Chapter 24 Chapter 24 Shipbuilding and Navigation in the Early Qing Dynasty

Due to the invasion of Japanese pirates, the Jiajing Dynasty of the Ming Dynasty imposed a sea ban, and the construction of two-masted ships was not allowed to enter the sea.Normal nautical trade was cut off. "The stricter the prohibition, the greater its value, and the more people will follow it. If private communication is not allowed, people will be plundered." The government suppresses smuggling, and "no inch of board is allowed to go into the sea."In pursuit of profits, maritime merchants risked their lives and broke the ban, and became armed pirates. "Counters and merchants are the same people. If the market is open, the pirates will turn into merchants, and if the market is banned, the merchants will turn into bandits." (Hu Zongxian's "Chi Haitu Compilation") Longqing and Wanli had no choice but to relax the sea ban, and the navigation industry was restored. At the end of Ming Dynasty, Zheng Zhilong Maritime Group appeared.

At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, in order to prevent Zheng Chenggong from resisting the Qing court and cut off the contact between the mainland people and Zheng Chenggong, the Qing government implemented a short-term sea ban. In the twelfth year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (AD 1655), a sea ban was promulgated.On June 19th, Tun Tai, governor of Zhejiang and Fujian, said: "Coastal provinces should strictly prohibit sails from entering the sea, and offenders will be imposed with heavy codes." Build large ships with two masts or more without authorization, sell prohibited goods abroad to foreign countries, sneak in with pirates, conspire together, and act as guides to plunder good people; or build large ships, sell them to foreign countries for profit, or rent large ships to foreign countries People who share the goods of the Fan people will be handed over to the Ministry of Punishment for punishment. When it comes to single-masted boats, the people will be given licenses to fish near the coast to get paid, and the officers and soldiers of the camp are not allowed to disturb them.”In the following year, a sea ban order was promulgated: "From now on, any merchant or civilian ship that goes into the sea privately to trade grain, goods, etc. ("Cases" Volume 62 of "Guangxu Daqing Huidian")

In August of the eighteenth year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (AD 1661), the order of moving to sea was issued.From Liaodong to Guangdong, the coastal residents moved 30 miles inland each, burning houses and supplies, cutting down trees, leaving fields barren, and more than half of the people died.Thirty to fifty miles along the coast were destroyed as no man's land.In the 23rd year of Kangxi (AD 1684), because Zheng Keshuang had surrendered (the Qing had unified Taiwan in 1683), the sea ban was reopened.So far, the sea has been banned for 29 years. In the forty-second year of Kangxi (AD 1703), the Qing government relaxed the restrictions on shipbuilding.Merchant ships are allowed to use two masts.The beam head should not exceed 1 zhang 8 chi, and the number of helmsmen should not exceed 28; the beam head 1 zhang 67 chi, no more than 24; the beam head 1 zhang 45 chi, no more than 16; Three feet, no more than 14.However, it has not been fully implemented in practice.For example, in the third year of Jiaqing (AD 1798), a Fujian boatman drove a merchant ship to sea, and it was blown by the wind to Jeju Island, North Korea.This boat is 230 feet long (that is, 23 feet), five feet seven feet wide, and the beam head is three feet four feet two.However, the Qing government did not ask, which shows that the policy has been much looser.

The second sea ban was from the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi (AD 1717) to the fifth year of Yongzheng (AD 1727), a total of 10 years. In the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi, the Merchant Ships Going Overseas Trade Law was enacted, and merchant ships were not allowed to trade in Southeast Asia, Luzon and other places. This was to prevent ships from entraining robbers.Violators are strictly punished.Shipbuilding must be reported to the local officials to inspect the branding, take the ship owner's happy knot, and fill in the ship's bill with the length of the ship, the name of the merchant, and the goods to and from a certain place for trade.According to the monthly booklet, report to the supervisor and save the case.Every day, each person must bring one liter of rice and one liter of extra rice to prevent wind resistance.If there is more than the amount of rice, the officials will be found out, and the boat owners and merchants will be punished together.If the ship is sold to a foreign country, those who build and sell the ship will be killed immediately, and those who go will stay in the foreign country, and those who go with the knowledge will be shackles for three months. Back up and beheaded; if coastal officials encounter things such as smuggling ships, bringing more rice, or sneaking into forbidden areas, they will hide and not report, and they will be punished severely.

In the fifth year of Yongzheng, the sea ban was reopened.Gao Qizhuo, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, said in the memorial that Fujian Province is narrow and densely populated, and the population is increasing day by day. The local production is not enough for food, but opening up the ocean, the surplus of trade and the shortage of cultivation will benefit both the rich and the poor.In the past, I might have considered stealing rice abroad, and checked that all foreign countries were rice-producing lands, and did not borrow money from China.There is also the matter of smuggling ship materials. The foreign ships are large, while the Chinese ships are small, and all the plank masts are not enough for the use there.Therefore, the sea ban was reopened.

Throughout the period from the founding of the Qing Dynasty to the Opium War (AD 1644-1840), it lasted 196 years, and the ban on the sea was only 39 years. Most of the years were to implement the policy of opening the sea.In the early Qing Dynasty, the quantity and quality of shipbuilding, navigation technology and carrying capacity were greatly improved.my country is still a big country with nautical strength. After the sea ban was lifted in 1727, ocean shipping in the Qing Dynasty entered a prosperous period.According to "Xiamen Chronicle": "Those who serve Jia (merchants) take the sea as their profit, and regard Wang Yangju as their mat. They go to Ningbo, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Jinzhou in the north, and to the east of Guangdong in the south. They cross Taiwan. One year old. Traveled several times. Out to Luzon, Sulu, Lili, Karaba, winter to summer and back, once a year. At the beginning, the profit ranged from several times to dozens of times, so there were shipbuilders who dumped their production." Explanation Since the 18th century, China's ocean-going ships have been increasingly active in Southeast Asia.

At this time, my country's shipbuilding industry not only built a large number of ships, but also had high quality requirements for shipbuilding.For example, the requirements for the mast wood must be thick, long, and straight to make the mast.According to "Records of Envoys to Ryukyu": In the third year of Shunzhi (1646 A.D.), Zhang Xueli was envoy to Ryukyu and went to Fujian to build ships in advance. Due to the difficulty of obtaining masts, he stayed for four years and was unable to set off. Through maritime activities, our country has very close contacts with the Ryukyu Kingdom.

"Qiuyang" is a history of Ryukyu.According to Ryukyu, it is Okinawa Island in Japan today, and it was called Ryukyu Country in Qing Dynasty.According to "History of Ming Dynasty Foreign Biography Ryukyu": "At the beginning of Hongwu, the country had three kings, Zhongshan, Shannan, and Shanbei. They all took Shang as their surname, and Zhongshan was the strongest." Volume 12 of "Qiuyang", Shang Jing In the nineteenth year (that is, the ninth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty, 1731 AD), there is such an event: "Since ancient times, all ships in our country have used snail ash. Introduced to Yuntian Port, the victim Wu (called Wu's victim) burned lime, and the cost of burning was greatly reduced, and the quality of the ash was better. Burn Nagongku. Therefore, both tribute ships (ships sent from Ryukyu to China) and Kaichuan (ships from Ryukyu to Japan) use lime." Explain the contribution of the Chinese people to the Ryukyu people during their voyages and the friendly relationship between the two peoples .

In the fifty-eighth year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1719 A.D.), Xu Baoguang wrote Zhongshan Chuanxinlu, which recorded the details of the shipbuilding and navigation of the envoys to Ryukyu.This time, in order to go to Ryukyu as an envoy, two large ships were selected from private merchant ships in Ningbo, Zhejiang as "sealing boats". "Feng Zhou" is a ship with a name conferred by the emperor. It is a large ship specially used for the emperor's envoys (and their entourage) to go to the relevant countries for state activities.Because it is selected from the folks, "the cost is light and the process is fast, which has never been done before."Explain the wealth of the people and the development of the shipbuilding and navigation industry at that time.

The No. 1 ship was occupied by envoys, and the No. 2 ship carried military service.With 200 officers and soldiers, "each ship has a hundred people as assistants".The design of the boat is meticulous and thoughtful, and it is convenient and comfortable to use, reaching a very high level. Captain No. 1 is ten feet long, two feet eight feet wide, and one foot five feet deep.There are four compartments front and rear.Each cabin is divided into upper and lower layers, and the lower layer is filled with boulders and placed.The middle layer is inhabited by envoys.The two sides are called Mali, and they are divided into two floors. The left and right eight rooms are for followers and servants.The hatch has a ladder to go down.The middle of the cabin is more than six feet wide, and a bed can be placed horizontally. It is eight or nine feet high, and the top of the cabin is a skylight well, more than three feet square, to let in light, and it can be closed when it rains.The right side of the deck is empty for driving, and the left side is equipped with a stove.There are board pavilions one or two feet wide on the outside of the bridge, and one or two huts are built around the front and back. You can live in the huts in hot weather.There are four water tanks, four water tanks and 12 buckets on board.A total of 700 stones were received.Living on the boat is to give water by lot, and each person has a small earthen pot per day.At the stern of the ship is the general's platform, on which stands a large flag, equipped with rattan cards, bows and arrows, where military service and sailors live.The stage will be offered to the concubine Tian and other water gods.Below is the rudder tower, the small cabin in front of the rudder tower is where the dial is placed, and the crew chief, helmsman, and the person in charge of the dial among the envoys live here.There are 12 large and small cannons lined up on both sides of the ship.

There are nine mat canopies and cloth canopies on the boat, and three big logs are horizontally placed on the deck, with axes to rotate, and wooden ropes, palm ropes, etc. to wind around. The head cloth tent is four feet long and two feet four feet wide. The tail sending cloth tent is three feet six feet long and two feet five feet wide. There are 22 people below each ship, each with a full-time job, we can see their superb management level, including: There are two heads and deputy heads, and the head is in charge of the needle and compass.The deputy chief manages the needle room and manages three long ropes to measure the depth of sea water; Two helmsmen and two, the main rudder; There are two anchors and deputy anchors, who are in charge of the four door anchorages, and who are in charge of the head and cloth tents when sailing; The principal and deputy Yaban are responsible for the top of the turban, the top of the sail and a dragon flag and a big flag on the top of the mast. They are required to be strong in skill, quick in action, and fly up and down, so as to look out from the mast; Two sampan workers, the chief and the deputy, are in charge of the sampan boat, and when sailing, they are in charge of the Qingfeng banner and the head sail; There are two people in the front and the assistant, who are in charge of the big sail and the cloth sail at the tail, the mother palm, the big rope, etc.; The principal and deputy are the two on duty, Guan Dafan arranges flowers and concubines with the Great Spirit Banner; A loading escort, a pipe repair harness and a mast jack; Xiang Gong alone, in charge of the oil lamps in front of the water gods of the concubines, offered paper and sailed tails in the ocean in the morning and evening. The rudder is two feet five feet five inches long and seven feet nine inches wide.Three gates of iron and wooden rudders were custom-made on the Fengzhou in the Ming Dynasty. Each gate is three feet and five feet long. It is fastened with a large cable from the bottom of the boat to the bow, which is called Ledu.Now the No. 1 ship is made by the Western method, called the western splint rudder, and it is also made of iron wood, also called the salt rudder. Because it has been soaked in seawater for a long time, the seawater is salty, and the more soaked it becomes stronger.There is no need for a stranglehold on the No. 1 ship, and there is no need for an auxiliary rudder.When he was about to go to sea, he had disputes with relevant departments in Fujian.A crew chief surnamed Lin on the No. 1 ship said that the rudder is the most stable because of the Western construction method, and there is no need to install an auxiliary rudder. Besides, the rudder weighs 10,000 catties, and there is no place to put it on the ship, so there is no need to install an auxiliary rudder.This also shows that some advanced experience from the West has been absorbed at that time. The second boat is slender than the first boat.The captain is eleven feet eight feet long, two feet five feet wide, and one foot two feet deep. There are 23 cabins in total, two water cabins, four water tanks, 12 buckets, and 600 stones for water. The rudder is two feet four feet long and seven feet wide. It is the same as the rudder of a bird ship. The mast is eight feet and five feet long and eight feet and five inches in circumference; There are four sculls, four feet long and two feet two inches wide; There are three anchors of different sizes; The big mast canopy is five feet seven feet long and five feet six feet wide; The headmast canopy is five feet seven feet long and five feet six feet wide; The cloth canopy on the top of the big mast turban is five feet long and four feet eight feet wide; The cloth skirt under the big mast is six feet long and one foot six feet wide; The flower arrangement tent is four feet eight feet long and three feet two feet wide; The flower-arranged trousers canopy is five feet long and one foot three feet wide; One person at Touqian is in charge of the big mast [lu lu, big thick rope] rope, big anchorage cable coil noose, big scull cart rope; Erqian alone is in charge of the big mast sling, the auxiliary anchorage coiled noose, and the big scull rope; One person from Sanqian is in charge of the big mast cable, the three anchor cable coils, and several carts; There are two chief executives and vice presidents, who are responsible for cooking and rice. For the cross-sea military service carried on the ship, the No. 1 ship is led by the escort guard, and the No. 2 ship is led by Mr. Qian.In addition to the 20 envoys and 15 family members of the deputy envoy on the ship, there are also various servants such as patrols, long squads, gatekeepers, Zaoli (servants), bearers, cooks, pastry makers, etc., as well as physicians, surgeons, Drummers, translators, and craftsmen who repair ships and tools on board, such as shipbuilders, 〔nian〕smiths, sailsmiths, ropesmiths, blacksmiths, etc. There is a "Needle Road Map" navigation on board.The ship follows the course indicated by the compass.The compass used in ancient navigation is based on the twelve Earthly Branches, Chou, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Noon, Wei, Shen, Unitary, Xu, Hai and Tiangan’s A, B, C, D, (except Wu and Ji) Geng, Xin, Ren, Gui, and Qian, Kun, Xun, Gen in the eight trigrams (excluding Zhen, Li, Kan, and Dui) share a total of 24 characters to form 24 directions.Use one character to represent the position and call it "single" (commonly used with "Dan") stitches, such as single "Chen" stitches and single "Mao" stitches, or use two words to indicate the direction and call it "sewing needles", such as "Xinyou" stitches , "Jiayin" needle. In ancient my country, the number of "geng" was also used as the timing unit of the voyage distance, that is, the meter unit.In terms of timing, there are 10 watches per day and night; in terms of metering, there are 60 miles per day (there are also 50 miles and 40 miles), so "changing" means the sailing distance per unit time at standard speed. In ancient times, there was such a method for measuring the number of "genres": "genres" were divided into ten shifts every day and night, and the number of sticks of incense was used as the degree (Hu Zongxian's "Chi Hai Tu Compilation").There is another saying: "Ocean sailing boats use magnetism as a leaking tube, like a wine pot, with solid fine sand hanging in it, and the sand seeps out from the eye of the tube, and then it is carried by another tube, the upper tube is exhausted, and the lower tube is full of sand. There are ten shifts every day and night, and each shift can travel more than forty miles, and the wind and tide can be good or bad, and the driving speed can be slow. One person takes the wood chips and throws them into the sea from the bow to the stern. It is the same as the person walking, or if the wooden chip arrives first when the person walks, then it is not enough; Li Yuanchun's "Taiwan Chronicle" Volume 1) According to "Zhongshan Chuanxinlu": "From Fuzhou to Ryukyu, from Min'an Town, go out from Wuhumen Dongsha Waiyang with a single (or second) Chen needle, and take a chicken cage head at ten o'clock. All the same), Huaping Islet, Pengjia (Jia) Mountain. Use Yimao and single-mao needle, ten-shift to take Diaoyutai, (from Diaoyutai) use single-mao needle and four-shift to take Huangweiyu, and use Jiayin (or as Mao) Needle ten (or make one) to take Chiwei Island, use Yimao needle Liugeng to take Gumishan, use single-mao needle to take horse teeth, Jiamao and Jiayin needles to go to Ryukyu Naha Port. Fuzhou Wuhumen to Ryukyu Gumishan Forty more ships." Also remember the return journey: "Ryukyu returned to Fuzhou, and sent overseas from Naha Port with Shenzhen. Xinyou needle saw Gumi Mountain and Guba Jinma Mountain at one and a half hours. Xinyou needle had four shifts, Xinxu needle had twelve shifts, Ganxu needle had four shifts, The 5th shift of Shan Shenzhen, the 16th shift of Xinyouzhen was found in Nanqishan (belonging to Wenzhou, Zhejiang), the third shift of Kunwei needle was taken from Taishan, the third shift of Ding Weizhen was taken from Limashan, and the third shift of Shan Shenzhen was collected in Dinghai Institute, Fuzhou, and entered Min'an Town. From Gumi Mountain in Ryukyu to Dinghai Station in Fuzhou, there are a total of 50 boats." From the above, it can be seen that the needle route, mileage, time required and geographical situation to and from Ryukyu have left extremely precious navigational historical materials for future generations. In the Qing Dynasty, Linqing was a nobleman of the Manchu nationality. He was born in the fifty-sixth year of Qianlong (AD 1791) and died in the twenty-sixth year of Daoguang (AD 1846). In 1809 A.D., he went to Ningbo after being a Jinshi. He once climbed on the fifth floor of the ship, and described what he saw with his own eyes: "Looking at the inner and outer oceans, the water and the sky are the same color, pointing to the Ryukyu and Japan countries in the distance, and there is a few puffs of smoke." It is also recorded that the manufacture of ships is very detailed.As far as the maritime system is concerned, the head and boat are all square.Its head beam is commonly known as the head of the market.The rear rudder of the ship is called "Shuiguan" and has four masts. The front one is called "Touwei" and the second one is called "Tou mast".The third one is called "big mast", with a sparrow pole standing on it and a carp flag on the top of the pole.The last one is called "tail mast", with five-color flags erected on it, and the Virgin Mary is enshrined at a very high place in the middle of the boat.The shed is called "Pavilion" and the door is called "Narcissus".There is a square cabin next to the door, which is called a "water tank" for storing fresh water.Although there are "carriage plates" on the ship, they have the same name but different purposes: the one at the front is used for "anchoring", the one in the middle is used for "hanging sails", and the one at the back is used for "retracting the rudder". Same name but different."Although the fences on the ship are the same fences, they have different names: the one in front is called "Lanlong", the one next to it is called "shade", and the one behind is called "inserting lottery". .The utensils made are similar to those used in Neihe, but larger.For wooden anchors, laney wood is the best, followed by black salt wood. This is because the mud on the bottom of the South Seas is too soft, and the anchor is easy to move after being dropped.There is also a "water pendant" on the boat, which is made of lead and weighs seventeen or eight catties. There is a "water line" made of a large brown rope tied to it to measure the depth of the water. The length of the "waterline" is calculated by "tuo", five feet is one extension, there are 70 extensions (35 feet) at the depth of the water, and 30 extensions (15 feet) at the shallowest point.Due to the nature of lead, it is easy to sag, and once it sags, it will sag to the bottom of the sea. Cloth is covered on the water sag, and the cloth is covered with grease such as wax. On the other hand, you can know where you are by looking at the color of the water pendant, and you can know the depth of the water by measuring the water line.As for "traveling the water and driving the wind, distinguishing the direction and positioning" all use the "needle plate".The lower plate is embedded in the deck to "determine the characters with needles", and the upper plate is placed on the stern wall to "determine the needles with characters". Illustrated · Overlooking the Sea").It can be seen from the above that this is a four-masted and five-story ocean-going ship in the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty. It is very majestic and well-constructed. It is a large sand ship. When the sea ban was lifted in the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684 A.D.), the Qing government announced four major trading ports for foreign navigation: Guangzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo, and Shanghai.Later, most of the foreign ships gradually concentrated in Guangzhou due to the convenient trade conditions in Guangzhou.Due to the continuous development of the coastal shipping industry, some new ports have emerged: It rose late, but developed rapidly in the Qing Dynasty.This is because it is located at the intersection of rivers and seas, at the middle point of the north and south coasts, and has the rich Jiangnan area as its hinterland.After Yongzheng, it became famous.By the time of Jiaqing, Shanghai's "sea boats and masts were enough to reach the distances of Fujian, Guangzhou, Shenyang, and Liao", and "the boats as far away as the West and Siam, and the ages also come."Become the largest port in the country.Its inherent ship type is sand ship. It is the main port in North China.Because it is located at the confluence of various tributaries of the Haihe River, and has a north-south canal connecting Beijing and the south of the Yangtze River, and connecting Shandong to Liaodong on the coast of the Bohai Sea in the east, it is known as the gateway of Beijing.When the sea was banned in the early Qing Dynasty, it was almost unaffected because it was located in the north.After the sea ban was lifted in the 23rd year of Kangxi, "merchants began to pass through the sea of ​​Dengzhou and went straight to Tianjin and Fengtian (Shenyang, Liaoning). The prosperity of the convergence of thousands of merchants has never been seen in ancient times."Under normal circumstances, it will take more than ten days to arrive from Xiamen to Tianjin.There are four or five round trips with Shanghai within a year.Dried fruits such as longan and lychee from the south, sandalwood and medicinal materials from the south, and cloth, tea, porcelain, and paper from the south of the Yangtze River were all resold in North China through Tianjin, and a large number of jujubes and pears were exported from Tianjin to North China. , chestnuts and various cereals. In the 32nd year of Kangxi (AD 1693), due to the famine in Shenyang, the Qing government decided to send Shandong rice grain to Liaodong.The grain ship set sail from Dengzhou (Penglai) to Lushunkou, then entered the Sancha River along the west bank of the Liaodong Peninsula to Niuzhuang, and then went north to the Liaohe River to Shenyang.In the second year, Emperor Kangxi personally went to Tianjin for investigation, and believed that "it is easier to go to Dengzhou from Dagu to reach the three branches".The three branches are the Sancha River, which is now the port Niuzhuang in the estuary of the Liaohe River.The route from Tianjin to Niuzhuang can be reached in three days and nights.Later, this route became a special route for Liaodong to supply the urban population of Tianjin for a long time.Later, due to the increasing size of ships, the port moved down to the mouth of Liaohe River, and Niuzhuang was replaced by Yingkou Port. Shandong borders the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, and the coastal areas of Dengzhou, Laizhou, Qingzhou, and Yizhou in Shandong can go to the north and south ports for trading by sea.Ships in this area are called Shandong ships. Ningbo is an ancient port in Zhejiang.Its special type of boat is Dan (dandan) boat, also known as Sanbuxiang, commonly known as Ningchuan.Beihang can go back and forth three times a year between Tianjin and Yingkou.The outer ports of Ningbo include Zhapu, Wenzhou and Taizhou.Zhapu Port is located in Hangzhou Bay, connecting with Hangjiahu area. It is the gateway of Fujian and an important place for Fujian to cross Taiwan.It has three routes: 1. The common sea-going ship on the cross-Taiwan route is called Hengyang Ship.The beam head of the hull is more than two feet long, the materials are solid, and the hull is wide. The big one can carry six or seven thousand stones, and the small one can carry two or three thousand stones. 2. The northern route departs from Xiamen and arrives in Tianjin in more than 10 days with the wind. It can go up to Kanto, and down to Shandong, Shanghai and other places.The main ships are peddlers. 3. The southern route mainly sails to Guangzhou and other parts of Guangdong.The main ship is Nan Dang ship. Guangzhou ships can reach Shandong, Kanto and Tianjin ports in about 15 days at the turn of spring and summer. After autumn and winter, they can reach Leizhou and Qiongzhou in 3 days. It is also the national foreign import and export trade center.Before the first Opium War, there were more than 100 large ships in Guangzhou, transshipping goods from the north and the south, and covering all major ports in the north and south. The scale of the ocean-going navigation industry in the Qing Dynasty surpassed that of the previous dynasties. In the mid-to-late 18th century, when the ocean was at its peak in the Qing Dynasty, there were more than 600 ocean-going merchant ships with a total carrying capacity of more than 200,000 tons.The shipping power in Southeast Asia is still in the leading position. In the late 18th century, China was still in the leading position in Sino-British trade.Just because the rule of the Qing Dynasty became increasingly decadent and declining, and world capitalism was on the rise, after the 1820s, China's economy became increasingly backward, and the shipbuilding and navigation industry was in a period of stagnation.After the Opium War, China's industry was backward, its business was depressed, its countryside went bankrupt, and it gradually became a semi-feudal and semi-colonial country. China's shipbuilding and navigation industry gradually declined.It was only after the founding of the People's Republic of China that China's shipbuilding and navigation industry opened a new chapter.