Chapter 12 Section 3 Anyang Yin Ruins Palace Foundation Site and Fuhao Tomb

Yinxu is located on both sides of the Huan River in the northwest suburb of Anyang City, Henan Province. It is the site of the royal capital in the late Shang Dynasty.Taking Xiaotun Village as the center, it covers an area of ​​about 30 square kilometers.Around the 14th century BC, Pan Geng moved his capital here.Until Shang Zhou's downfall, "not to move the capital".After Zhou destroyed Yin, it was gradually reduced to ruins, so it was called "Yin Ruins". At the beginning of the 20th century, the Yin Ruins were discovered due to the unearthed oracle bones.If it is said that "the discovery of Yin Ruins is the beginning of new historiography", then the archaeological excavation of Yin Ruins should be a new starting point for modern Chinese archaeology.

The archaeological work of Yinxu began in 1928. It was interrupted by the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War in 1937, and 15 excavations were carried out, and many important relics were discovered, which achieved great results.In Xiaotun Village, more than 50 rammed-earth building foundations were discovered, and more than 24,900 oracle bone inscriptions and other precious cultural relics were obtained.In addition, 10 large-scale Shang Dynasty mausoleums and thousands of "human sacrifice" sacrifice pits were excavated in the Xibeigang area of ​​Houjiazhuang.As a result, it has accumulated extremely rich scientific data for the study of Chinese archaeology and ancient Chinese history, especially the study of archaeology and history of the Shang Dynasty.

Since 1950, the archaeological excavations of the Yin Ruins have continued, and important discoveries have been made. Compared with the past, the new academic progress is mainly the research on the stages and chronology of the Yin Ruins culture, and a new understanding of the scope and layout of the Yin Ruins.Especially on the west and south sides of Xiaotun Village, a trench with a total length of more than 750 meters was found. The two ends of the trench connect with the Huan River bend, forming a plane rectangular defense area, just like a "palace city".The area of ​​the Jongmyo Palace, where many rammed earth foundations were excavated, is in the northeast corner of this defensive area. The important excavations in the past 40 years include: the foundation site of a large palace in the north of Xiaotun Village, the oracle bone pit in the south of Xiaotun, the bronze casting site in the north of the nursery, and the sacrificial pit in Hougang.The pits for storing aggregates in the south of Da Sikong Village and the remains of residences related to bone making, etc.The archaeological harvest is large (Fig. 5).

With the fruitful results obtained in the excavation of the Yin Ruins, the research on the late Shang Dynasty gradually started.Research on oracle bones, bronzes of the Shang Dynasty, human sacrifices and sacrifices in the Shang Dynasty, the level of craftsmanship in the Shang Dynasty, the burial system, and the social nature of the Shang Dynasty have been studied, and some have achieved gratifying results. In recent years, the major archaeological achievements of the Yin Ruins should be the foundation site of the "匚" shaped palace and the tomb of Fuhao. In the palace and ancestral temple area centered on the northeast of Xiaotun Village, 53 rammed earth foundation sites have been excavated.However, in 1989, it was the first time to discover a building with three rows of house foundations in a "匚" shape.

The "匚" shaped hall site is on the verge of Huan River.The area is about 5000 square meters.Built in the early Yin Ruins.The plane is in the shape of "匚", with the gap facing east. There are two rows of side-by-side building foundations in the north and south, and a connecting building foundation in the west. The three rows of building foundations are closely connected to form a whole.The north row of house foundations is about 60 meters long from east to west and 14.5 meters from north to south.The south row of house foundations is about 75 meters long from east to west and 7.3 meters from north to south.The west row of house foundations is about 50 meters from north to south and 7.5 meters from east to west.Among the three rows of foundations, the north row of foundations should be the main building.There are three existing doorways, both 2 meters wide and 4.3 meters apart.On the west side of the doorway in the middle, there are two pottery pots arranged east-west. The pottery pots on the east side are next to the foundation stone of the pillar. Inside the pottery pot on the west side, a sealed copper scorpion with the inscription "Wu Fu Yi" was found. "Wu Fu Yi" probably refers to Xiao Yi, the father of Yin Wang Wu Ding.Two sacrificial pits arranged east-west were also found on the west side of another doorway.The distance between the two pits is 0.6 meters, and there are three beheaded skeletons in each.The skull is still placed in the pit with the head facing east, and it is accompanied by pottery such as burial basins, shackles, and statues, as well as bone arrowheads and other utensils.This kind of building structure with three rows of foundations connected into one is rare.The study of Shang Dynasty architecture has important academic value.

Nearly 2,000 tombs were excavated from the Yin Ruins.Among them, the tomb of Military Officer Village is the largest.The plane is in the shape of "middle", with an area of ​​about 340 square meters.There are 41 martyrs inside.There is also a large tomb in the shape of "Jia" on the plane.All these tombs were looted. The tomb of Fu Hao, discovered in 1976, is not very large in scale, but the burial objects are very rich.It is currently the only tomb of members of the Shang royal family that can be confirmed with oracle bone inscriptions to determine the identity of the tomb owner and the exact age of the tomb, and has not been stolen.This is unique in the archaeological history of Yin Ruins.

Fuhao's tomb is a rectangular vertical cave, 5.6 meters long from north to south, four meters wide and eight meters deep.On the ground above the tomb, there is a rammed earth foundation that is the same size as the mouth of the tomb, which may be a building for sacrifices.The burial utensils are wooden coffin and wooden coffin (guoguo). The coffin is five meters long, 3.6 meters wide and 1.3 meters high.The coffin chamber is below the water surface, and most of it collapsed.Both the lacquered coffin and the remains of the tomb owner have decayed, and a layer of linen and thin silk is attached to the coffin.Sixteen people were buried in the tomb, one in the waist pit (the earth pit under the waist of the owner of the tomb), two in the east niche, one in the west niche, four in the top filling of the coffin, and eight inside and outside the coffin.In addition, there were six martyred dogs, one in the waist pit and five on the top of the coffin.

There are a total of 1928 funeral objects.There are bronze wares, pottery wares, bone wares, jade wares, ivory wares, mussel wares and so on.There are more than 6,800 seashells and two conch shells.Among the fillings are Tao Jue, jade (left (upper white and lower) right hand) [guigui], stone chimes, ivory cups, jade mortars, stone oxen, bone hammers, arrowheads, etc.Copper ritual vessels are placed in the outer coffin.Inside the coffin are mainly objects such as jade and shellfish. There are more than 460 pieces of bronze wares.Among them, there are 210 ritual vessels, followed by weapons, musical instruments, tools and miscellaneous vessels.There are many inscriptions cast on the bronze wares. Among them, the number of bronze wares casting "Fu Hao" is the largest, with a total of 109 pieces.Bronze sacrificial vessels include: square tripod, round tripod, even square Yi, triple jar, gui, zun, square pot, pot, bottle [bubu], fou, cup [gonggong], gong, 盉, jue, goblet, plate Wait.The class is complete.Among them, Oupang Yi is 60 centimeters high, 88.2 centimeters long and weighs 71 kilograms.The upper part is shaped like the roof of a palace, and the inscription "Fuhao" is cast on the bottom of the vessel.The triple steamer consists of a rectangular six-legged steamer and three large steamers.On the steamer frame, the inner wall of the steamer and under the ears, the inscription "Fu Hao" is cast.There are also a pair of "Fu Hao" osprey (e hungry) statues and a pair of "Si Mu Xin" four-legged Gong, which are unprecedented treasures.

There are 130 bronze weapons, including four bronze battleaxes, two large and two small.The larger one is 39.5 centimeters long, 37.3 centimeters wide and weighs 9.5 kilograms.The word "Fuhao" is cast on it.There are more than 90 pieces of Tong Ge.There are also 44 pieces of copper adzes, chisels, knives and shovels.18 copper bells. Four bronze mirrors, round with buttons in the middle.It can be divided into three types: large, medium and small.The mirror diameters are 12.5 cm, 11.7 cm, and 7.1 cm, respectively.It is nearly a thousand years later than the bronze mirror unearthed from the Qijia culture in Gansu.But it also shows that the Shang royal family has used bronze mirrors.

Among the 750 pieces of jade, 300 pieces of nephrite were identified after identification, most of which are Xinjiang jade, and there are also Liaoning Xiuyan jade.There are Cong, Gui, Bi, Huan, Huang, Ge, Spear, Qi, Yue, Axe, Shovel, Mortar, Pestle, Plate, Comb, etc., all of which are relief and round carving products.Especially the jade statues and human head portraits, a jade figure sitting in 跽 (Ji Ji), braided, wearing a crown, wearing a cross collar, long sleeves and narrow mouth, wide waist, wearing shoes, with an arrogant demeanor, like an aristocrat.The other one is a jade figure sitting on a leg, with pigtails, clothes, and bare feet, which seems to be the image of a female slave.With various shapes and smooth lines, it can be called the fine jade of Shang Dynasty.

Jade carvings have various animal images.Beasts include tigers, elephants, horses, cattle, sheep, bears, monkeys, and rabbits; birds include cranes, eagles, ospreys, parrots, pigeons, cormorants, swallows, and geese; insects include cicadas and praying mantises.There are also dragons, phoenixes, monsters, strange birds, frogs, fish, turtles, stone turtles, etc.Among them, the shapes of cranes, hawks, doves, cormorants, and praying mantises were discovered for the first time in the Yin Ruins. Three ivory cups.One of them has a liuhu 鋬 [panpan] cup, which is 42 cm high.The body of the cup is made of hollow ivory root segments.The whole body is carved with birds, Taotie [tao tie] and Kui patterns, and lined with thunder patterns.The lower end of the cup holder is carved in the shape of a tiger.It can be called a rare gem. The name of Fuhao is often found in the inscriptions of Wuding Dynasty. She has repeatedly conquered Yifang, Tufang, Qiangfang, (Shanggong Xiakou) Fang, Bafang and other countries. She is a prominent heroine.According to inscriptions and bronze inscriptions, it is inferred that the wife of the tomb is probably Wu Ding's wife.The age of the tomb belongs to the second phase of Yin Ruins.About 13th-12th century BC. In October 1990, a medium-sized Shang Dynasty tomb was excavated in the west of Guojiazhuang in the Yin Ruins.The tomb is a rectangular vertical pit tomb with an orientation of 105°.The entrance of the tomb is 2.3 meters deep from the surface, the tomb chamber is 4.5 meters long and 2.9 meters wide, and the bottom of the tomb is 8 meters deep from the surface.There is a waist pit in the middle of the bottom of the tomb.The burial has a coffin and an outer coffin.The coffin chamber is 3.26 meters long, 1.52 meters wide and 0.88 meters high.The bones of the owner of the tomb are decayed, with his head facing east.There are four martyrs and three dogs in the tomb, which were buried on the second-story platform, between the coffin and the inner and outer chambers, and in the waist pit. 288 bronze wares were unearthed from the tomb.Including ritual vessels, musical instruments, production tools, and weapons.40 bronze ritual vessels.There are 16 pieces of Fang Zun, Fang Gu, Fang Gu and Fang Ding.There are decorations and inscriptions (clan emblems) on the utensils and watches.10 goblets and 10 horns were unearthed from the wine vessel, but no jue was found.This is a combination never seen before.New vessel shapes were also discovered, such as a four-legged tripod with a handle and a square vessel, with novel shapes.It is a rare phenomenon in the excavations of the Yin Ruins to find meat that has not completely rotted in this four-legged tripod with beams.In the square statue unearthed this time, there are four protruding elephant heads on the four corners of the abdomen, like round eyes, the proboscis is curved upwards, and the middle of each side is decorated with four protruding animal heads. There are five branches at the end, like the palm of a person, with a peculiar shape.In particular, it should be pointed out that in a round bronze statue, a small conical bamboo basket was also found, which was woven with thin bamboo strips, and the weaving was exquisite.This is the first bamboo vessel found in Yin Ruins. There are 220 pieces of bronze weapons such as daggers, spears, battleaxes, and broadswords.There are also several piles of copper arrowheads (about 900 pieces).It seems that the owner of the tomb seems to be a military officer with a higher status. Judging from the unearthed objects, this tomb belongs to the third phase of the Yin Ruins Culture. In 1989, about 30 meters southwest of the tomb, two pits for chariots and horses were found, and copper spears and arrowheads were unearthed.It is similar in shape to the daggers and arrowheads from this tomb.The age of the pit also belongs to the third phase of Yin Ruins.It is likely to be the burial pit of the tomb. It has been more than 90 years since the oracle bone inscriptions were discovered in 1899.About 150,000 oracle bones were unearthed from the Yin Ruins.In the history of oracle bone inscriptions excavation, the largest number of oracle bones were unearthed, and the one with the richest content of inscriptions was Pit No. 127 excavated in June 1936 in the northeast of Xiaotun Village.More than 17,000 oracle bones with engraved characters were unearthed from this pit, most of which are oracle bones.Simple diction written in ink or cinnabar was found.It can be seen that there were pigments and brushes for writing in the Yin Dynasty.Some extra-large tortoise shells were also found, the largest of which was 44 centimeters long and 35 centimeters wide.According to identification, it is produced in the Malay Peninsula.It can be seen that some of the tortoise shells of Bujia in the Yin Dynasty came from the south.Since then, the most important discovery of oracle bone inscriptions was the excavation of more than 4,000 oracle bones with inscriptions in the south of Xiaotun in 1973.Among them, there are more than 100 large-scale oracle bones that are basically complete.According to the hierarchical relationship, it is proved that the "(chasing to 辶) [duidui] group of inscriptions" in the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty belongs to the Wuding era. In September 1991, an early oracle bone pit of Yinxu was excavated at Yinxu Huayuanzhuang.After partial cleaning, 856 pieces of oracle bones were taken out.Among them, 839 pieces of tortoise shell and 17 pieces of ox blade.Among the tortoise shells, there are 811 plastrons and 28 carapaces.Among them, there are 170 oracle bones with engraved words.What is particularly precious is that most of the oracle bones in this pit are large-scale bujia, and there are more than 300 complete bujia.The inscriptions on each edition are as few as one or two characters, usually as many as ten characters, and as many as more than 200 characters.Some divination armors are filled with vermilion in the characters.The oracle bones in this pit have the following characteristics: firstly, they belong to the first period of Yinxu culture; secondly, the content of inscriptions mainly involves sacrifices, field hunting, etc.; thirdly, the fonts are relatively small, neat and beautiful.This is of great significance to the study of oracle bone inscriptions and the history of the Yin Dynasty.