Chapter 33 Section 13 Chang'an City Site and Luoyang City Site

Chang'an and Luoyang, these two cities were not only domestic political, economic, and cultural centers in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, but also international cultural centers, playing an important role in cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.In particular, the planning of Chang'an City had a huge impact on the construction of Asian capitals.Japan's Pingcheng and Heianjing were built in imitation of Chang'an.The site of Chang'an, the capital city of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, is located in the urban area and suburbs of today's Xi'an, with a total area of ​​83 square kilometers.Founded in the second year of Emperor Kaihuang (AD 582), it was originally named "Daxing" and was renamed Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty.It was one of the largest and most prosperous capital cities in the world at that time.The city site of Luoyang is located in the urban area and suburbs of Luoyang today.Founded in the first year of Sui Daye (AD 605), its scale and status are second only to Chang'an, and it is called the Eastern Capital.The sites of the two capitals have been explored and excavated since the 1950s.

Chang'an City was once called Xijing in Tang Dynasty.The city was built on Longshouyuan.It rests on the Weihe River in the north and Zhongnan Mountain in the south.It consists of Outer Guocheng, Miyagi and Imperial City.The plane is rectangular.Outer Guocheng is 9721 meters from east to west, 8651.7 meters from north to south, 36.7 kilometers in circumference, and 9-12 meters wide at the base of the wall.There are moats outside the city.The direction of the city, north by east 2°.Jiacheng was built in Dongcheng.There are 12 city gates, with three gates on each side of the east, west, south and north.The layout of the city is symmetrical and regular.The Imperial City and Miyagi City are located in the middle of the northern part of Waiguo City.The south gate of Waiguo City, Mingde Gate, is of a grand scale.After excavation, there are five doorways.The base of the city gate is 55.5 meters long from east to west and 17.5 meters wide from north to south.The doorway is five meters wide and 11.5 meters deep.The middle gate is a royal road exclusively for the emperor's suburban priests to travel.

Miyagi consists of three parts: Taiji Palace, East Palace and Yeting Palace.The center is the palace area, the east side is the East Palace, and the west side is the Yeting Palace.The overall rectangular shape is 2820.3 meters from east to west and 1492.1 meters from north to south.The base of the wall is 14-18 meters wide, and the main entrance to the south is Chengtian Gate, which has three doorways.A gate tower is built on the city gate.In the Tang Dynasty, many edicts were issued here, so it was called "Former Dynasty". The imperial city, in the south of Miyagi, is rectangular, with walls built on the east, west and south sides, and no wall on the north side.According to actual measurements, the length from east to west of the imperial city is the same as that of Miyagi, and the length from north to south is 1843.6 meters.There are seven east-west streets and five north-south streets.The east-west horizontal street is 220 meters wide, the north-south Anshangmen Street is 94 meters wide, and the west gate on the south wall—Hanguang Gate, has three doorways after excavation.The middle doorway is 5.72 meters wide, and the east and west doorways are 5.35 meters wide.Its architectural shape is the same as that of Mingde Gate, which is a wooden frame gate.The Suzaku Gate, the main south gate of the imperial city, the Chengtian Gate, the main south gate of the Miyagi City, and the Mingde Gate, the main south gate of the Waiguo City, are the north-south central axis in the overall planning of Chang'an City.

According to records, there are 11 vertical streets in the north-south direction, and the width of the street is 100 steps (one step is about 1.5 meters today).There are 14 east-west side streets, and the street width is 100 steps, 60 steps, and 47 steps.The measured width is slightly wider than this number.Zhuque Street is the main street on the central axis, facing Chengtianmen, so it is also called "Tianjie".After actual measurement, the width of the southern street is 155 meters, and the width of the northern street is 150 meters.There are 110 squares and two cities in the city.The squares are all rectangular, with different sizes.Xiaofang, 500-590 meters from north to south, 558-700 meters from east to west.Dafang is 838 meters from north to south and 1115 meters from east to west.Walls were built around each square.

East Market and West Market are located in the southeast and southwest of the imperial city respectively.It is a prosperous business district in Chang'an City.After excavation, the two cities each occupy about two squares, and both have "well"-shaped intersecting streets.West Market is 1031 meters from north to south and 927 meters from east to west. There are two horizontal streets and two vertical streets in the city, 16 meters wide.Dongshi, 1000 meters from north to south, 924 meters from east to west.There are walls. Chang'an City is a capital city planned according to a square grid.The plane of the whole city is like a chessboard pattern.Bai Juyi's poem "Climbing Guanyintai and Looking at the City": "Thousands of families are like a game of Go, and Twelfth Street is like a vegetable garden." It is indeed a true portrayal (Figure 9).

Daming Palace was founded in the eighth year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (AD 634). Since the third year of Longshuo (AD 663), the main court meetings of the imperial court were held in this palace.This palace is located on the Longshou Yuan in the forbidden garden in the northeast of Taiji Palace. "Chang'an Chronicle": From Daming Palace, "you can see Zhongnan Mountain in the south as if you know it well, and you can look down on the streets of Fangshi in Beijing as if you are within the threshold."According to the commanding heights of the whole city, there is a trend of building a strategically high [lingling].The plane is trapezoidal, wide in the south and narrow in the north, with a circumference of 7628 meters.

Hanyuan Hall is the main hall of Daming Palace.The existing foundation of the hall site is 75.9 meters long from east to west, 41.3 meters from north to south, and 15 meters high.The hall is 11 rooms wide and four rooms deep.There are Xiangluan and Qifeng Pavilions in the southeast and southwest of the hall respectively.The halls and pavilions are connected by corridors.To the south in front of the hall, there are three "Longwei Roads" with a length of 78 meters.The middle road is 25.5 meters wide and 4.5 meters wide on both sides.Its situation is majestic and magnificent.

Linde Hall is located in the west of Daming Palace. On a platform with a length of 130 meters from north to south and more than 80 meters from east to west, three halls adjoining the front, middle and back are built.The East Pavilion, West Pavilion, Yuyi Building and Jielin Building, which are symmetrical from east to west, are built side by side.Surrounded by corridors.With a construction area of ​​more than 12,300 square meters, it is extremely luxurious and magnificent. Xingqing Palace is the leaving palace of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, and later it was the place where the government was listened to.The site of the palace is rectangular, 1250 meters from north to south and 1075 meters from east to west.After excavation, the main building of Qinzhengwu in the southwestern corner of the palace is located in five rooms (25.5 meters) from east to west, and five rooms (19 meters) in depth, with an area of ​​500 square meters.In the south of the palace is Longchi, which is the same grand pavilion as the Huae Xianghui Building, and it is particularly spectacular with the reflection of water.

Huaqing Palace is located in the eastern suburb of Chang'an City, at the northern foot of Mount Li.Today's East Lintong County, Xi'an City.It is a prominent royal garden in the Tang Dynasty in the history of our country.The ruins of Huaqing Palace have now been excavated, and five baths have been cleared out: Xingchen Soup, Prince Soup, Concubine Soup, Lotus Soup, and Shangshi Soup.Among them, Royal Concubine Soup is also named Furong Soup and Begonia Soup.The plane is nearly oval, and it is all made of bluestone.The plane of the whole bath looks like a blooming crabapple.The unveiling of this oriental garden wonder is an important achievement of archaeology in the Sui and Tang Dynasties in my country.

The site of Liyuan in the Tang Dynasty was discovered in Lishan today.The excavated area has reached 396 square meters.The plane of the ruins is in the shape of "" and consists of courtyards, north and south corridors and main buildings.The Pear Garden was built in the second year of Tianbao (743 A.D.).It was the venue for royal singing, dancing, opera and music at that time. There are also many famous Buddhist temples in Chang'an City.Daci'en Temple, Dajianfu Temple, Daxingshan Temple, Qinglong Temple, Ximing Temple, etc.Through the excavation of Qinglong Temple and Ximing Temple ruins, it is proved that the temples of the Tang Dynasty were composed of temple sites, corridors, monk houses, pagoda sites, gate sites, courtyards and other buildings.Qinglong Temple is the main Buddhist temple of Tantric Buddhism in Tang Dynasty.At that time, Chinese and foreign monks and laymen came here to worship the Buddha to seek the Dharma, especially the learned monks from Japan who came to the Tang Dynasty.Therefore, Qinglong Temple is a temple with historical and commemorative significance in the history of Sino-Japanese cultural exchanges.The six-character remnant stone mill of "Ximing Temple Stone Tea Mill" was found in the Ximing Temple site, which confirmed the location of Ximing Temple.According to records, Daan Temple in Pingcheng, Japan was built according to the pattern of Ximing Temple in Tang Dynasty.Therefore, the excavation of Ximing Temple is of great significance to the study of the history of cultural exchanges between China and Japan.

Luoyang City in the Sui and Tang Dynasties was built across the north and south banks of the Luo River.The palace area is on the north bank of the Luohe River, leaning against Mang Mountain in the north and facing Yique in the south, with an area smaller than Chang'an City.Its layout is also significantly different from Chang'an City. The site of the city includes Miyagi, Imperial City, Waiguo City, Yuanbi City, Yaoyi City, Dongcheng City and Hanjiacang City. Outer Guocheng is wide in the south and narrow in the north, with a slightly square plan.The east wall is 7312 meters, the south wall is 7290 meters, the north wall is 6138 meters, and the west wall is 6776 meters long.The wall base is about 15-20 meters wide.There are eight gates in the whole city, three gates are opened on the east and south sides, two gates are opened on the north side, and no gates are opened on the west side.Three gates on the south wall: Changxia Gate, Dingding Gate, and Houzai Gate; three gates on the east wall: Shangdong Gate, Jianchun Gate, and Yongtong Gate; two gates on the north wall: Anxi Gate and Hui'an Gate.After investigation, the three gates on the south wall and the Jianchun gate on the east wall are all one gate and three gates.The Dingding gate is 28 meters wide, the middle gate is eight meters wide, and the left and right gates are seven meters wide.In Luonan, there are 12 north-south vertical streets and six east-west horizontal streets.In Luobei, there are four north-south vertical streets and three east-west horizontal streets.Among them, the north-south main avenue - Dingdingmen Street, also known as Tianmen Street, has an existing width of 121 meters and a length of about three kilometers.According to the "Old Tang Book": there are 103 squares and three cities in the city.It has been surveyed that there are 55 workshops in Luonan and 9 workshops in Luobei.The rest were either suppressed by Jincheng or washed away by Luoshui.The plane of the square is square or nearly square, the length and width are between 500 and 580 meters, surrounded by walls, the door is opened in the middle of the wall, and a cross road is set in the middle of the square. The palace city is adjacent to the north and south of the imperial city, in the northwest corner of Guocheng, adjacent to the Forbidden Garden in the west, "Dongcheng" in the east, "Yaoyi" and "Yuanbi" in the north, and Luoshui in the south.The plane of the palace city is rectangular, the palace wall is rammed, and the inside and outside are covered with bricks.The east wall is 1275 meters long, the south wall is 1710 meters long, the west wall is 1270 meters long, and the north wall is 1400 meters long.The wall is 15-16 meters wide.The Xuanwu Gate on the north wall, Mingde Gate on the east wall, Changle Gate, South Main Gate and Yingtian Gate on the west wall have been protruded. After excavation, the Yingtianmen Dongque site is large in scale and magnificent in momentum.There are corridors between the gate and Duolou and Quelou.The corridor is 38 meters long, 11 meters wide and about 4 meters high.For rammed earth foundation.There are neat post holes on both sides.The base of the Que Tower is 32.5 meters wide from east to west, and only 5 meters from north to south.Judging from the remaining cornerstones and scattered water patterns on the inner side of the tower, it should be a three-outer tower.It may be similar to the gate gate in the "Travel Map" drawn in the tomb of Prince Tang Yide in Xi'an.It is the first palace ruins discovered by archaeologists in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. On the inner axis of Yingtian Gate, the ruins of Tianming Hall of Tang Wuze were excavated.Judging from some data, the foundation plane of the Ming Hall is octagonal, with an area of ​​more than 54.7×45.7 square meters.In the center of the hall, there is a large circular pillar pit with a diameter of 9.8 meters.The bottom of the pit is a huge pillar foundation composed of four large bluestones.It should be the relic of the tall central column unique to Wu Zetian Mingtang. In addition, in the ruined house foundation on the west side of the inner central axis of Yingtianmen, the jade book of Emperor Ai of Tang Dynasty was unearthed, which is the first inscription on the enthronement of the emperor of Tang Dynasty discovered. "Quan Tang Wen" (Volume 98) also contains this article, entitled "The Essay on the Enthronement of the Crown Prince".It provides physical evidence for understanding the shape and etiquette system of the emperor's accession to the throne in the Tang Dynasty. The imperial city surrounds the east, west and south sides of Miyagi.A sandwich city is formed between its east and west walls and the east and west walls of Miyagi.The southeastern part of the imperial city has been washed away by Luoshui.After detection, the imperial city is 1670 meters from north to south.The west gate on the south wall has three gates on the right, with a gate width of 24 meters and a gate width of six meters.A gatehouse is built on it.There are ruts in the left and right doorways, 1.25 meters wide.Ziluocang of the Sui Dynasty was also excavated in the imperial city. The site of Shangyang Palace is located in the southwest corner of the imperial city, 40 meters away from the south wall of the imperial city in the north, about 250 meters away from the right gate of the imperial city in the east, and borders the ancient Luoshui River in the south.Some of the ruins have been excavated, and the length from east to west is 50.5 meters, and the widest point from north to south is 17.5 meters.A total of 776 square meters of exposed area.Remains such as corridors, waterside pavilions, pools, rockeries, brick revetments, and pebble roads were cleaned up.Pottery bricks and tiles, stone chi heads, gilt copper sheets, perforated copper decorations and colorful murals were unearthed, reflecting the luxurious style of the palace gardens at that time. Shangyang Palace was built in the first year of Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty.In his later years, Emperor Gaozong often lived in this palace to listen to politics.After Wu Zetian was forced to return power to Emperor Zhongzong, she moved to this palace and finally died in Xianju Hall of this palace. Tang Dynasty poet Wang Jian's poem "Shangyang Palace": "The flowers and trees in Shangyang never fall, and the Luoshui flows through the palace everywhere. The maids in the red building of the painting pavilion smile, and the jade flute and golden pipes worry about passers-by. The mantle city enters the stream. Thick. I once read the Biography of the Queen Mother of the Immortals, and the nine days have not surpassed this middle class." It is written that the palace is gorgeous in architecture and beautiful in scenery, just like a fairyland in nine days. There is also Hanjiacang City, which is located in the northeast of the imperial city. It was built in the Daye period of the Sui Dynasty (the beginning of the 7th century AD). It was one of the large granaries in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.After exploration, the city wall was rammed around the granary, 615 meters from east to west, 725 meters from north to south, and 17 meters wide.There are four gates, one on each side.There are 259 large and small underground granary storage cellars that are densely distributed and neatly arranged in Cangcheng.Each cellar is in the shape of a round pot with a large mouth and a small bottom. The diameter of the largest cellar mouth is 18 meters and the depth is about 12 meters.The smallest diameter is eight meters and the depth is six meters.Twelve grain cellars have been excavated, nine of which have inscription bricks, and the grain storage time is recorded as Wu Zetian, Tianshou, Changshou, and Shengli.The food comes from places such as Jiangnan and North China.Most of them are transported into Luo by water.The discovery of about 250,000 kilograms of carbonized grains in cellar No. 160 is unprecedented.The discovery of this large warehouse city provided material materials for the study of storage systems and grain storage in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.