Chapter 39 Section 19 Liao Zhongjing, Jin Zhongdu and Yuan Dadu

Important archaeological achievements of the Liao, Jin, and Yuan Dynasties, the survey and key excavations of the Liao Zhongjing, Jin Zhongdu and Yuan Dadu sites are the most important. The site of Liaozhongjing is located on the north bank of Laoha River in Daming City, Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia.Construction began in the 21st year of Tonghe (AD 1003).The emperors of the Liao Dynasty often received the envoys of the Song Dynasty here. From 1959 to 1960, reconnaissance and excavation were carried out. The layout of the city site of Zhongjing imitates the layout of Bianjing City (now Kaifeng) in Song Dynasty, and consists of three parts: the outer city, the inner city and the palace city.The outer city is rectangular in plane, 3,500 meters from north to south, 4,200 meters from east to west, and 15,400 meters in circumference.There is no "horse face" on the city wall, and there are turret foundations at the four corners.The east wall, south wall and west wall each have a door site.Between Zhuxiamen, the main gate of the south wall, and Yangdemen, the south main gate of the inner city, there is a straight main avenue with a width of 64 meters.There are stone slabs on both sides to form drainage ditches covered with wooden planks.On both sides of the avenue, there are four symmetrical squares surrounded by Yifang walls.In the north of Fang District, there are relics of corridors, about 250 meters long, which should be commercial places.There are also government offices, post houses, temples and other sites.

The inner city is in the middle and north of the outer city.It is rectangular in plane, 1500 meters from north to south and 2000 meters from east to west.The city wall has a "horse face", and there are no turrets at the four corners.From Yangdemen in the middle of the south wall to Changhemen, the south gate of Miyagi, there is a road about 40 meters wide.Short walls are built on both sides of the avenue, and the architectural ruins are not protruded. Miyagi is located in the north-central part of the inner city.There are only three walls in the east, south and west, the north wall is the north wall of the inner city, and there are turret ruins in the corner of the city.Miyagi is square, each side is 1000 meters long.In the middle of the south wall protrudes the site of the gate of Changhe, and there are three doorways.The east and west sides are 180 meters apart, which are the sites of Dongyemen and Xiyemen.There are two palace ruins inside each gate.

In addition, in the northeast of the Central Avenue in the outer city, there is still an octagonal 13-story brick pagoda with dense eaves, with a total height of 81.39 meters.It is said that it is the stupa in Shigansheng Temple of Emperor Shengzong of Liao Dynasty.The inscription of the Shouchang period (1095-1100 A.D.) was found on the pagoda. Jinzhongdu city site is located in the southwest of today's Beijing city.It is based on the expansion of Nanjing City in Liaoning Province. A comprehensive survey was carried out in 1966.The plane of the city site is square, and each city wall is more than 4,000 meters long, with a circumference of nearly 17 kilometers.The west city wall runs southward from Beifengfeng, Haidian District, to Maliandao Warehouse, Xiezimen, and Fenghuangzui Village.The south wall, east from Wanquan Temple, Shimen Village to the east of You'anmen Street.The east wall should be on the north-south line that goes straight through Taoranting.The north wall should be in the west area of ​​Dashiqiao outside Xibianmen near Baiyun Temple.Each wall has three gates.The Guang'an Gate on the west side of Beijing's outer city in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, also known as Zhangyi Gate, followed the old name of the gate at the north end of the west wall of Jinzhong Capital.

Miyagi is located slightly southwest of the center of the city, that is, south of today's Guang'anmen, with a rectangular plane.After survey, the circumference is about 600 meters.The east wall is on the north-south straight line slightly east of Nanxiange Street.The north wall is close to the east-west line in the north of Baicaizi village.The south wall is on the east-west line south of the present duck bridge.The west wall is on the north-south line from today's Baiyun Temple to Xiaohongmiao Village. The palaces in the palace city are all arranged on the central axis from Yingtianmen to Gongchenmen.There are nine palaces inside, which were designed and built according to the palace system of the capital city of Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty.According to the investigation, from the north of Yaziqiao Village to the south of Guang'anmen Street, it should be the foundation site of Jiuchong Palace.The south of the intersection of Baizhifang West Street and Binhe Road outside the city may be the site of Yingtianmen.From the Duck Bridge in the south to the Zhenwu Temple in the north from Bai Caizi Village through Baiyun Temple, this is a north-south central axis running through the whole city.The streets of Zhongdu, combined with literature, can also be traced.At that time, the squares were neatly divided, with 20 squares in the east and 42 squares in the west.

Drainage is also an important issue in urban construction. In 1990, the Jinzhongdu Shuiguan site was discovered outside the present You'anmen Gate.The east and west sides of the water gate are arranged in an inverted horoscope.It was built with stone slabs and fixed with silver ingot iron.With this discovery, it is known that the water of West Lake (now Lianhua Pond) in Zhongdu should flow out of the city from the southwest of You'anmen.It provides a physical basis for understanding the flow direction of the water system in the capital of Jinzhong. Jinzhongdu, a magnificent capital city, was built as a new capital and built a city wall in the Yuan and Ming dynasties, but only a few traces were left for future generations to explore and examine.

The site of the capital city of the Yuan Dynasty, located in the inner city of the old city of Beijing and the area to the north, is the site of the capital city of the Yuan Dynasty.It was first built in the fourth year of Yuan Shizu Zhiyuan (1267 AD), and Miyagi was completed in the eleventh year of Zhiyuan (1274 AD).In the thirteenth year of Zhiyuan (AD 1276), a large city was built.It was one of the famous big cities in the world at that time. From 1964 to 1974, exploration and excavation were carried out. The Dadu city site is rectangular in plane, about 7,600 meters from north to south, 6,700 meters from east to west, and about 28,600 meters in circumference.The south city wall is about a little south of today's East-West Chang'an Street, and the north wall is the "earth city" in the northern suburbs of Beijing today.It has been greened and preserved.The southern sections of the east and west walls are consistent with the east and west walls of the inner city of Beijing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The city wall was built with rammed earth.The base of the wall is 24 meters wide.There is a semicircular tile pipe in the center of the top of the Tucheng to prevent rain from washing.There are 11 gates in the whole city.There are three gates on the east wall: Guangxi Gate (today's Hepingli East), Chongren Gate (today's Dongzhi Gate), and Qihua Gate (today's Chaoyang Gate).South three gates: Wenming Gate (now Dongdan), Lizheng Gate (today's Anmen South), and Shuncheng Gate (now Xidan).Three West Gates: Pingze Gate (now Fucheng Gate), Heyi Gate (now Xizhi Gate), Suqing Gate (now West of Beijing Normal University).The second north gate: Jiandemen (now Deshengmen Xiaoguan), Anzhenmen (now Andingmen Xiaoguan).There are turrets at the four corners of the city.The ruins of the Wengcheng Gate in Heyimen were discovered when the Xizhimen was demolished during the construction of the subway.After excavation, the city gate remains 22 meters high, the gate opening is 9.92 meters long and 4.62 meters wide.It is a brick coupon door opening.There is a "horse face" outside the city, surrounded by a moat.

The Imperial City is located in the middle of the south of the city.The base of the wall is about three meters wide.Miyagi is located in the east of the imperial city.The south gate of Miyagi (Chongtian Gate) is at the location of the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City, and the north gate (Houzai Gate) is in front of the Children's Palace in Jingshan Park.In the northwest of Miyagi, there is Xiyuan centered on Longevity Hill (now Beihai Qiongdao) and Taiye Pool (now Beihai, Zhonghai). Dadu Street, the central axis of Dadu, that is, the central axis of Beijing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties—starts from Lizhengmen in the south, passes through the current Anmen Bridge, and goes directly to the present Bell Tower.After exploration, a section of north-south road relics with a width of 28 meters was found in the north of Jingshan Mountain, which was a part of the central axis of the Yuan Dynasty.On the east and west sides of the north-south avenue, there are many east-west alleys lined up at equal distances.The street is 25 meters wide and the hutong is 617 meters wide.Some streets and alleys in the urban area of ​​Beijing can still reflect the old traces of the street layout of the Yuan Dynasty (Figure 10).