Chapter 11 Section 3 Color Painting Solemn

The colorful painting decoration in the hall is also part of the solemnity.Most of them are paintings of Buddhist figures and stories.There is also a small part of the "mandala" system belonging to Tantra.It should be explained that these mural paintings, courtyard flat chess, etc., all painted in the hall, are part of the solemnity.There are also some picture scrolls, hanging scrolls, etc., which are originally independent. When they are hung in the hall for a certain purpose—such as the Water and Land Ceremony—in addition to the objects of worship, some of them can also be regarded as solemn. a part of.However, when they are independent of the palace, they cannot be regarded as solemn.However, for the convenience of explanation, we still have to start with them themselves.

According to legend, since the day of the Buddhist temple, colorful paintings have been painted in the hall to be solemn.This is found in the Buddhist scriptures, especially in the clear text of the Ministry of Law: After offering a garden to the lonely elder (note: referring to the "only tree for the lonely garden", one of the first Buddhist "monasteries"), read like this: "If there is no colorful painting, it will not be strict. If the Buddha promises , I want a Zhuang decoration." That is to say, he went to the white Buddha, and the Buddha said: "Whatever you want, you should paint." After hearing the Buddha's hearing, he collected all the colors and called the painter, who reported: "This is the color, and it can be painted in the temple." He replied. Asked: "Where do you want to paint?" The report: "I don't know, I should ask the Buddha." The Buddha said: "Elder! You should make a stick and medicine fork on the cheeks of the door, and next to it, you should make a great supernatural power Change, and on one side he painted the wheel of life and death of the five interests. Under the eaves, he painted the original things. Next to the door of the Buddhist hall, he painted a medicine fork holding a garland. The medicine fork holding the treasure is painted next to it. The dragon holding the water bottle and the wonderful wreath are painted in the Anshui hall. The bathroom and the fire hall are painted according to the "Angels" French style, and there are many "hell changes". In the Zhanbing hall, the Tathagata is painted Bow yourself to see a doctor. Dead bodies are painted in large and small places (note: toilets)—the description is terrible. If you are in a room (note: monk’s residence), you should draw white bones and skeletons." At that time, the elders heard from the Buddha, bowed and left. According to the teaching of painting and decoration, it has been combined with painting. (Volume 17 of "Basically Saying Everything Has Parts of Vinaya Miscellaneous")

The Buddha Sakyamuni advocated simplicity and unpretentiousness. It is not known whether the colorful paintings for the Lonely Garden were so solemn.The later Vinaya, however, contained the above, which was very clear.Although the murals of Sinicized Buddhist temples have changed in content since the Southern and Northern Dynasties, they have basically changed little and formed their own system.They are summarized below. The murals of Buddhist temples are mostly concentrated in main halls, such as main halls and dharma halls.There are also corridors dedicated to the front and rear sides of the main hall as galleries.Most of the content is the biography of Buddha, the stories of Buddha's Jataka, and the paintings of scriptures.

For the murals with the content of the Buddha's biography, such as "Eight Aspects Enlightenment", there must be at least eight murals, and there can be dozens of them.For example, the main hall of Duofu Temple in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province and the main hall of Nanshan Temple in Mount Wutai each have 84 stories in the style of comic strips of Buddhist biography painted in the middle of Ming Dynasty, which can be called masterpieces.The comic strips of Buddhist biographies painted in the early Ming Dynasty in the 28 half-walled galleries of Qutan Temple in Ledu, Qinghai are representative works of gallery paintings.The comic strips of Buddhist biographies are generally accompanied by "topics" to explain the content.For example, the gallery paintings of Qutan Temple are accompanied by seven-character poems.People in the Ming Dynasty expanded the original text of more than 2,000 characters in "The Story of Shakya Tathagata's Enlightenment" by Wang Bo of the Tang Dynasty, painted it into a comic strip called "The Origin and Flow of Shakyamuni", and carved it into a large woodcut book, which became the most popular religious comic strip in ancient my country.Since then, mural painters have mostly used it as a blueprint, with slight gains and losses.People in the Qing Dynasty expanded and expanded it, painting "Shakya Tathagata's Deeds of Yinghua", and citing classics to explain the content of each piece. Its woodcut version was reprinted and engraved in various places, and became a model for modern Buddhist temple murals.This comic book, together with "Confucius's Sacred Relics" and "Laojun Lishi Yinghua Illustrated", is a collection of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism.

The story of Buddha Jataka is the experience of Buddha's "previous life".There are five or six hundred stories recorded in Chinese translations of Buddhist scriptures, and the murals often depict the most famous ones.The appointment is as follows: The snow-mountain master sacrificed himself to the Rakshasa for hearing the half-gatha (published in the "Great Nirvana Sutra" volume fourteen); Suizi Bodhisattva filially raised his blind relatives, and returned to the Soviet Union by mistakenly shooting for the king (published in "Bodhisattva Suizi Sutra" and "Six Paradigms Collection Sutra");

King Shibi traded pigeons with his body; The Moonlight King gave his head to the Brahmans (both of the above two events were published in Volume 6 of "Moonlight Bodhisattva Sutra" and "Sage and Foolish Sutra"); King Puming was captured by King Luzu, please wait for seven days, and he will die if he comes, and he will not lie (published "Wisdom Degree Lun" Volume Four and "Renwang Prajna Sutra"); Prince Sudana used his wife and children to give to Brahmans (published "Theory of Wisdom" Volume 12 and "Prince Sutra"); Prince Satyu sacrificed his life to feed the tiger (published "Golden Light Sutra" volume four and "Sage and Foolish Sutra");

When Prince Mupo was thirteen years old, he acted silently (published in "Prince Mupo Sutra"); Nine-Colored Deer King endures humiliation (published in "Nine-Colored Deer Sutra"). These stories are often drawn in the form of comic strips, accompanied by a simple explanation of the "topic". Jataka stories are more often painted in ancient caves.In recent years, many popular pamphlets introducing Jataka stories have been published.Although their main purpose is to introduce grotto paintings, reading them is also very helpful for understanding Buddhist temple murals.

Jingbian map is also a common theme.It should be explained that anyone who paints the stories in Buddhist scriptures as pictures is called Buddhist scriptures in disguise, referred to as "transformation" or "jingbian", and can also be referred to as "bian".Buddha Biography and Jataka are also drawn according to the stories told in the Buddhist scriptures, and should also belong to the category of Jingbian. However, because the content is to express the deeds of Sakyamuni Buddha in this life or in the past, so it is not a Buddha Biography and Bunsen diagram.In addition, paintings that specifically depict a paragraph or all of the contents of a sutra are called Jingbian pictures.For example, according to the "Amitabha Sutra" painting the situation of the world of bliss, it is called the Blissful Pure Land Change or Amitabha Pure Land Bian; according to the "Viewing Infinite Life Sutra", the painting of Mrs. Weitish's imprisonment and the sixteen views of the Blissful World are called Guan Wuliangshou Buddhist scriptures; according to the "Pharmacist's Vow Sutra", the painting of the Pure Land of the Medicine Buddha is called the Medicine Master Sutra; according to the "Maitreya Ascension Sutra", the painting of Maitreya Bodhisattva's saying in Tushita is called the Sutra of Maitreya's Ascension; according to the "Maitreya's Rebirth According to the painting of Maitreya becoming a Buddha in the Sutra, it is called the Sutra of Maitreya's next life; according to the saying of Pilu Buddha painted in the "Huayan Sutra", or the world of Huayan Tibetan, or the fifty-three ginseng of the boy of good fortune, it is called the Huayan Sutra Change; according to the "Vimalakirti Sutra", the painting of the ten major disciples and Vimalakirti's question and answer, Manjusri's question and answer, the celestial girl's scattered flowers, etc., is called the Vimalakirti Sutra; according to the "Lotus Sutra", the painting of the Buddha's teaching is called the Lotus Sutra. According to the "Diamond Sutra", the painting of the Buddha's teaching is called the Diamond Sutra; according to the "Langa Sutra", the painting of the Buddha's teaching is called the Langa Sutra; The twelve corresponding phases are called the Avalokitesvara Sutra; the painting of the Avalokitesvara according to the "Great Compassion Heart Dharani Sutra" is called the Great Compassion Sutra; .In addition, painting the situation of hell or the case trial situation of the ten kings of hell in the "Sutra of Ten Kings" is called hell change, and so on.Jingbian is also often drawn in ancient grottoes. In recent years, many popular pamphlets have been published, and they are introduced separately. You can refer to them.It should be noted that most of the Buddhist lands depicted in the Jingbian map are based on the large-scale Buddhist temple buildings from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and then enlarged and idealized.The lower part of the picture often draws a cross-shaped fish marsh flying beam-style water lotus pond with eight merits, connecting the vast waters.In reality, only Jinci Temple in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province has this kind of building, and the water area is also small.In addition, during the Jiyue Offering, the famous "rebounding pipa" Jiyue Tiannv appeared in the murals of Mogao Grottoes, and her image has now become a symbol of Dunhuang City.According to an old friend, Comrade Li Zhengyu, there is absolutely no such playing method in reality.This is all idealized performance.However, the architectural style is from the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The murals of later generations still use the old powder version.The band and the musical instruments played are also a simplification of the two ji bands up to the Tang Dynasty, which can be used for music archaeology.The above mentioned two items, I hope readers will have a different eye when viewing the painting, and understand it in many ways.

In addition, there are some historical paintings of Buddhism in India and China, including images of eminent monks, or pictures of their lives, or pictures of prominent deeds.Foreign ones, such as the story of King Ashoka in India.Often painted are Chinese content, such as the picture of the white horse carrying the scriptures, the picture of Fan Wang's ceremony to Buddha (changed from the picture of "Shi Le's Ritual Buddha Picture"), the picture of Three Smiles at the Tiger Creek, the picture of Donglin Lianshe, the picture of Sheng Gong's teaching, and the picture of Emperor Wu of Liang turning over the scriptures Picture, picture of Emperor Wu of Liang discussing the Dharma with Zhigong, picture of Bodhidharma crossing the river, picture of Bodhidharma facing a wall, picture of the second patriarch attuning his mind, picture of Xuanzang learning scriptures, picture of the fifth patriarch granting clothes, picture of Yuanze's three lives, Fenggan and Hanshan, Shide Talk about pictures on the rooftop, etc.

There are also some allegorical paintings, such as the "Water Moon Avalokitesvara", "Monkeys Fishing for the Moon", and the Zen "Washing Elephants".Zen Buddhism advocates getting rid of all attachments to names and appearances, which is called sweeping the appearance, so it is painted as an elephant, and one person sweeps it with a broom, or washes it with water, and it is called the image of sweeping or washing the image. There are many themes of the above-mentioned murals, especially Jingbian paintings, images of eminent monks and Buddhist story pictures, allegorical paintings, and water and land paintings, which are often preserved in temples or spread among the people in the form of scroll paintings.