Chapter 13 Chapter Four Etiquette in Daily Life

The ancients paid great attention to the civilization of speech and behavior in social communication and family life.The so-called "politeness" means to be respectful and polite to people.Appearance refers to appearance, appearance, and a polite appearance can be called "politeness".To be polite, the first thing is appearance politeness, appearance refers to a person's appearance and posture.The ancients paid attention to "uprightness" and "cleanness" in clothing, that is, the crown is upright and the clothes are clean.Any man who has performed the crown ceremony, that is, an adult man, will be considered rude if he goes out without a crown, or if he wears it improperly.Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty once mentioned, "Using copper as a mirror can straighten your clothes" in order to maintain your politeness.If the hat is removed in public (take off the hat), it is used to express apology and apology.

The second is etiquette.The ancients attached great importance to salutation, but there is also a standard for salutation, that is, different salutes are given to different people on different occasions, so as to properly express respect and humility, otherwise it will be regarded as rude.In the etiquette of meeting, in ancient times, there were various salutes and salutes for communication.According to the records of "Zhou Li Chun Guan Da Zhu", at the latest in the Zhou Dynasty, there were nine kinds of salutes, "one is called Ji (ji Ji) head, the other is called dun head, the third is called empty head, and the fourth is called vibration. The fifth is an auspicious obeisance, the sixth is an ominous obeisance, the seventh is an odd (ji) obeisance, the eighth is a praise obeisance, and the ninth is an auspicious obeisance."These nine types are all kneeling and worshiping, and the movements are relatively large.Jishou is the highest class in worship, and it is mainly used in officialdom, especially when ministers visit the emperor, they must perform this ceremony.When performing the Jishou ceremony, first bow and then kneel, then put your hands together and press the ground, put your head in front of your hands and touch the ground, stand up after staying for a while.This kind of ceremony is a big move, but relatively slow.The bowing ceremony is lighter than the Jishou ceremony, and it is mostly used between people of equal status. It is also kneeling and kowtowing, but the time for the head to touch the ground is shorter.The empty head is the monarch's return to his ministers. Its action is similar to Jishou and Dunshou, but the head does not touch the ground, but stands up after touching the hand, so it is called empty head.Vibration, clapping hands together, bending the body forward, this kind of salute does not require kneeling, and the movements are not big, and it is mostly used in non-official fields and when encountering on the way.Jibai is a kneeling ceremony used in sacrifices and other activities, and the action is similar to that of the Prime Minister.Jibai means kneeling first, then saluting after getting up, and it is mainly used for funeral rituals.Qibai has two explanations for this kind of worship: one is to bend one leg first, and make the knee of the other leg touch the ground, or hold a knot or a halberd, and the body leans on the knot or halberd to worship; , a pause, a bow, together.Praise means to worship again.Su worship, kneel down first, but don't bend down to lead the head, just raise your hands down.

In addition to these nine kinds of salutes, the ancients also bowed in their daily life, expressing respect with bowed bodies.The ancient salute is different from the salute of bowing hands, it is a salute of pushing hands.Depending on the object, the position of the pusher is different. "Zhou Li·Qiu Guan" says: "Tu Yi common surname, Shi Yi different surname, Tian Yi the same surname." When bowing to people other than relatives of the same family, the position of the pushing hand is lower; , the position of the pushing hands is moderate, pushing flatly; when bowing to the same family members, the position of the pushing hands is slightly higher.The action of Yili is smaller than salutation, and it is widely used in daily life. When people interact with each other, they often use Yili to pay tribute.The hands-on ceremony is also called "holding hands together", so it is also called "holding fists", but it only puts hands together in front of the chest, without the action of pushing hands.If you show respect, you often bow when you clasp your hands.If it is a general salute, only hold hands.