Chapter 4 The second quarter

Auspicious rituals refer to ceremonies related to sympathy, condolence, and sorrow.This etiquette includes many specific contents. In case of famine, a famine ceremony should be held, if a serious natural disaster occurs, a hanging ceremony should be held, if foreign enemies invade and cause war, a (guihui) [guigui] ceremony should be held, and if domestic turmoil occurs, a ceremony should be held. However, it is closely related to people, and what is often encountered in social life is the funeral ceremony, that is, the ceremony of funeral mourning.Because this etiquette can best reflect the living's love and sorrow for the dead, it can be used as a typical representative of fierce etiquette.Rituals are all ceremonies held after unfortunate events to pray for peace and alleviate the pain and loss caused by the disaster.Funeral is a ceremonial activity held after death, because the ancients divided people into several stages from dying to burial, so the related ceremonies are also carried out in stages, which can be roughly divided into recovery, funeral, funeral, There are five stages of burial and burial.

In ancient times, people called people who were dying and dying as "纩纩 [kuang mine]".The 纩 is a new silk floss, very light, and it is put on the mouth and nose of a critically ill person to check whether he is dead.Once the silk floss is no longer fluttering, that is, there is no "a trace of breath", it can be concluded that the person has passed away, and then enters the "recovery" stage.The so-called "recovery" is actually calling for the soul of the dead.The ancients believed that after death, the soul would leave the body and go to the underworld in the north.Therefore, when a person has just died, the living person holds the clothes worn by the deceased, climbs to the roof, and calls the name of the deceased towards the north to call his soul back to his body.After a long call, but no resurrection, the formal funeral began.

After bathing the dead, it enters the stage of "coffining", which is customarily called encoffining.The mortuary is divided into small mortuary and large mortuary.Small mortuary refers to putting a shroud on the deceased, and then wrapping the corpse with a quilt (wrapping the corpse); big mortuary refers to putting the corpse into a coffin.The burial is also restricted by the official position and status, not only in the quality and quantity of the clothes and quilts, but also in the length of the "burial".According to the regulations of the etiquette system, after the death of the emperor, there are seven days for small burials; five days for princes; four days for doctors and three days for scholars.The big funeral is carried out on the second day after the small funeral, and the time is one day.There are also strict regulations on the coffins in which the corpses are placed.The ancients used coffins and coffins as funeral utensils.The outer coffin is set outside the coffin, so it is also called a set coffin or an outer coffin.People and ordinary officials have coffins but no outer coffins after death. Only emperors, princes, and powerful officials have the right to enjoy coffins after death. The more exquisite it is, the innermost coffin will of course be more luxuriously decorated.

According to Li Lianying's "Notes of Ai Yuexuan" and the Qing archives "Records of Empress Xiaoqinxian's Ascension to Xianya", the encoffining of Empress Cixi of Emperor Xianfeng of the Qing Dynasty was extremely luxurious.The outside of the coffin she used was first wrapped with 100 bolts of Goryeo cloth, and then painted 49 times on the outside of the cloth.There are certain names and technical requirements for each paint. The first paint is called Zhuansheng lacquer, the second paint is called Tongqi ash, and from the third to the 40th paint, it is filled with paste cloth and pressed cloth. The two processes of lacquer and ash are used alternately.The production process requirements for the last few paints are particularly delicate, such as enveloping paint, gold glue paint, full sweeping gold, etc.Before putting Cixi's body into the coffin, a brocade mattress inlaid with gold thread and jewels was laid on the bottom of the coffin. piece.On top of the brocade mattress is a silk mattress embroidered with lotus patterns, on which 2,400 round beads are placed.On top of the round beads, there is a thin mattress embroidered with Buddha beads, on which 1300 small pearls are adorned.At the time of burial, the empress dowager, who had power for a while, wore a gold silk embroidered gown and an embroidered beaded gown. On these two clothes, jewels were still used as decorations, and 420 large pearls, 1,000 medium pearls, and small pearls were used. 4500 grains, 1135 gems.There are nine practice beads wrapped around her body, and a crown of beads on her head, inlaid with a jewel as big as a chicken egg. The value of this jewel alone reaches 10 million taels of silver.Not only that, she also used a watermelon carved from emerald as a pillow, and stepped on two large lotus flowers carved from jasper.The ritual of "mortuary" alone is enough to see the degree of extravagance of ancient emperors and dignitaries.In ancient times, when encoffining, the mouth of the deceased also had "rice containing", that is, rice, jade and other things were contained in the mouth.Of course, the greater the power, the more precious the "rice contained" in his mouth.Cixi once had a night pearl in her mouth. It is said that the pearl can be separated and closed. When it is separated, the pearl will be transparent and dull.Such a precious orb is of course priceless.Such a luxurious burial can only be done in the emperor's family, and ordinary families can only bury it in a simple way.

After entering the "mortuary", the relatives of the deceased must cry continuously, which is called mourning.However, the continuous mourning and crying, physical strength is difficult to support.In order for the funeral ceremony to continue, other people are allowed to cry for the mourning.Therefore, in ancient Chinese society, the profession of "murder mourning" appeared. After the encoffining is over, it enters the "funeral", that is, the coffin is parked for burial.Funeral, with the feeling of nostalgia for the dead.Although a person has passed away, people still don't want him to leave soon, so they park the deceased in his former residence and serve him like a guest, so it is called funeral.According to the regulations of the etiquette system, after the death of the emperor, his coffin (the coffin that has been filled with the corpse) should be moved to the hall in the palace.The places where the coffins are parked are called "funeral palaces" in the imperial palace, and "funeral halls" or "mourning halls" in the homes of other bureaucrats and common people.After the funeral, the children and relatives of the deceased should serve on the side of the coffin by the empress, imperial concubine, prince and civil and military officials in turn.

The funeral period also varies according to the identity and status of the deceased. The shortest is only a few days, and the elder can be up to three years.In the early spring and Autumn period, the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty declined, and the power of the princes became stronger.After the death of King Huan of Zhou, he had to be buried in accordance with the regulations of the fierce etiquette, but the royal family at this time could not afford so much money and goods, so they had to send envoys to the vassal states to "ask for 赙 [fu payment]" (that is, funeral expenses) ), "begging for gold", that is, asking for money at the door.However, the princes who have rapidly expanded their power do not pay attention to the emperor, let alone pay to support a dead emperor, which makes the Zhou royal family difficult to get off. The funeral was therefore delayed for nine years.

During the funeral, there is another important etiquette activity - the gift of posthumous title [shishi], although it does not belong to the category of fierce rituals, it is directly related to funerals.Posthumous title, or posthumous title, is a highly general evaluation and summary of the behavior and character of the deceased during his lifetime, similar to today's eulogy.In ancient times, there was a saying of "covering the coffin for determination", "the posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous titles."Although the assessment of posthumous names is based on the behavior and morality of the deceased during his lifetime, there are still different moral standards in different historical periods, which is also an important basis for assessing posthumous titles.Posthumous titles are divided into two categories: official posthumous titles and private posthumous posthumous titles.Official posthumous titles are given by the imperial court to the deceased, while private posthumous titles are given by relatives and friends to the deceased.The ceremony of bestowing posthumous titles began in the Western Zhou Dynasty. In the book "Yi Zhou Shu", there is an article "Explanation of posthumous posthumous titles", which specifically records the evaluation criteria of posthumous titles.In the later history, the evaluation criteria for posthumous titles were added and revised.During the Song Dynasty, Su Xun collected the posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous law, compiled a book "posthumous posthumous law", thus forming a complete system of posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous law.People can be divided into good and evil, and rulers can also be divided into virtuous and tyrants. Therefore, posthumous titles are also divided into three categories: beautiful posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous posthumous titles.The posthumous title contains the meaning of praise and reputation, and it is an affirmation of the behavior and character of the deceased throughout his life.Such as:

Wu: Strong and upright is called Wu; mighty and ruthless is called Wu; Text: Jingwei Tiandi is called Wen; learning is diligent and inquisitive is called Wen; kindness and peace are called Wen. Filial piety: kindness, love and relatives are called filial piety; Scenery: Bu Yi Xinggang said Scenery. Soup: To remove the disabled and abuse, it is called soup. From the several posthumous posthumous standards listed, it is not difficult to see that these posthumous titles are bestowed on people with integrity and high moral character.In the early Western Han Dynasty, during the reign of two emperors, they adopted the policy of light corvee and light tax, and recuperating with the people, which made the country's politics clear, the social order stable, and the production and economy recovered and developed relatively quickly.After their death, they were given the posthumous titles of "Wen" and "Jing" respectively. This is the famous Han Wen Emperor Liu Heng and Han Jing Emperor Liu Qi, and their political achievements are therefore hailed by historians as the "Government of Wen and Jing".

Ping posthumous title contains the meaning of pity and regret, and expresses sympathy for the misfortune suffered by the deceased.Such as: Shang [Shang Shang]: Short breaks cannot be called Shang. Sorrow: Gongren's short break is called mourning. 愍〔min Min〕: When you are worried in the country, you are called Min. The object bestowed by the posthumous posthumous posthumous title has experienced many hardships during his lifetime and wanted to make a difference, but unfortunately, he failed to display his talents.For example, Liu Long, Emperor Shang of the Eastern Han Dynasty, was born only a hundred days before he was embraced as the emperor, and he died within less than a year of his reign. Naturally, it was "short-term failure", so he was given the posthumous title of "Shang". .

Bad posthumous posthumous posthumous titles have a clear derogatory meaning, and they are a denial of the deceased's conduct as a person and his life's behavior.Such as: Li: To kill innocents is Li. Yang: Go to Liyuan and the people say Yang. Obviously, the object of the posthumous posthumous title is those who have abused tyranny and behaved improperly.In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Ji Hu ascended the throne as the king of Zhou. In order to make up for the financial deficit of the royal family, he enforced the policy of plundering the mountains, forests and rivers in the country, which aroused the dissatisfaction of the people of the country, and there were many complaints for a while.Ji Hu further adopted a high-pressure policy, and all those who expressed dissatisfaction were executed.The people of the country couldn't bear it, and finally rioted.Ji Hu also fled to Zhi (zhi) Yi (now Huo County, Shanxi) because of his lack of justice and lack of help, and died there.So he got the posthumous title of "Li".As for another tyrant in history, Emperor Sui Yang, in order to steal the throne, he did not hesitate to kill his father, but in the end he only ended up in the shameful end of betrayal.

Posthumous titles have been followed for more than 2,000 years in Chinese history. As an important part of the etiquette system, its role is not only to "conclude the coffin" of the deceased, but also to make the deceased a teacher of the living through the evaluation of posthumous titles. Teach future generations to distinguish between good and evil, right and wrong.Although there are evaluation standards for posthumous names, there is no strict limit on the number of words in posthumous names, ranging from one word to unlimited.For example, Sima Guang in the Northern Song Dynasty had the posthumous title of "Wenzheng", while Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, had as many as 21 posthumous titles after his death.After the posthumous title is assessed, it is usually engraved on the epitaph along with the life story of the deceased, and buried in the crypt together with the coffin. The end of the funeral period is called the funeral.Going out of the funeral is going into the burial, that is, entering the stage of "burial".Burial is to bury the coffin underground, also known as burial, burial, and burial.On the day of burial, the coffin is first loaded on a car, which is called a hearse, also called a willow car.Then set off to the cemetery, which is called "fayin" in etiquette.The leading team is led by the bereaved master (the person closest to the deceased), and walks while crying.Behind him, the relatives and friends of the deceased "hold the silk (fufu) in white clothes".White clothes refer to the white plain clothes worn by the mourners; the ropes are the ropes used to pull the hearse, and they will be used to lead the coffin into the cave when it is time for burial.The mourners sang dirges as they went, that is, a sad song sung when the hearse is drawn.After arriving at the cemetery, lead the coffin down to the crypt dug in advance, fill in the soil for burial, and the funeral is over. Burials were popular in ancient China, but the development of this custom of tombs also has a long historical process.In the primitive human period, the dead were not buried, but abandoned in wild valleys.However, with the formation of blood clans and the emergence of the concept of blood relatives, people began to feel nostalgia for their dead relatives, and tried to protect their corpses, thus gradually forming various burial methods and customs. "The ancient burials were paid with thick clothes, and they were buried in the middle of the field" ("Book of Changes · Xici Xia").This information tells us that the original burial method is to cover the dead with branches and weeds to prevent them from being exposed.The ancients explained the word "buried" as "Zang Ye" ("Shuowen Jiezi"), which means to cover up and hide.This burial habit of covering up corpses is also related to primitive religious beliefs, that is, the concept of "ghosts" in people's minds leads people to fear dead corpses, so they try to hide them in invisible places.After that, the burial method of burying in the ground appeared again. Among the sites of the matrilineal clan period, most of them were buried in earth pits.This cave-like burial method is the progress of the ancients in concept and consciousness, and it is also a symbol of the development of social civilization.Burial also reflects the germination of the original theory of yin and yang from one aspect, because the earth belongs to yin to the sky; the soul of the living is yang, and the ghost of the dead is yin.So the dead go to the earth, that is, to the underworld.Since the emergence of burial, there have been tombs, but "in ancient times, there were tombs but not graves" ("Book of Rites·Tan ​​Gong Shang"), which means that at the beginning of burial, there were only tombs, but no graves.Tomb and tomb are two concepts. The place where the corpse is buried is called tomb, also called tomb (yingying);According to the analysis of literature records, the custom of raising graves on top of tombs probably began in the Central Plains during the Spring and Autumn Period.In "Book of Rites Tan Gong 1", a story about Confucius is recorded: Confucius lost his father when he was young.When he grew up, he didn't know where his father was buried. Later, after many searches, he finally found out about his father's tomb in Fang (now east of Qufu, Shandong).So he moved his mother's remains and buried them with his father.He was deeply touched by this: "There are tombs in ancient times but not tombs. Today's hills, people from east, west, north, south, cannot be recognized." It means that he is a person who travels around.If there is no sign on the tomb, how will it be identified in the future?So they piled up a four-foot-high mound on the tomb. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, not only were graves erected on tombs, but also the etiquette of planting trees. "The degree of feudal title and the number of trees are based on the rank of the nobles" ("Zhou Li Zhongren"), that is to say, the height and size of the grave and the number of trees planted in the grave should be determined according to the status and identity of the deceased.The tombs of the princes after their death are "as tall as a mountain, and as tall as a forest" ("Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals").After the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were no tombs without graves, but in feudal society, the hierarchical system had clear and strict regulations on the area occupied by tombs.The emperor's tomb is the largest, and the soil is as high as a mountain to show his lofty and prominent status, so it is called mausoleum, or mountain mausoleum.The emperor not only has a tall tomb, but also shows great pomp and extravagance at the funeral.Funeral ceremonies developed to the Qing Dynasty has been very cumbersome.After the emperor's coffin was parked in the funeral palace for 27 days, the small coffin carried by 32 people was moved out of the funeral palace, replaced by the big coffin carried by 80 people, and carried out of the city gate, and then replaced by the big coffin carried by 128 people, to the cemetery.There are 30 shifts every day to carry the coffin. The front and back of the coffin are surrounded by guards of honor, guards, and monks. The funeral procession is more than ten miles long.Wherever they pass along the way, men, women, old and young all kneel down and greet them by the roadside.Prince Baylor and civil and military officials knelt ten miles outside the cemetery to welcome them.After the coffin arrives at the cemetery, it is first placed in the Longen Hall (also known as the Hall of Enjoyment, and the Hall of Consecration) built in advance. After the sacrificial ceremony is held here, the coffin is carried along the paved wood with a dragon 輴 [chunchun, a car for loading the coffin]. It was sent into the completed catacombs and placed on the "treasure bed" (the stone case on which the coffin was placed).The emperor's tomb is not simply a hole dug in the ground, but is built magnificently like a palace on the ground, so it is also called the underground palace, bedroom palace, imperial hall, etc., meaning underground palace.And a series of buildings should be built on the ground, such as walls (also known as god walls), stele pavilions, halls of sacrifice (also known as Shanggong and Xiangdian, places for offering sacrifices to the dead emperor), etc. Mausoleum built with earth and stone.These buildings and the trees planted around the cemetery form a whole, solemn and solemn, called the cemetery.Both the cemetery and the underground palace are symbols of the emperor's power, and their scale and layout are also strictly regulated, thus forming a mausoleum system. Qin Shihuang was the first to open the mausoleum system.This "one emperor through the ages" built a mausoleum for himself in the beautiful Lishan Mountain during his lifetime.Its grand scale is not only in China, but also ranks first among the tombs of monarchs and emperors all over the world.It took 37 years for Qin Shihuang to build the mausoleum from the beginning of his accession to his burial, which is exactly the same as his reign.The mausoleum platform (also known as the mausoleum) of this mausoleum is more than 120 meters high, and it still has a height of 76 meters.The cemetery is divided into the inner city and the outer city. The mausoleum is located in the southwest of the inner city, facing east from the west.According to the records of "Historical Records: The Chronicle of Qin Shihuang", the underground palace is "passed through three springs and lowered to the copper coffin, and all the officials and artifacts in the palace are moved to hide them, so that they can be used as machine crossbows, and those who are close can shoot them. Mercury For hundreds of rivers, rivers and seas, instilled with the machine. The upper part is astronomy, and the lower part is geography. With the mermaid ointment as a candle, it will last for a long time."It can be seen from this passage that Qin Shihuang moved a human world into his underground palace.Not only that, there is also a huge bodyguard army buried underground in the east of the mausoleum - terracotta warriors and horses. There are more than 7,000 pottery terracotta warriors, more than 600 pottery horses, and 130 chariots. It embodies the majestic and majestic style of martial arts, and also highlights the majesty and grandeur of Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum.Since then, almost the emperors of all dynasties have built mausoleums for themselves. Although the scale of the mausoleum is not as large as that of Qin Shihuang, the mausoleum system is more complete.In the Western Han Dynasty, there were no martyrs in the emperor's mausoleum, and the emperor and empress were buried together after death. Generally, the emperor's mausoleum was located in the west, and the rear mausoleum was located in the east. The emperor's mausoleum was slightly larger than the posterior mausoleum.A mausoleum was built near the imperial mausoleum to guard and enshrine the mausoleum.The mausoleums of the Eastern Han Dynasty were the first to place stone statues (that is, stone figures, animals and monsters, placed in pairs facing each other) on both sides of the Shinto.In the Han Dynasty, the system of burial of meritorious officials and noble relatives also appeared. These people were buried around the emperor's mausoleum after death to show their companionship. Since then, these systems have been mostly followed. In addition to inheriting the mausoleum system of the previous dynasties, the Ming and Qing dynasties also developed.After the death of the emperor, the mausoleums were relatively concentrated and formed the mausoleum area.The Ming Tombs in Changping County, Beijing are the cemeteries of 13 emperors from Ming Chengzu Zhu Di to Sizong Zhu Youjian (Jingtai Emperor Zhu Qiyu was buried in Jinshan, Beijing).The nine emperors after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs (except the last emperor Puyi) were also buried in the Eastern Tomb of the Qing Dynasty (now Zunhua, Hebei) and the Western Tomb of the Qing Dynasty (now Yixian, Hebei).In addition, since the Ming Dynasty, buildings such as Baocheng and Minglou have been built on the Lingtai; in the Qing Dynasty, the Crescent City was added on the Lingtai.In this way, the mausoleum system developed to the Qing Dynasty, and it has been extremely perfect, and the layout of the mausoleum is more complete.Each Qing mausoleum has stone statues, large archways, stone bridges, dragon and phoenix gates, stele pavilions, god kitchens, east-west rooms, Longen gate, east-west side halls, Longen hall, glazed gates, and two-pillar gates in order from south to north. There are more than ten large and small buildings such as Shiyugong, Fangcheng, Baocheng, Minglou, Baoding and underground palaces, and there are generally tombs of queens and concubines near each emperor's mausoleum. After the funeral, mourning is also required for the deceased.Wearing mourning is also a way of remembering the dead.The scope of mourning is also regulated, usually the wife, children and relatives of the deceased.After the death of an emperor, his empress, concubines, princes, grandsons, and even civil and military officials all had to mourn for him.Moreover, all entertainment activities are still suspended during the mourning period.The famous cross talk master Hou Baolin profoundly exposed the bitterness and suffering suffered by folk artists and their people during the mourning period after the death of the emperor in his cross talk "Changing Business".There are also some specific regulations on the time of mourning, according to the closeness of the relationship with the deceased. In the "Book of Rites", there is a record of three years of mourning, which can be described as serving long filial piety.Of course, the period of mourning can range from several months, and the shortest is three months.