Chapter 18 Chapter 18 The Development of Shipbuilding Industry and Overseas Exchanges in the Song Dynasty

Overseas trade flourished in the Song Dynasty, far exceeding that of the previous dynasties.In order to increase fiscal revenue, the Song government attached great importance to overseas trade.In the fourth year of Song Taizu's Kaibao (971 A.D.), a city shipping department was set up in Guangzhou, and later in Hangzhou.Later, a division was set up in Mingzhou, and Guangzhou, Hangzhou, and Mingzhou were collectively called the "Three Divisions". Later, a second division was set up in Quanzhou and Banqiao Town, Mizhou (Jiaoxian County, Shandong Province).In the Southern Song Dynasty, except for Mizhou, which was included in the Jintu, other city ship institutions still existed.The shipping departments of Guangzhou and Quanzhou are relatively stable and have become important institutions for the development of maritime trade.The Maritime Shipping Department in the Song Dynasty was similar to modern customs. Merchant ships had to report to the Maritime Shipping Department to obtain a company certificate before they could go out to sea.When a foreign merchant ship arrives at a port in our country, it must first report to the Maritime Department, which will send people on board for inspection, and collect 1/10 of its cargo as import tax (called "points").The extracted goods are sent to the capital to be handed over to the national treasury, which is called "extraction", and "extraction" is an important fiscal tax for the government.Ten kinds of goods are stipulated as prohibited items, namely tortoiseshell, ivory, rhinoceros horn, bin iron, leather, coral, agate, frankincense, purple ore, and 鍮 (tou stealing, that is, brass) stone.All are purchased by the Shibo agency, and some other goods are also purchased, which is collectively referred to as "bomai".Raising points is a kind of tax, and Bobuy is a disguised market tax with mandatory price limit purchases.All the goods bought by pumping and Bo are sent to the central government.The government of the Southern Song Dynasty encouraged rich people to build sea-going ships and buy goods to do business overseas.And formulate relevant reward and punishment systems, which can attract foreign businessmen's promotion and affect overseas trade's demotion.

Due to the promotion of overseas trade and the advancement of navigation technology, my country's shipbuilding industry entered a peak stage again in the Song Dynasty.There are new developments. Shipbuilding yards and shipbuilding workshops were set up in many places in the Song Dynasty, especially in Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Mingzhou, Wenzhou, and Hangzhou along the southeast coast, which formed important bases for manufacturing seagoing ships. There were not only official shipyards, but also many private shipbuilding facilities. field.There are also many civilian ships among the big ships.Many of the warships were confiscated from civilian ships.Shipbuilding and ship repairing in the Song Dynasty had begun to use docks, and created a method of using slideways to launch.

The manufacture of boats in the Song Dynasty was not only large in quantity, but also of high quality, which in turn promoted the development of the navigation industry.Song's shipbuilding industry was more distinctive than before: the hull was taller and taller, the structure was more solid and reasonable, the sailing tools were more perfect, and the decoration was more gorgeous. In particular, the compass was used for navigation, which opened up a new era in the history of navigation. The Song boat has a small bow and a V-shaped bottom, making it easy to break through the waves.The body is flat and wide, the body is tall, and the draft is deep. It is still very stable under the attack of the horizontal wind. At the same time, the structure is solid, and the hull has sealed compartments to enhance safety.The bottom plate and the side plate adopt double or triple heavy plate structure respectively, and there are many masts and sails on board, which is convenient for using multi-faceted winds.There are small boats on the big ships, which can be used for lifesaving and emergency rescue in case of emergency.Each boat has two anchors, large and small.There are also water detection equipment in the boat.These are excellent for ocean voyages.

The general sea ships built in the Song Dynasty were called "ke boats", "more than ten feet long, three feet deep, two feet and five feet wide, and can carry two thousand dendrobium millet", and "each boat can hold sixty sailors".There is a unique watertight cabin structure inside.The passenger boat is divided into three cabins: the bottom of the first cabin is used for stoves and water tanks.The middle cabin is divided into four rooms.The back cabin is more than ten feet high, and there are windows on the four walls. "The railings [shun sucking] (that is, the railings) were applied on the top, and Huahuan was painted and decorated with curtains. The envoys, officials, and subordinates lived separately in order of rank. There were bamboo canopies, which were piled up on weekdays, and covered tightly when it rained. "("Xuanhe Fengshi Koryo Picture Book")

"Shenzhou" is much bigger than "Kezhou".In the first year of Yuanfeng (AD 1078), Song Shenzong sent envoys An Tao and Chen Mu to hire Goryeo. He ordered people to build two large ships in Mingzhou. The first ship was named "Lingxu Zhiyuan Anji Shenzhou". The two ships named "Lingfei Shunji Shenzhou" sailed from Dinghai, Zhejiang to Korea.The people of Goryeo have never seen such a Shenzhou, "cheering out to welcome".Emperor Huizong of Song Dynasty sent envoys to Goryeo again in the fifth year of Xuanhe (1123 A.D.) and built two giant ships in Mingzhou. Chi".After arriving in Koryo, the people of Koryo "gave a towering view of the city" and "cheered and sighed". The "Shenzhou" can carry five thousand materials (one material is equal to one stone) and five or six hundred people, and the medium two thousand materials to one thousand materials can also carry two or three hundred people.

The Song Dynasty also had regulations on the number of ships built in various places.For example, Song Zhezong Yuanyou five years (AD 1090) stipulated that Wenzhou, Mingzhou and other places should build 600 ships every year.Therefore, a large number of ships are built everywhere.In the tenth year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1140), Zhang Jun, the appeasement envoy of Fujian, wrote to Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty that he had built a thousand large ships in Fuzhou, and was going to sail to Shandong to attack the Jin soldiers from the flank. The Southern Song Dynasty also built many vehicles and ships.Vehicles and boats are also one of the important inventions of the ancient Chinese people.It was first successfully designed and manufactured by Li Gao, the Jiedu envoy of Jingnan, during the reign of Emperor Dezong of Tang Dynasty (780-805 AD).It can be called the ancestor of modern ships.In the Southern Song Dynasty, vehicles and boats had been widely used in the establishment of the navy.A chariot is a kind of warship. It has two wooden paddles, one on each side, and a round is called a cart. Human power is used to step on the paddles to drive the wheels and paddles to make the boat move forward at a very fast speed.It is known in history that "the wind and the waves are flying, and the disease is as fast as a sail" ("Old Tang Book·Li Gao Biography").In the Song Dynasty, the number of paddles increased, with four, six, eight, 20, 24 and even 32 rounds.

In the second year of Shaoxing, Emperor Gaozong of Song Dynasty (1132 A.D.), the Song water army attacked the uprising water army Yang Mo in Dongting Lake, and dispatched two warships with eight chariots and 20 small car and sea loach ships.During the battle, the tide of the Jujiang River was low, and the Song army had no time to retreat. The large and small vehicles and boats, as well as the shipbuilder Gao Xuan, were captured together.Since then, Yang Me's rebel army had the technology to build vehicles and boats, and imitated hundreds of large and small vehicles and boats.Among them, there are 29 giant vehicles and ships including 24 vehicles in Yangzhou and 32 vehicles in Dade Mountain.The largest car and boat in the Song Dynasty "has a length of thirty-six feet, a width of four feet and one foot, and a height of two or three layers. When an official or military ship approaches, smash it with a stick."

In the 31st year of Song Gaozong Shaoxing (1161 A.D.) during the battle of Song and Jin Caishi (in today's Ma'anshan, Anhui), the Song army used vehicles and boats to defeat the Jin soldiers.In the Southern Song Dynasty, Yu Yunwen went to Caishi to reward the army as a military staff member of Zhongshusheren. He was able to organize and encourage soldiers in times of crisis, and divided the army into five.The second is hidden in Xiaogang.At this time, the gold master Wan Yanliang had already waved a small red flag to command hundreds of boats under his command to cross the river, and in an instant, more than 70 boats had reached the south bank of the river.Yu Yunwen encouraged the soldiers to attack the enemy ships with loach boats (a kind of vehicle and boat) in the middle, and won a complete victory.Wan Yanliang went to Guazhou Town.Yu Yunwen ordered the soldiers to go to Guazhou on bicycles and boats to patrol back and forth. The Song boats circled the Jinshan Mountain three times up and down the middle stream, turning around and flying, so fast and dexterous that the Jin soldiers were all horrified when they saw it.The Jin soldiers were defeated and Wan Yanliang was killed by his subordinates.

At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Lu Xiufu, Zhang Shijie and other Song officials supported Zhao Bing (bing Bing) as emperor, and moved in exile in the Yashan area of ​​the South China Sea (in the sea 80 miles south of Xinhui, Guangdong), where all the officials of the Song Dynasty and 200,000 soldiers and civilians also stationed .The Yuan army pressed hard at every step, so they had to retreat to the waters and live in the ships.There were more than 1,200 ships in the Song Dynasty, and there were a lot of large ships.Zhang Shijie, the chief general of the Song Dynasty, anchored in the sea with boats, and his huge ships had more than a thousand ships.There are more than a thousand warships connected by big iron chains, guarding the imperial boat.Become a huge water castle and fight to the death. In January 1279, Zhang Hongfan, the commander-in-chief of the Yuan Army (Song Jiang general), thought that the water in the north of the Yashan was shallow, and the boat glue could not enter, so he turned to the south and entered the sea, and met Zhang Shijie's boat division. , Filled with ointment, took advantage of the wind to set fire to the ship, and Zhang Shijie's warships were all coated with mud, and long logs were tied to resist the fire, Zhang Hongfan had no choice.By February, the soldiers of the Song Dynasty had been eating dry food for more than ten days, drinking seawater, which was salty, and vomiting after drinking it.Li Heng led troops from Guangzhou to Yashan to fight. Zhang Hongfan ordered him to guard the north of Yashan. Zhang Hongfan attacked the south of Yashan with a boat.The situation was urgent. Lu Xiufu saw that Emperor Bing's boat was big and all the boats were tied together. He was expected to be unable to escape, that is, he carried the seven-year-old emperor Bing on his back and died in the sea.There are 800 remaining boats.Seven days later, there were more than 100,000 corpses floating on the sea.Zhang Shijie led the ship to the South China Sea and also drowned to die for his country.The Southern Song Dynasty died.From the Battle of Yashan, we can also know the strength of sea ships in the Southern Song Dynasty.

Because of the large carrying capacity, strong stability, safety and reliability, and fast speed of Chinese sea-going ships, Arabs and Persians are willing to take China's sea-going ships.This is very different from the Tang Dynasty, when Chinese and foreign businessmen and monks mostly traveled on foreign "fan ships".It illustrates the development of my country's shipbuilding industry and the progress of navigation technology in the Song Dynasty. The main routes of the Song Dynasty were: In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, Xixia rose in Ningxia and controlled the Hexi Corridor.The Song government stipulated that the trade with the West could only "pay tribute from Guangzhou Road, let alone enter and leave from Xifan".The only way for the Song Dynasty to communicate with Western countries was by sea.The Song Dynasty established trade with Western countries. According to records such as "Ling Wai Dai Da" (written by Zhou Qufei) and "Zhu Fan Zhi" (written by Zhao Rushi, completed in 1225), there were more than 50 countries and regions.The important ones are Korea, Japan, Jiaozhi (now northern Vietnam), Zhancheng (now central and southern Vietnam), Chenla (Cambodia), Bagan (Myanmar), Boni (northern Kalimantan), and 〔she snake〕 Po (Java), Sanfoqi (southeast of Sumatra), Dashi, Layers (meaning black country, on the east coast of central Africa) and so on.Far beyond the scope of activities in the Tang Dynasty.According to "Ling Wai Dai Answer", the first of these countries that have close contacts with China is the Dashi country, the second is the Japa country, the third is the Three Buddhas Qi country, and the last is other countries.These countries are all along the Asia-Africa route.Ocean-going ships in the Song Dynasty were able to cross the Indian Ocean, connecting the Western Ocean routes from China to the Red Sea and East Africa.

The main ports and ports are: (1) Guangzhou (or Quanzhou) to Sanfo Qi (China to southeast of Sumatra Island).It takes 38 days from Guangzhou to Sanfoqi.Sanfoqi, known as the Kingdom of Sri Buddha in ancient times, was a maritime power in Southeast Asia in the Song Dynasty. It strangled Haikou in the southeast of the Singapore Strait and became a distribution center for ocean-going ships from the East and the West. It was also a must-stop for China to communicate with the South China Sea. (2) Guangzhou (or Quanzhou) to Japa (China to Java).In the Song Dynasty, Japa was richer than Sanfoqi, and it was the distribution center of pepper.China traded in silk, tea, porcelain, ironware, agricultural tools, etc., and Japa's sandalwood, fennel, rhinoceros horn, ivory, pearls, crystals, and pepper. (3) From Guangzhou (or Quanzhou) to Lanli and Gulin (from China to India).Lanli is located in Banda Aceh at the northwestern tip of Sumatra, at the intersection of the Bangladesh and Malacca waterways. It is the hub of the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and the throat of the East and West ocean-going ships.From Guangzhou to Lanli in 40 days, sailing for another month in the second year to Gulin (Kelung area on the southwestern coast of India). (4) Guangzhou (or Quanzhou) passes through Lanli and Gulin to Dashi (from China to Arabia).Basically along the "Guangzhou Tonghaiyi Road" in the Tang Dynasty to the Persian Gulf.The Arab capital Baghdad is an international trade center.China shipped silk, porcelain, paper, musk, etc. to Arabia, and then shipped back spices, medicinal materials, rhino horn, pearls, and jade. (5) Guangzhou (or Quanzhou) via Lanli to Maliba.Maliba is located at the head of Qamar Bay (now Yemen) in the south of the Arabian Peninsula. It is rich in frankincense, ambergris, rhinoceros horn, ivory, myrrh, etc., and has developed water and land transportation.Dashi and African countries all come here for trade.China's ocean-going ships "started from mid-winter (from Guangzhou) and sailed on the north wind, and arrived at the place named Lanli in about 40 days." On the 60th, if there is a favorable wind, we will arrive in China" ("Ling Wai Dai Answer"). (6) Guangzhou (or Quanzhou) passes through Lanli, across the Indian Ocean to East Africa.Compass needles were used in navigation in the Song Dynasty, and China's shipbuilding level and navigation level have reached unprecedented heights and are at the forefront of the world.After the end of the Tang Dynasty, most Arabs came from the east and sailed directly to Guangzhou on Chinese ships, which was safe and reliable.By the Song Dynasty, almost all the ships traveling to and from the west were Chinese ships. The routes to Arabia and East Africa opened up by the Song Dynasty indicated that my country's navigation industry had reached a prosperous period. During the Northern Song Dynasty, when the Japanese Fujiwara family was in power, they adopted a closed-door policy towards the Northern Song Dynasty.Judging from the literature records, during the Northern Song Dynasty, almost no Japanese ships came to China for trade.Therefore, only the Northern Song Dynasty had maritime trade activities with Japan.During the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, the routes to Japan departed from Mingzhou, crossed the East China Sea, arrived at Zhika Island in Japan, and then transferred to Hakata Port.It is the same as the South Line of Crossing Japan in the Tang Dynasty, and the whole journey takes about seven days.In the Southern Song Dynasty, when Kiyomori Taira of the Taira family in Japan was in power, they directly controlled Dazaifu (an agency in charge of foreign trade), encouraging and monopolizing maritime trade with China.The situation of Chinese ships traveling alone since the Northern Song Dynasty has been changed, and the grand maritime trade scene of Sino-Japanese sea-ship exchanges has been restored.Pingqing was very rich and rich, possessing "the gold of Yangzhou in China, the pearl of Jingzhou, the silk of Wujun, the brocade of Shujiang, and seven treasures, everything is omnipresent" (Japanese "Pingshi Tale").The goods shipped to Japan by Song ships mainly include brocade, silk, spices, medicinal materials, porcelain, bamboo, books, stationery, copper coins, etc.Then buy back wood, gold, sulfur, mercury, placer gold and crafts such as treasured knives, folding fans, and screens from Japan.my country's science and technology culture also spread to Japan and Korea.During the reign of Emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty (1056-1063 A.D.), a "Dongyi" merchant ship drifted to the seaside of Kunshan County, Suzhou, my country because its mast was broken by strong winds.The county magistrate of Kunshan sent people to "fix the mast for him. The mast was old and planted on the ship's wood so that it could not be moved. The workers made a rotating shaft for him and taught him how to lift and fall" (Shen Kuo's "Mengxi Bi Tan", Volume 24).The famous Japanese monk Eisai came to China twice in the fourth year of Qiandao (AD 1168) and the 14th year of Chunxi (AD 1187) during the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty. He introduced Zen to Japan and brought tea back to Japan. In the Song Dynasty, there were two main routes to Korea.Northern Line: Starting from Laizhou, Shandong, across the Yellow Sea, it takes two days to reach Wengjin on the southwestern coast of the Korean Peninsula.It is more convenient than the Koryo Bohai Road in the Tang Dynasty.South Line: Depart from Mingzhou to the Bilan Pavilion of Yecheng River on the west bank of North Korea.It can be arrived in about 15 days.In the Song Dynasty, Goryeo sent Song envoys 57 times, and Song envoys went to Goryeo 30 times.There are many exchanges between the two countries.The trade between China and North Korea was initially carried out by the governments of both sides through tribute and special gifts.Later, it gradually developed into private trade.The Northern Song Dynasty presented Goryeo with dresses, musical instruments, gold, silver, lacquerware, Sichuan brocade, Zhejiang silk, tea, wine, ivory, tortoise shell, agarwood, coins, etc. many times.Goryeo also presented good horses, weapons, bows and arrows, ginseng, sulfur, and medicinal materials to the Northern Song Dynasty many times.In the Song Dynasty, many Korean monks went to China to study and study the Dharma.These have promoted economic and cultural exchanges between the two countries.