Chapter 31 Section 11 Yonggu Mausoleum, Shouling Mausoleum and Luoyang Jingling Mausoleum of the Northern Wei Dynasty in Datong, Shanxi

Emperor Daowu (Tuobagui) of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved his capital to Pingcheng (now Datong, Shanxi) in the first year of Tianxing (398 A.D.).Emperor Xiaowen (Yuan Hong) moved the capital to Luoyang in the eighteenth year of Taihe (AD 494). For nearly a hundred years, Pingcheng has been the political and cultural center of the Northern Wei Dynasty. In the fifth year of Taihe (AD 481), Emperor Wei Xiaowen built the Yonggu Mausoleum for his grandmother (the wife of Emperor Wei Wencheng Tuobazhen's wife Wenming Queen Feng) in Fangshan, Pingcheng.At the same time, at the back of his grandmother's mausoleum, the Shouling (Wannian Hall) was pre-run for himself, but the scale was smaller than that of Yonggu Mausoleum to show filial piety.

In 1976, Yonggu Mausoleum and Wannian Hall were excavated. Feng's Tomb: The tomb is square, with a side length of 117-124 meters.It has been stolen many times.The tomb is a brick multi-chamber tomb, which consists of four parts: the tomb passage, the front chamber, the corridor and the back chamber.The front room is trapezoidal in plane, and the corridor connects the front and back rooms.The corridor and the roof of the front room are arched.There is a large stone gate at the front and back of the corridor.This gate is composed of five parts: pointed arched lintel, gate post, threshold, tiger head gate pier and stone gate.The plane of the back room is nearly square, tall and spacious, and the walls are convex and arc-shaped.The top of the tomb is in the shape of four corners and sharp points, and a white sandstone is embedded in the middle of the top, and the lotus pattern is carved.

The tomb chamber is 6.4 meters long and 6.83 meters wide.It is one of the largest tombs excavated in my country during the Northern and Southern Dynasties.About 200,000 bricks were used in the entire tomb.One of the bricks is 41 centimeters long, 21 centimeters wide and 7.7 centimeters thick.The floor is paved with large square bricks, 50.6 cm square and 7.2 cm thick.The tomb was seriously damaged, and the burial method is unknown. Unearthed objects: stone carvings, pottery pots, pots, basins, bowls, small porcelain incense burners, white glazed amphorae, copper hairpins, bone hairpins, iron arrowheads, iron spearheads, material rings, fragments of silk fabrics, etc.

Stone carvings: (1) A handful of lotus buds are embossed on both sides of the arched lintel of the Shiquan Gate at the south end of the corridor, smiling slightly.A peacock is embossed on the upper end of the lower door post of the boy; (2) Tiger head door pier, the front part is carved into a tiger head shape, the middle is drilled into the door post, and the rear part is embedded in the wall; (3) Warrior figurines, made of off-white fine sandstone , the head has been knocked off, and the back and shoulders seem to be wearing a hood. He is wearing a long jacket with a slanted collar and narrow sleeves. His hands are arched in front of his chest, holding a sword.The residual height is 57 cm, and the waist width is 17 cm; (4) The remains of a stone-carved tomb-guarding beast.

Wannian Hall: the Shouling of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (Yuan Hong, reigned from 471 to 499 A.D.).The tomb is circular with a square base.The side of the base is 60 meters long.The tomb consists of four parts: the tomb passage, the front chamber, the corridor and the back chamber.The back room is square in plane, 5.68 meters from north to south and 5.69 meters from east to west.The four walls are convex and arc-shaped.The top of the tomb is 6.97 meters high.The corridor is slightly east of the south, and the four walls are built of bricks. The excavation of Yonggu Mausoleum and Wanniantang provided important clues for the study of Pingcheng culture in the Northern Wei Dynasty.

In June 1991, on the top of Mang Mountain in Luoyang, the Jingling Mausoleum of Emperor Xuanwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty (Yuan Ke, reigned from 500 to 515 AD) was excavated. The tomb mound is circular with a diameter of 105-110 meters.In front of the tomb, there was a stone statue of a warrior with a missing head and a residual height (with seats) of 2.89 meters.The tomb was robbed.But the shape and structure of the tomb are basically complete.It is a brick-chambered tomb facing south, with a total length of 54.8 meters.It consists of four parts: the tomb passage, the front and rear corridors, and the tomb chamber, and the plane is slightly in the shape of "A".

The tomb path starts from the southern edge of the tomb in the south and connects to the front corridor in the north.The horizontal length is 40.6 meters, and the bottom of the slope is 2.8 meters wide.The entire tomb passage can be divided into two parts: the earth wall and the brick wall.The southern section is an earthen wall, 36.1 meters long, and the northern section is a brick wall, 4.5 meters long.The bottom is paved with green strip bricks. The first brick wall to seal the door is located in the north of the brick tomb passage.It is 2.8 meters wide from east to west and 2.44 meters thick from north to south.The front corridor is horizontally rectangular in plane, 3.38-3.40 meters from east to west, and 2.35-2.40 meters from north to south.The top of the arch is 3.78 meters high. Except for the bluestone slabs at the bottom, it is all brick structure.The back passage, located on the central axis of the tomb, is the passage connecting the front passage and the tomb.The plane is vertically rectangular, with an arched top, 5.12 meters long, 1.94 meters wide, and 2.64 (south) - 2.80 (north) meters high.The two side walls and the top are made of bricks, and the ground is paved with stone slabs.

The second door-closing brick wall is located at the southern end of the back corridor, with a width of 1.94 meters and a thickness of 0.78 meters. The stone gate is installed at the north end of the back corridor.It is composed of bluestone components such as lintel, door forehead, vertical cheek, door sill, door leaf and so on.The lintel and forehead are processed from a large stone slab.The upper part is the door forehead, which is made into a semicircle, and the lower part is the lintel, which is made into a rectangle.The overall length should be 2.45 meters.There are two door leaves, with cylindrical door shafts at the upper and lower ends.

The tomb, located in the north of the corridor, is built with blue bricks, with a nearly square plane, 6.73 meters from north to south, and 6.92 meters from east to west, covering an area of ​​about 46 square meters.The top of the tomb is in the shape of four corners and pointed, with a height of 9.36 meters.The tomb can be divided into two parts, east and west.Funeral objects are placed in the eastern half, and the sarcophagus bed of Emperor Xuanwu (Yuan Ke) is located in the western half.The sarcophagus bed is 3.86 meters long from north to south, 2.2 meters wide and 0.16 meters high.It is made of 15 square stone blocks.

It is worth mentioning here that Jingling Architecture has three characteristics: (1) The tomb is mainly used for masonry bricks for the walls and roof of the tomb. It is a special rectangular blue brick with a smooth surface and black light. (2) The brickwork on the wall and roof of the tomb is all made of fine sand and yellow mud, and only a line of lime plaster is hung on the joints. (3) The surface brick surfaces of the tomb wall and the tomb roof are all painted with a layer of dark black.In terms of tone, it emphasizes the characteristics of the tomb architecture, and also reflects the black custom of the Tuoba people in the Northern Wei Dynasty.

Due to serious robbery, the remaining burial objects are: celadon dragon-handle pan mouth pot, dragon handle chicken head pot, four-series pan mouth pot, spittoon, porcelain bowl, glazed pottery bowl, pottery pot, basin, bowl, cup and pottery square quadruped Inkstone and so on. The Jingling Mausoleum of Emperor Xuanwu in Mangshan Mountain, Luoyang, the Yonggu Mausoleum of Emperor Wencheng's Wife and Empress Wenming in Fangshan Mountain, Datong, and the Shouling Mausoleum of Emperor Xiaowen (Wanniantang) are the only three tombs of Northern Wei emperors that have been excavated. Although they were all severely looted , still provides important material materials for the study of the Northern Wei Dynasty mausoleum system.