivalent, and finally taking the form of money.There are four types of gauges:
One is Qi Dao.Commonly known as Dadao, it is larger in size, some weighing up to 53 grams, and generally weighing around 40 grams.It was cast and issued by Qi State and circulated in the country and neighboring areas.It was already popular during the Chengkang period of the Western Zhou Dynasty, so some people speculate that Jiang Taigong implemented it in his territory after enfeoffing Qi and enacting the Nine Mansion Law.Generally listed as ancient knives.Its famous ones are: Liuzi Dao, also known as "Qi Jian (Zao) Bang (Li Chang) (Jiu) Legalization" according to its surface text, referred to as "Jian Bang Dao" or "Zao Bang Dao", weighing about 42 grams ; Four-character knife, the face text is "Qi Zhifa Hua", the writing is beautiful; three-character knife, the face text is " 
", that is, "Qifahua" or "Qizhihua", which was rough in production and cast in the late period. The first two kinds of knife coins mentioned above are better made, and the unearthed ones are rare, while the latter one has a large number. In addition, the place names cast from the coin face Divided, including: "Jimo Knife", there are two types of big and small, the larger one has the words "Jie (Mo)'s legalization" and "Jie (Mo)'s
"Hua", weighing more than 56 grams."Hua", weighs less than 40 grams, and has words such as "Kaibang" and "Anbang" on the face of the coin;"Hua", weighing about 48 grams; "Tan Dao" or "簟 [dian] Bang Dao", because only half a piece was found, it is also called a guillotine knife. There are characters, and there are three oblique lines on the top of the back. There is a ring at the end of the knife, and the handle is flat, with two vertical lines. The last three are all the place names of Qi State, which were cast by Qi State using the currency of the original ancient country in Shandong area.
The second is Yandao.It was cast and issued by Yan State and circulated in the north.According to the characters on the knife face, it is also called "Ming knife" and "Yi knife".This is the largest number of knife coins unearthed, and it has been found in both Korea and Japan.There are two types of square fold and round fold.Because of its sharp arc, the square folding knife is in the shape of a chime, which is called Zhebei, also known as "Qing folding knife".There are round folding knives unearthed in Boshan, also known as "Boshan Knife".According to the different calligraphy of Ming characters, Ming characters are called "
,
,
", the first two types of curved back, the latter folded back, divided into three types.
The third is the pointed knife.It was cast by Yan State, and its shape is relatively large.The pointed head is the special symbol of this kind of knife coin, which is very thin overall, with a thin handle and a small and flat knife ring.Most of the money texts are on the back of the knife, or there is no text, most of them are only one character, recording the number or stems and branches, without decoration, weighing about 16 grams.There is also a needle-headed knife with a long and thin tip and a short body. Because it was unearthed in the hometown of the Xiongnu, it is also called "Xiongnu knife", and most of them have no writing.
The fourth is straight knife.Also known as round head knife, blunt head knife, the knife body is straight, round head, thin and small, weighing about 10 grams, cast by Zhao Guo.
In recent years, a large number of Yan knives have been unearthed in several northern provinces, and money fans have also been unearthed at the Yanxiadu site, which shows the prevalence of knives and coins at that time.
Yuan money, also known as ring money, comes from the spinning wheel.There are stone beads and stone rings in the Old and Neolithic China.There are many records in ancient history books such as "Erya" and "Shuowen".Many earthen or stone spinning wheels with holes in the middle were found near Yangshao Village in Henan Province, which are similar to early coins, so it is said.It is said that it originated from ancient pearls and jade, and ring shells came from ornaments. "Guanzi" said that in ancient times, pearls and jade were used as coins, referring to jade bi, which was in the shape of a ring, which had a certain influence on the production of won coins.There were won money in the Western Zhou Dynasty, which later infiltrated into the knife cloth money area.In the late Warring States period, except for Chu, most of the other countries cast won money, which has the tendency to replace the knife and cloth money.To meet the needs of the development of commodity exchange at that time, the currencies in circulation in the northern countries tended to be unified, which was in line with the law of currency development.It is the forerunner of the square hole and round money that has been popular in China for more than 2,000 years, and it is also a currency form that connects the past and the future.
The basic shape of Yuanqian is flat and round, with perforation in the center, meat (money body) and good (perforation).The law of evolution is that the perforation is first round and then the rear, and the edge of the money first has no Guo and then has Guo.There are money texts on the money surface to indicate the place name, currency value, weight and others.Most of the money backs are bare backs, and a few have some symbols.Huanqian comes in various sizes. Huanqian in different regions has different characteristics and various habits when it is used. It can be divided into three types:
One is to win money in the cloth money district.The currency unit of this area is still used, and the place names are recorded. The round money is round and pierced. From the periphery without Guo to Guo, it gradually evolved from a round hole to a square hole.There are many kinds of Qianwen, including place names, such as Yuan, Gong, Lin, Lishi, Dongzhou, Zhouhua, Yuyun and so on.Among them, Yuan coins with two inscriptions, Yuan and Yuan, were unearthed the most.The money is divided into two grades, generally weighing about 10 grams.It is mainly used in Zhou, Han, Wei and other regions.Yuan and Gong Erqian are the earliest Yuanqian.
The second is won coins in the knife and coin area or won coins in the knife and cloth parallel area.The basic shape of won money in this area is a round square hole, and the currency unit still uses the "transformation" of the knife coin.There is a plan of "Yi Hua Yuan Qian", and the face text "Yi Hua Yuan Qian".
The third is Qin Yuan money.Together with the Buqian District Won Money, they are collectively referred to as Western Won Money, which has been greatly influenced by the Buqian District Won Money and developed to some extent.The round hole has no guo, and the currency unit is changed to record two baht.The "half 睘" (huanhuan) of Qin Qian is half a monetary unit of won money.Qian Wen's "twelve baht" Qin Yuanqin is the forerunner of Qinban Liangqin.
The currency minted by the state of Chu is an independent system, collectively called Chu currency.It consists of three parts.
One is gold.Also known as Chu Jinban (ban board), printed gold, metal sheet, commonly known as gold cake, cake gold.The most inscriptions in Yuan Jin are "Ying [ying Ying] Yuan".Ying is the capital of Chu, first in Jiangling, Hubei, then moved the capital several times, and finally moved to Shouchun (now Shou County, Anhui), all named Ying as the capital.It is also the name of a country, and it is used with Chu.Yuan is the name of weight.Yuan gold is the legal currency of Chu State, which belongs to the nature of weighing currency. It is cast into a flat block with a number of [qian money] seals on the block, most of which are square, and there are also circular seals.In the inscription, there is 爯 [cheng title], which means to weigh the weight.Such as Ying Yu. "Shuowen Jiezi" "锾 [huanhuan], 锊 [lue slightly] also. One 锊 weighs eleven baht, twenty-five and thirteen-thirds." The seal is "Ying Yuan", and there is another "Chen Yuan", "鄟 [zhuan Zhuan] Yuan", "(鬲阝) [li Li] Yuan", "眇 [miao second] or (卣 Shao) (ying or Cai)" and so on.Yuan gold is cast by connecting many small pieces together. In 1982, Xuyi, Jiangsu Province [XUYI Xu Yi] unearthed a large metal plate of Ying Yuan, which contained 54 seals and six and a half seals, with a total of 60 seals. It is the largest metal plate of Ying Yuan so far. It is rectangular in shape and weighs 610 grams.Another piece of Yingyuan has 35 seals and 11 semi-seals.Generally, there are only about 20 seals on Yingyuan metal plates.The weight of each seal is also different, the heaviest is 28.875 grams, the lightest is 4.125 grams, and the weight of each seal is 14-17 grams.The exception is an extra large seal with a weight of 73.135 grams.The fineness of Yuan gold is high, and the gold content is more than 90%. In August 1978, a metal plate with the inscription "Lu [LU] Jin" was unearthed in Shouxian County, Anhui Province, and the inscription on the seal was "
The second is Chu Tongbei, commonly known as "antbiqian".It is a bronze imitation shell shaped like a shell with a smoothed back.There are many kinds of characters on money noodles, and the most unearthed one is "
", which has been interpreted as ancient Chinese"
The deformation of the character "(i.e. Bei character) looks like a human face and has a strange shape, so it is called "ghost face money" and "ghost head money". Another kind of face text"
", read "each six Zhu", like an ant, plus the high nose on the ghost face, hence the name "ant nose money". The rest of the face text has
(jun), all (gold),
(Row),
(Xin) and so on.These coins have been found many times in the territory of the original Chu State. The weight of each coin was about 5-5.6 grams in the early stage, and reduced to about 2.5 grams in the later stage; some were as light as 0.5 grams.In the late Warring States period, the economic exchanges between countries were frequent, the mutual influence increased, and the exchange of currencies became more serious.
The third is Chubu.In the late state of Chu, influenced by the north, a kind of special-shaped cloth coin was minted.The body of the coin is long and narrow, and the inscription on the face of the coin is "Shubu Dangxin", or interpreted as Dabu Dangyan or 旆 (pei配) Qian Dangyin.On the other side, there is the word "Shihuo", which translates to ten pieces of money for a large cloth.Another kind of cloth is "four cloths as 釿", one big cloth is four small cloths, two small cloths are connected together, one upright and one upside down, and the four legs are connected, which is also called Lianbu.
The development of currency during this period has the following characteristics: First, the decentralized circulation of currency tends to be relatively unified.Cloth money, knife coins, and won coins respectively reflect different social and economic activities such as agriculture, fishing, hunting, and handicrafts.After more than 500 years of continuous competition and mergers, the power of the Qin State expanded eastward, making Yuanqian go deep into the cloth knife area, and became the main currency form of the northern countries.In the late Warring States period, the northern currency penetrated into the south and interacted with the southern Chu currency, which prepared the conditions for the unification of Qin and Han currencies.Second, the shape of currency is gradually standardized and rounded, from the original tool shape to a round coin shape; from heavy and bulky to light and small, and finally ring coins from no holes to holes, and then to square holes .The face of the money is also cast with words, indicating the name and value of the money.The emergence of half two coins and its rapid expansion are of epoch-making significance.Third, there are various systems of monetary thought and monetary theory, each with its own characteristics and fruitful results.Guan Zhong, Shang Yang, Han Fei and others even regarded monetary policy as an important means of enriching the country, strengthening the army, and ensuring the people's livelihood. They all left a large number of rich and colorful historical documents, which had a profound impact on the later development of Chinese currency culture.
", that is, "Qifahua" or "Qizhihua", which was rough in production and cast in the late period. The first two kinds of knife coins mentioned above are better made, and the unearthed ones are rare, while the latter one has a large number. In addition, the place names cast from the coin face Divided, including: "Jimo Knife", there are two types of big and small, the larger one has the words "Jie (Mo)'s legalization" and "Jie (Mo)'s"Hua", weighing more than 56 grams."Hua", weighs less than 40 grams, and has words such as "Kaibang" and "Anbang" on the face of the coin;"Hua", weighing about 48 grams; "Tan Dao" or "簟 [dian] Bang Dao", because only half a piece was found, it is also called a guillotine knife. There are characters, and there are three oblique lines on the top of the back. There is a ring at the end of the knife, and the handle is flat, with two vertical lines. The last three are all the place names of Qi State, which were cast by Qi State using the currency of the original ancient country in Shandong area.
The second is Yandao.It was cast and issued by Yan State and circulated in the north.According to the characters on the knife face, it is also called "Ming knife" and "Yi knife".This is the largest number of knife coins unearthed, and it has been found in both Korea and Japan.There are two types of square fold and round fold.Because of its sharp arc, the square folding knife is in the shape of a chime, which is called Zhebei, also known as "Qing folding knife".There are round folding knives unearthed in Boshan, also known as "Boshan Knife".According to the different calligraphy of Ming characters, Ming characters are called " , , ", the first two types of curved back, the latter folded back, divided into three types.
The third is the pointed knife.It was cast by Yan State, and its shape is relatively large.The pointed head is the special symbol of this kind of knife coin, which is very thin overall, with a thin handle and a small and flat knife ring.Most of the money texts are on the back of the knife, or there is no text, most of them are only one character, recording the number or stems and branches, without decoration, weighing about 16 grams.There is also a needle-headed knife with a long and thin tip and a short body. Because it was unearthed in the hometown of the Xiongnu, it is also called "Xiongnu knife", and most of them have no writing.
The fourth is straight knife.Also known as round head knife, blunt head knife, the knife body is straight, round head, thin and small, weighing about 10 grams, cast by Zhao Guo.
In recent years, a large number of Yan knives have been unearthed in several northern provinces, and money fans have also been unearthed at the Yanxiadu site, which shows the prevalence of knives and coins at that time.
Yuan money, also known as ring money, comes from the spinning wheel.There are stone beads and stone rings in the Old and Neolithic China.There are many records in ancient history books such as "Erya" and "Shuowen".Many earthen or stone spinning wheels with holes in the middle were found near Yangshao Village in Henan Province, which are similar to early coins, so it is said.It is said that it originated from ancient pearls and jade, and ring shells came from ornaments. "Guanzi" said that in ancient times, pearls and jade were used as coins, referring to jade bi, which was in the shape of a ring, which had a certain influence on the production of won coins.There were won money in the Western Zhou Dynasty, which later infiltrated into the knife cloth money area.In the late Warring States period, except for Chu, most of the other countries cast won money, which has the tendency to replace the knife and cloth money.To meet the needs of the development of commodity exchange at that time, the currencies in circulation in the northern countries tended to be unified, which was in line with the law of currency development.It is the forerunner of the square hole and round money that has been popular in China for more than 2,000 years, and it is also a currency form that connects the past and the future.
The basic shape of Yuanqian is flat and round, with perforation in the center, meat (money body) and good (perforation).The law of evolution is that the perforation is first round and then the rear, and the edge of the money first has no Guo and then has Guo.There are money texts on the money surface to indicate the place name, currency value, weight and others.Most of the money backs are bare backs, and a few have some symbols.Huanqian comes in various sizes. Huanqian in different regions has different characteristics and various habits when it is used. It can be divided into three types:
One is to win money in the cloth money district.The currency unit of this area is still used, and the place names are recorded. The round money is round and pierced. From the periphery without Guo to Guo, it gradually evolved from a round hole to a square hole.There are many kinds of Qianwen, including place names, such as Yuan, Gong, Lin, Lishi, Dongzhou, Zhouhua, Yuyun and so on.Among them, Yuan coins with two inscriptions, Yuan and Yuan, were unearthed the most.The money is divided into two grades, generally weighing about 10 grams.It is mainly used in Zhou, Han, Wei and other regions.Yuan and Gong Erqian are the earliest Yuanqian.
The second is won coins in the knife and coin area or won coins in the knife and cloth parallel area.The basic shape of won money in this area is a round square hole, and the currency unit still uses the "transformation" of the knife coin.There is a plan of "Yi Hua Yuan Qian", and the face text "Yi Hua Yuan Qian".
The third is Qin Yuan money.Together with the Buqian District Won Money, they are collectively referred to as Western Won Money, which has been greatly influenced by the Buqian District Won Money and developed to some extent.The round hole has no guo, and the currency unit is changed to record two baht.The "half 睘" (huanhuan) of Qin Qian is half a monetary unit of won money.Qian Wen's "twelve baht" Qin Yuanqin is the forerunner of Qinban Liangqin.
The currency minted by the state of Chu is an independent system, collectively called Chu currency.It consists of three parts.
One is gold.Also known as Chu Jinban (ban board), printed gold, metal sheet, commonly known as gold cake, cake gold.The most inscriptions in Yuan Jin are "Ying [ying Ying] Yuan".Ying is the capital of Chu, first in Jiangling, Hubei, then moved the capital several times, and finally moved to Shouchun (now Shou County, Anhui), all named Ying as the capital.It is also the name of a country, and it is used with Chu.Yuan is the name of weight.Yuan gold is the legal currency of Chu State, which belongs to the nature of weighing currency. It is cast into a flat block with a number of [qian money] seals on the block, most of which are square, and there are also circular seals.In the inscription, there is 爯 [cheng title], which means to weigh the weight.Such as Ying Yu. "Shuowen Jiezi" "锾 [huanhuan], 锊 [lue slightly] also. One 锊 weighs eleven baht, twenty-five and thirteen-thirds." The seal is "Ying Yuan", and there is another "Chen Yuan", "鄟 [zhuan Zhuan] Yuan", "(鬲阝) [li Li] Yuan", "眇 [miao second] or (卣 Shao) (ying or Cai)" and so on.Yuan gold is cast by connecting many small pieces together. In 1982, Xuyi, Jiangsu Province [XUYI Xu Yi] unearthed a large metal plate of Ying Yuan, which contained 54 seals and six and a half seals, with a total of 60 seals. It is the largest metal plate of Ying Yuan so far. It is rectangular in shape and weighs 610 grams.Another piece of Yingyuan has 35 seals and 11 semi-seals.Generally, there are only about 20 seals on Yingyuan metal plates.The weight of each seal is also different, the heaviest is 28.875 grams, the lightest is 4.125 grams, and the weight of each seal is 14-17 grams.The exception is an extra large seal with a weight of 73.135 grams.The fineness of Yuan gold is high, and the gold content is more than 90%. In August 1978, a metal plate with the inscription "Lu [LU] Jin" was unearthed in Shouxian County, Anhui Province, and the inscription on the seal was "
The second is Chu Tongbei, commonly known as "antbiqian".It is a bronze imitation shell shaped like a shell with a smoothed back.There are many kinds of characters on money noodles, and the most unearthed one is " ", which has been interpreted as ancient Chinese" The deformation of the character "(i.e. Bei character) looks like a human face and has a strange shape, so it is called "ghost face money" and "ghost head money". Another kind of face text" ", read "each six Zhu", like an ant, plus the high nose on the ghost face, hence the name "ant nose money". The rest of the face text has (jun), all (gold), (Row), (Xin) and so on.These coins have been found many times in the territory of the original Chu State. The weight of each coin was about 5-5.6 grams in the early stage, and reduced to about 2.5 grams in the later stage; some were as light as 0.5 grams.In the late Warring States period, the economic exchanges between countries were frequent, the mutual influence increased, and the exchange of currencies became more serious.
The third is Chubu.In the late state of Chu, influenced by the north, a kind of special-shaped cloth coin was minted.The body of the coin is long and narrow, and the inscription on the face of the coin is "Shubu Dangxin", or interpreted as Dabu Dangyan or 旆 (pei配) Qian Dangyin.On the other side, there is the word "Shihuo", which translates to ten pieces of money for a large cloth.Another kind of cloth is "four cloths as 釿", one big cloth is four small cloths, two small cloths are connected together, one upright and one upside down, and the four legs are connected, which is also called Lianbu.
The development of currency during this period has the following characteristics: First, the decentralized circulation of currency tends to be relatively unified.Cloth money, knife coins, and won coins respectively reflect different social and economic activities such as agriculture, fishing, hunting, and handicrafts.After more than 500 years of continuous competition and mergers, the power of the Qin State expanded eastward, making Yuanqian go deep into the cloth knife area, and became the main currency form of the northern countries.In the late Warring States period, the northern currency penetrated into the south and interacted with the southern Chu currency, which prepared the conditions for the unification of Qin and Han currencies.Second, the shape of currency is gradually standardized and rounded, from the original tool shape to a round coin shape; from heavy and bulky to light and small, and finally ring coins from no holes to holes, and then to square holes .The face of the money is also cast with words, indicating the name and value of the money.The emergence of half two coins and its rapid expansion are of epoch-making significance.Third, there are various systems of monetary thought and monetary theory, each with its own characteristics and fruitful results.Guan Zhong, Shang Yang, Han Fei and others even regarded monetary policy as an important means of enriching the country, strengthening the army, and ensuring the people's livelihood. They all left a large number of rich and colorful historical documents, which had a profound impact on the later development of Chinese currency culture.