Chapter 23 Section 3 Changsha Mawangdui Han Tomb and Linyi Yinqueshan Han Tomb

The excavation of Mawangdui Western Han Tomb and Yinqueshan Western Han Tomb is a major achievement in my country's archaeological work.Among them, the silk script unearthed from the Mawangdui tomb and the Han bamboo slips unearthed from the Yinqueshan tomb are major discoveries of ancient classics in Chinese archaeology. The Mawangdui Han Tomb is located in the eastern suburbs of Changsha City, Hunan Province. From 1972 to 1974, the first, second and third tombs were excavated.These three tombs are all composed of mounds, passages, pits and chambers.The inner and outer coffins in the tomb are made of huge wooden boards.Fill the upper and lower sides with charcoal and white plaster mud.Tomb No. 1 has the largest coffin.The coffin chamber is 6.73 meters long, 4.9 meters wide, and 2.8 meters high, sharing 52 cubic meters of wood.Built-in four-layer coffin.A silk painting is covered on the coffin cover.The wooden outer coffin is of mortise and tenon structure, without metal pins or sawing traces.All crafts are done manually by axes, adzes and chisels.The tomb is filled with charcoal, 0.4-0.5 meters thick, with a total weight of more than 10,000 catties.In addition to the charcoal, there is white paste mud, 1-1.3 meters thick, which plays a decisive role in sealing.The owner of the tomb is a woman, about 50 years old.The whole body is wrapped in various clothes, quilts and 18 layers of silk and linen fabrics, including 20 layers of underwear.After dissection, not only the appearance of the corpse was complete, but also the internal organs were complete.The main lesion can still be confirmed.This "Western Han female corpse" has become another world miracle besides Egyptian mummies.It has high research value in medicine.

The silk paintings covering the coffin lids in tombs No. 1 and No. 3 are all made of a single layer of silk as the ground, in the shape of a "T", with a total length of about two meters.The two compositions are roughly similar.The upper part is painted with figures of the sun, moon, rising dragon, hibiscus tree, snake body and god.It symbolizes the realm of heaven.In the lower section, there is a picture of a dragon wearing a biscuit, and the scene of the owner of the tomb going out for a feast.It means "leading the soul to heaven".The difference is that the owner of tomb No. 1 is a woman, and a woman is painted flying under the crescent moon; the owner of tomb No. 3 is male, and a man with a naked upper body is painted flying.The original name of this kind of silk painting should be "Feiyi" in the bamboo slips ("Fei" was trained as "Fei" in Han Dynasty. "Feiyi" means "Feiyi". It is intended to wish the soul of the dead to ascend to heaven) (Figure 8).

Burial objects in the tomb include more than 3,000 pieces of lacquerware, textiles, pottery, bamboo and woodware, wooden figurines, musical instruments, agricultural and livestock products, food, melons and fruits, Chinese herbal medicines, bamboo slips, and seals, as well as silk scripts with more than 120,000 characters.Rare treasures in silk fabrics: printed colored yarn, which combines paint printing with hand-painted, with a high level of craftsmanship.Susha Chan Clothes, 128cm long, 49g in weight, plain weave fabric, light and transparent like cicada wings.After research, its quality is also higher than modern georgette.Pile brocade, a special brocade, is made of multi-color warp and monochrome weft, with a three-dimensional effect.It is the earliest velvet fabric so far.

In tomb No. 1 and No. 3, a variety of musical instruments were unearthed: Qin, Se, Yu, Xiao, Yulu, Bell, Qing, and Zhu.Among them, a set of bamboo 12-temperament pipes with temperament names in the early Han Dynasty is an important discovery in the history of Chinese music. In particular, a large number of silk books were unearthed from Tomb No. 3, which is really rare in archaeological discoveries.The texture of the silk book is silk woven fine silk.The writing fonts include official script, seal script and cursive seal script.Its content involves aspects such as ancient philosophy, history, science and technology and medicine.After sorting out, there are 28 kinds of books with more than 120,000 words.Except for "Book of Changes" and "Laozi", which are handed down today, most of them are ancient lost books.There are "Lao Zi" and "Four Classics of the Yellow Emperor".The six arts categories include "Book of Changes" and "Books from the Warring States Period".Among the prescriptions, there are "Fifty-two Disease Prescriptions", which is the earliest ancient medical prescription book discovered in my country. "Medical Prescriptions" involves internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, and pediatrics. "Prescription" mentions 108 disease names.As for the external treatment of diseases, besides external application, there are other treatment methods such as medicated bath, fumigation, moxibustion, massage, and horn (an early form of cupping). "Guide Map" is the earliest physical therapy in my country that combines breathing exercises with the body.Today's "Qigong Therapy" evolved from it.Numerology includes "Five-Star Astrology", which preserves the earliest record of the Five-Star Movement in my country. "Miscellaneous Astronomy and Meteorology" preserves the earliest catalog of comet shapes in my country and in the world.

Two ancient maps were unearthed: (1) "Topographic Map of the South of Changsha Kingdom", after restoration, the length and width are 96 cm each, square.The area drawn is the Xiaoshui River Basin and adjacent areas in the south of Hunan Province today.The ratio is between 1/170,000 and 1/190,000. (2) "Picture of the Garrison", after restoration, it is 98 cm long and 78 cm wide.The area drawn is the Tuojiang River Basin in Jianghua County, the southernmost part of Hunan Province.The ratio is between 1/80,000 and 1/100,000.In recent years, woodblock maps of the eighth year of Qin Wangzheng (Qin Shihuang) (239 BC) and early paper maps of the Western Han Dynasty have been unearthed in Fangmatan, Tianshui, Gansu.These are the four earliest ancient maps based on actual measurements in China and in the world so far.It shows that the measurement mathematics and measurement technology in ancient my country have reached a very high level.

Yinqueshan Tomb of the Western Han Dynasty is located in Yinqueshan, south of Linyi County, Shandong Province. In 1972, the first and second tombs were excavated.These two tombs are rectangular vertical pits, with a coffin and an outer coffin. The outer coffin is divided into two parts: the coffin chamber and the side box.Most of the funerary objects are placed in side boxes. Tomb No. 1 unearthed five half-two coins, one three-baht coin, two lacquer-eared cups, and the word "Sima" engraved on the bottom of the cups.Tomb No. 2, the shoulder of the unearthed clay pot is engraved with the words "Zhao Shi Ten Dou".A total of thousands of bamboo slips of precious ancient books were unearthed from the second tomb, which is a major discovery in the history of archaeology.

From Tomb No. 1, 4,942 bamboo slips were unearthed.The whole slip is 27.6 cm long, and the number of characters in each sheet varies, with more than 40 characters.After sorting out, most of these bamboo slips are military books.There are "Sun Tzu's Art of War", "Sun Bin's Art of War", "Liu Tao", "Wei Liao Zi", "Guan Zi", "Yan Zi", "Mo Zi" and other Zhou and Qin ancient books. "Sun Tzu's Art of War", more than 300 bamboo slips.Thirteen articles are preserved in text.It is confirmed that the thirteen chapters of "Sun Tzu's Art of War" are indeed the original works of Sun Wu.There are also five lost articles, including "Wu Wen" ("Wu Wang and Sun Tzu's Questions and Answers about Military Affairs") and "Huang Di Fought the Red Emperor", which are of great research value. "Sun Tzu's Art of War" is the first military masterpiece in the history of the world, and it can be called the "sacred book of military science".

"Sun Bin's Art of War" has more than 440 pieces and more than 11,000 words.There are fifteen chapters that are definitely "Sun Bin's Art of War".It is different from the thirteen chapters of "Sun Tzu's Art of War".It was developed by the ancestors who described the thought of "Sun Tzu's Art of War". The bamboo slips of "Sun Tzu's Art of War" and "Sun Bin's Art of War" were unearthed at the same time. This is a major event in the military history of our country and the world.It clears up some longstanding mysteries about the two books.This is another major event in our country's academic history.

"Six Secret Teachings", "Wei Liao Zi", and "Yan Zi Chun Qiu" were considered to be fake books in the past.The excavation of simplified versions proves that these books had been widely circulated in the early Western Han Dynasty, and that they were indeed ancient books of the pre-Qin period.This negates the theory of fake books since the Song Dynasty, thus restoring the historical status of these books. From Tomb No. 2, 32 bamboo slips were unearthed from the "Yuanguangyuan Almanac of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty".Each Jane is 69 cm long.It is a practical calendar in the Western Han Dynasty, and it is also the earliest and most complete ancient calendar in my country known so far.Its unearthed, let us know the calendar format before the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty.It is confirmed that the "Zhuanxu calendar" (with October as the beginning of the year) was used before the beginning.Errors in previous estimates can be corrected.It is of great significance to examine the historical period.