Chapter 8 Section 5 Drums in Sinicized Buddhist Temples
Drums are clappers used by all peoples in all ages and nations all over the world.It's versatile:
(1) as a musical instrument;
(2) more used as a timer;
(3) In the army, it is used to boost morale, control advance and retreat, etc.;
(4) Used when gathering the masses;
(5) Used when calling the police;
(6) Some ethnic groups use it as ritual utensils, such as stone drums and bronze drums.Some bronze drums are also used to store money shells.
There are many kinds of drums, with different sizes and shapes, and the raw materials for making drums also include metal, jade, wood and leather.All ages and nationalities have created a hundred flowers blooming and colorful.
Buddhism originated in the ancient South Asian subcontinent, and the people there have long used drums in various aspects.Let’s look at some records in the Buddhist scriptures about the use of drums in secular society:
Performers play drums, sing and dance, play the pipa, cymbals, and cymbals. (Volume 33 of "Maha Monk Law")
What it says here is: the drum is one of the musical instruments.
At that time, the king ordered the ministers to beat drums to announce the order. (Volume 13 of "The Fundamentals of Everything There is a Vinaya Medicine")
At that time, the king called the ministers: "You can now beat the drums at the place of the city god of Boronis to announce the order, saying: 'All the people in the country are gone from now on, but the birds should not be harmed!'"( "Basically Saying Everything Has a Part Vinaya Breaking the Monk's Stories" Volume 19)
Here is the use of drums as a sounding instrument for gathering the masses when "declaring orders". The following three examples are more obvious:
Even if you ring the bell, blow the horn, and beat the drum, you can tell the city. (Volume 23 of "Basically Saying Everything Has Parts of Vinaya Miscellaneous Things")
Beat the drum and beat the mallet to proclaim the king's decree. (Volume 9 of "The Fundamentally Says Everything Has a Part Vinaya Breaking Monks")
At that time, Shanxing beat drums and bells in his city, and told everyone: "I want to go to the sea, if anyone can go, I should bring food and clothing with me..." (Vol. 15 )
It can be seen that drumming was a tool used to gather the masses during public announcements in the ancient South Asian subcontinent.Drumming, from ancient times to the present, is military music all over the world:
At that time, King Bosni gathered four kinds of soldiers and beat drums with all the ministers, wanting to crusade. (Volume 18 of "Maha Monk Law")
Bu Sunrise Army: Elephants, horses, chariots, and infantry all go out, fighting with armor, and bells and drums.Leaving the city of Luofa, he went to the country of Jiebiluo to kill Shizhong. (Volume 8 of "Basically Saying Everything Has Parts of Vinaya Miscellaneous Things")
According to this, the situation of expeditions in ancient China is similar to this. "Zuo Zhuan Zhuang Gong Twenty-nine Years": "Every teacher has bells and drums called attack, and no one said invasion, and light said attack." "Mandarin · Jinyu Five "It also said: "That's why beating the bells and drums is a crime." It is a public declaration of war.It seems that the same is true for the ancient South Asian subcontinent.
It is also used for the prestige in the guard of honor, and it is similar in ancient and modern times:
When the king heard the arrival of the deer, he ordered the roads in the cities to be cleared, sweeping and burning incense, beating bells and beating drums to welcome the deer king. (Volume 1 of "Maha Sangha Law")
To this day, when welcoming distinguished guests, the method of drumming by young people's drum bands is sometimes adopted.
And drumming during execution:
Sometimes someone commits a king's business, binds his hands behind his back, wears a Kapiluohua garland, beats drums and sings orders to reach his punishment. (Volume 32 of "Maha Monk's Law")
There is also drumming during the funeral:
I also saw a piece of jade, decorated with blue, yellow, red and white silk, and covered it.Blowing snails and beating drums, men and women, big and small, there are many people, and the four of them agree together.Hold the firewood again and go against the front.The crowd followed the public opinion, weeping and wailing, singing: "Father, father! Brother, brother! Lord, Lord!" Seeing this, the king told his ministers, "What is this?..." The minister replied: "This is called death!"
According to the Buddhist scriptures, the matters related to drumming in the secular society of the ancient South Asian subcontinent are roughly as above.Shakyamuni Buddha was born as a prince, so he must be familiar with these things.However, as seen in the Buddhist scriptures, drums were rarely used in the early Buddhism of the ancient South Asian subcontinent taught by his elders.It is mainly used to gather monks, just like ringing a bell or ringing an electric bell during class in modern times:
At that time, the bhikkhus entered in no order, sat down in order, ate food in order, got up in order, and went in order.There are those who enter before, those who enter while eating, and those who enter after eating.The Buddha said: "You should sing 'The Time Comes!'" Singing "The Time Comes" is not far away.This is what happened to the Buddha, and the Buddha said: "You should hit the mallet!"This is what happened to the Buddha, and the Buddha said: "You should beat the drum!" When the drum is played, it is not far to hear that the drum is played on the ground.This is what happened to the Buddha. The Buddha said: "Beat on the pile!"The Buddha said: "It should be played at a high place so that it can be heard from a distance."
As we mentioned earlier, when Buddha Shakyamuni called his disciples to assemble, he beat the bullock to gather the crowd.This mallet is a transliteration of Sanskrit Ghanta.We have also mentioned that the mallet probably refers to a wooden clapper or a metal timekeeping device.In early translations of Buddhist scriptures, drums may also be translated as bullocks. However, according to research, there are several words expressing "drums" in Sanskrit. When translating, Ghanta is less and less translated as drums, and drums are distinguished from bullocks. open.Translated as drum, there are roughly three words in Sanskrit.One is Bheri (transliteration is also called "帕啊"), which is a pot-shaped drum in the ancient South Asian subcontinent.One is the Dun-dubhi, which is a large pot-shaped drum.Another is M-rdanga, which is a small drum.According to Westerners, Bheri is roughly equivalent to the Western Kettle-drum (tank drum), Dundubhi is the "big tank drum", and Mrdanga is equivalent to the Western Tabor (small drum).However, in the translation of Chinese Buddhist scriptures, these drums are uniformly translated as drums, and it is difficult to distinguish them.It's just that when "Dafa Drum" and "Tiangu" are mentioned, people will naturally think that they must refer to the Dafa Drum!
Shakyamuni Buddha also gave clear instructions on the details of the material of the drum, the person who played the drum, and the place where the drum was placed:
All the bhikkhusasa refused to gather in time, and abandoned sitting meditation and walking the way.So he whitened the Buddha, and the Buddha said: "You should sing 'The hour is coming!' If you hit a mallet, if you hit a drum, if you blow a li." The bhikkhus then made gold and silver drums.So he whitened the Buddha, and the Buddha said: "Use copper, iron, tile, and wood, and crown your head with leather." I don't know who should be beaten, so he whitened the Buddha, and the Buddha said: "You should let the novice, the gardener, beat you." Play more.Therefore, the Buddha said: "Should be hit with three links!" After the fight, the courtyard was suspended.When outsiders come, they count by dozens;...or if it is raining and wet, they are silent.So he whitened the Buddha, and the Buddha said: "It should be lifted to the screen under the house." A guest novice beat him again and again, but he didn't know where it was, and lost the season.Therefore, the Buddha said: "The old residents should fight." "Listen to the drums of the monks, the harmony drums, and the drums of the Sifang monks, and prepare a drum." (Volume 18 of "Five Parts Law")
Add a few words: "Ke Shami" refers to the new monk who was not originally from the temple, "Cida" means the errand of playing drums in shifts, and "I don't know where" means not knowing the exact time ("Chu" here is close) At the "point" of the hour), "prepare a drum" means that all kinds of drums should have a backup.What those drums mentioned in the above quotation were like, we don't know.It is known that there were many kinds of drums with different styles and different purposes in the temple at that time.The teaching of the Buddha here is to place the drum in a house with a roof, in case the sky is cloudy and rainy, and the drum cannot be heard.This point was strictly implemented in the later Sinicized Buddhist temples.
As we mentioned earlier, Shakyamuni Buddha personally instructed the bhikkhus to beat the drums to gather the crowd. This is mainly to unify the study time, just like ringing the electric bell in class now.As seen in the Buddhist scriptures, there is more, it is to call the monks to eat:
Ananda!You even listen to this in the Zhituo garden: when the food is served, the drums are beaten; when the crowd gathers, the bell is rung.The sound of bells and drums is continuous. (The Shurangama Sutra on the Head of the Great Buddha, Volume 5)
There is also the saying of "Tiangu" in Buddhism, which specifically refers to a big drum placed in the Dharma Hall of Litian, and it is also used to refer to the drums held by the heavenly beings, so there is more than one.
There are three drums in the heavens: when the gods and asuras fight together, the first drum is played; when the flowers in the Kubera Garden are in bloom, the second drum is played; (Volume 1 of "Maha Monk's Law")
The use of drums in early Buddhism in the ancient South Asian subcontinent is roughly as described above.After Sakyamuni Buddha passed away, the rich and powerful among lay Buddhists, such as emperors and nobles, sometimes used secular rituals when practicing, listening to the Dharma, and making offerings:
(Wuchang country) The king is diligent: eat vegetables and eat for a long time, worship Buddha in the morning and night, play drums and shellfish, and have pipa, konghou, sheng and xiao.After Japan and China, the state affairs began to be governed. (Volume 5 of "Luoyang Jialan Ji" quotes "Song Yun Xingji")
At that time, the King Jieri returned to Qunvcheng to try to meet, with hundreds of thousands of people, on the south bank of the Kejia River; King Kumara, with tens of thousands of people, lived on the north bank.Divided into the middle of the river, the land and water advance side by side.Two kings guide and four soldiers guard strictly.Or rafting, or riding an elephant.Beat drums and sound snails, blow strings and play pipes.After 90 days, I arrived at Qunv City... There were hundreds of elephants at the front and back of the Buddha statue, and the musicians rode on it, and the drums played music... ("Da Tang Western Regions" Volume 5)
It is worth noting that what Yijing in the Tang Dynasty saw, the famous ancient South Asian subcontinent "Buddhist University" Nalanda Temple and other great temples have already "sounded drums in the upper pavilion of the temple to warn the public":
In addition, all the big temples in the Western Kingdom have water leaks, and they were enshrined by the kings of the past generations, and they were given to the leakers for the police.The bottom is filled with water in a copper basin, and the top is a copper bowl floating inside.Its bowl is thin and wonderful, and can hold two liters.When the hole is pierced at the bottom, the water will rush up, as thin as a needle, and the measurement is accurate.When the bowl is full of water, it sinks and beats the drum.Starting from Pingdan, sink one bowl, beat the drum once; sink two bowls, beat twice; sink three bowls, three times; four bowls, four times.Then blow the snail twice, let alone hit once, it is called a moment.Today is the east corner.After four more bowls, the same as before, four more.When the snail rings again, don't hit it twice. It's called two o'clock, which means noon.If two dozen are heard, the monks will not eat.If you see eaters, the temple law will drive them away.After two o'clock in the afternoon, the law is the same.Night has four o'clock, similar to day.In general, a day and a night are eight o'clock.At the end of the first night, the governor will play drums in the upper pavilion of the temple to police the crowd.This is the leakage method of Nalanda Temple.In addition, when the sun is about to disappear and when the sky is dawn, they all play drums in front of the door. (Volume 3 of "Neifa Biography of Sending Return from the South China Sea")
We have noticed that the pavilion of "Ming Drum in the Pavilion on the Temple" seems to be the embryonic form of the Drum Tower.Yijing also talked about the use of "drains" and drumming in Moha Bodhi Temple and Kushina Temple, saying that those "drains" were all given by the king.Yijing very much hopes that it can also be implemented in Chinese monasteries: "If you can play it, please dispose of it. It is a very important matter for the monks." However, this matter was not implemented in the monasteries of the Tang Dynasty in China.We think that it is probably due to two kinds of resistance:
One kind of resistance is that since ancient times, there have been buildings such as "Qiaolou" for telling the time in various cities in China, which are controlled by the government.The imperial palace in the capital, where the central government is located, is even more "Jiangpei [ze Ze] chicken man announces dawn".The government is unwilling to transfer the right to tell the time.
Another kind of resistance is that the government departments in the Tang Dynasty used drums in many places, which invisibly restricted temple drumming.It is mainly due to the two systems of "street drums" and "listening to drums and sitting in government offices" in the Tang Dynasty.As far as the author sees, the "Buddhist Temple" section of the book "Dunhuang Architecture Research" written by Mr. Xiao Mo contains extremely correct and complete expositions.Earlier than this, Mr. Dai Wangshu's masterpiece "Reading the Biography of Li Wa" (collected in "The Collection of Novels and Operas"), combined with the fact that Zheng Sheng could not violate the night ban, has many quotations and explanations.What follows is not what the two gentlemen quoted.But just to explain the problem here, the author will summarize it again.
In the Tang Dynasty, it was in Chang'an, the capital city, and later it was also implemented in Luoyang, the eastern capital, where night bans were strictly enforced.It was getting late and the daylight was exhausted. Drumming started from Shuntianmen (renamed Chengtianmen after the first year of Shenlong), and the inner gates of all workshops were closed, and the traffic on the official street (avenue) was cut off.People can only come and go within the workshop.It wasn't until the third day of the fifth watch that the drums were beaten again, and the doors of all the workshops were reopened, and people began to walk on the official street.This is Ma Zhou's idea:
First of all, in the streets of the capital, every morning and evening, people are sent to call the police. (Ma) Zhou Sui played the drums in the streets, and every time he hit the police, he ordered them to stop calling.It's convenient for people at the time. ("Old Tang Book" Volume 74 "Ma Zhou Biography")
Left and right street envoys, in charge of inspecting the six streets and patrolling.At the corner of every city gate, there is Wuhou Shop, guards and cavalry guards, a hundred people at the gate of the big city, thirty people at the big shop, twenty people at the gate of the small city, and five people at the small shop.At sunset, eight hundred drums beat and the doors are closed; at two o'clock in the fifth watch, the drums come out from within, and the drums in the streets vibrate, and the gates of the squares and cities are opened.Drum three thousand Laos, and stop at color discrimination. ("New Book of Tang" Volume 49, "Hundred Officials · Four Parts")
In the old system, Jin Wu called at dawn in the capital to warn walkers.Ma Zhou presented the seal and began to set up street drums, commonly known as "Dongdong", which is private and public.There is a Taoist named Pei Ji [Xiao Xiao], who is good at painting and wine.The often opera is "Song of Weichuan", and the word cloud: "To cover the winter and the winter, you must pour the Zhanzhan Cup. If Jinwu asks, it will report the decline of Yushan." (Tang Liu Su "Da Tang Xin Yu" Volume 10 "Li Ge")
"Tang Law Shuyi" Volume 26 "Miscellaneous Laws · Committing Night" has more clear regulations and explanations. Readers are invited to read them by themselves without quoting them.This kind of continuous drumming from the gate drum of the White House to the drums of the streets is really earth-shattering, how can there be a temple to participate in it!The above quoted Taoist Pei Heran's poem, which is contained in "Full Tang Poems", and the title of the poem is "Night Drunk Lying on the Street", it is to "catch the generals and go to the prison"!Let's look at the description of the young master who wandered around all day:
Until the Northern Song Dynasty, this practice was followed:
Drums are placed on top of the small buildings in Jingshi Jiequ (ququ) to alert the dusk.During the reign of Emperor Taizong, Zhang Gongji (jiji) was ordered to make the name of the workshop and list it upstairs.By the way, at the beginning of Tang Ma and Zhou Dynasty, it was suggested to set up Dongdong drums, but only the two capitals have them.There are also Dongdong drums in Houbei, which is the system of the capital. (Northern Song Dynasty Song Minqiu's "Spring and Ming Retirement Records" Volume 1)
The above quote from Mr. Xiao Mo’s book, citing the temple map of the Dunhuang murals, etc., shows that there is a bell tower in the shape of a small building in the backward house of the Tang Dynasty temple, facing the scriptures, but there is no drum tower.Readers are also invited to refer.
In addition, the Tang Dynasty also had the system of "listening to the drum and sitting in the government office":
Tang Guofeng Law: Officials and people govern two yamen a day: morning yamen and evening yamen.You have to listen to the sound of the drums to know how to sit in the Yamen.Public and private guests can see the officials when they wait for the Yamen. (Article 250, Volume 2, "Journey to the Tang Dynasty for Pilgrimage to the Tang Dynasty" by Ennin, a Japanese monk)
By the way, in the Tang Dynasty, the government sat in the Yamen to govern affairs, once in the morning and in the evening. Bai Juyi's "Bai Shi Changqing Ji" Volume 52: "The old man with a white head sits in the mansion, and the Yamen retires in the morning and the Yamen reminds him in the evening." This is what he said. .Also, I cited Volume 2 of Bai's collection above: "Drums are played in winter and winter in the city, and court offices are restored to evening offices", which shows that beating drums and sitting in the office was the norm at that time.Li Shangyin's "Untitled Two Poems": "I listen to the drum to answer the official, and I go to Malantai to go to Duanpeng." What I said is to listen to the "Yagu" and go to Yingmao, not the "Street Drum".
What's more, it is to build a drum tower to prepare for drumming and alarm, and also to tell the time.
(Li Chong) In addition to the governor of Yanzhou.There were many robbers in Yantu in the old days. Chongnai village had a first floor with a drum hanging on it.Where the hair is stolen, hit with double hammers.All the villages on all sides guard the important roads when they hear the drums.In a short time, the sound spreads hundreds of miles.Among them, if there is someone lying in wait for the danger, if the theft starts, then you will send it away.Zhuzhou built buildings and hung drums, since the beginning of Chong. ("Northern History" Volume 43 "Li Chong Biography")
Press, what is said here is "Zhuzhou Zhilou Hanggu".As for the Drum Tower in the capital, it was built earlier:
(Outside Jianchun Gate in Luoyang) There is Jianyangli in the north of Yangqu. Inside there is an earthen platform, two feet high, on which there are two jingshe. ——Zhao Yiyun: This platform is also the flag pavilion in the period of China and North Korea.There are two floors above, hanging drums, and striking them to stop the market. ("Luoyang Jialanji" Volume 2 "Longhua Temple" article)
Zhao Yi was born in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and there are biography in "Northern History" and "Wei Shu". "Zhongchao" is an idiom during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, referring to the Western Jin Dynasty.Interestingly, this method of drumming to prevent thieves was still used in the Tang Dynasty, and it was not limited to the Drum Tower.The Japanese monk Ennin’s “Journey to the Tang Dynasty to Seek Dharma and Pilgrimage” records that when the Japanese envoy’s ship to the Tang Dynasty headed north along the Grand Canal, in order to protect the envoy and its tribute, what did the Chinese escorts do at night:
Drumming all night.The style of the country: there are people who defend and aid, and they play drums at night for the protection of officials. (Article 16 of Volume 1 of Enren's "Journey to the Tang Dynasty to Seek Law and Pilgrimage")
The government used drums so frequently that temples naturally shunned them.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, the commerce in the city was more developed, the trade was busy day and night, and the curfew was gradually cancelled.Song Taizu issued an edict to abolish the night ban, and Song Renzong abolished street drums.As a result, young people in the Southern Song Dynasty no longer knew what street drums were:
Street drums in Kyoto are still abolished today, and those who read Tang poetry and "street drums" in later generations are often at a loss. (Southern Song Dynasty Lu You's Notes on Laoxue'an, Volume 10)
From the Southern Song Dynasty onwards, as a localized sect of Sinicized Buddhism, Zen Buddhism flourished and developed toward popularization and secularization.The Zen temple building method was gradually promoted throughout the country. It was returned in the Ming Dynasty and almost became a fixed-frame temple: in the courtyard between the Shanmen Hall and the Tianwang Hall, the second floor of the bell and drum must be built: the east bell and the west drum, that is, the left bell and the right drum (from The Hall of Heavenly Kings faces the mountain gate).There is a "big drum" hanging in the Drum Tower, which matches the bell of the Bell Tower, "Morning Bell and Evening Drum".The strange thing is that the big bell in the bell tower, as we said before, can ring the "ghost bell" (midnight bell) at night, and even in the daytime, it can also be struck by the benefactor himself to pray for blessings. The author has seen it at Jingci Temple in Hangzhou.However, I have never seen anyone who beat the big drum of the Drum Tower alone to pray for blessings.This seems to imply that although the drums can be matched with the bells to form a group, they are later, and they cannot be presumptuous in order to try to get rid of them.
On the contrary, the drums in the palace are frequently used.In addition to the drum utensils in the chanting instrument, which we have introduced earlier, the drums used alone in the hall are the Dharma drum and the tea drum.These two drums are set in the Dharma hall of the Zen temple, with the Fa Drum in the northeast corner and the Tea Drum in the northwest corner.Modern Sinicized Buddhist monasteries mostly follow this method of setting up, but in monasteries without Falun Dafa halls, the two drums are placed in the main hall.
Mr. Xiao Mo also quoted the "Zen Teaching" article in Volume 3 of the sequel of "Shi Lin Guang Ji" by Chen Yuanliang in the Southern Song Dynasty:
When the sky is bright and clear, the first seat leads the public to sit in the hall; when the first drum is heard, the first public goes to the Dharma hall; the second drum, the governor goes to attend;...
It proves that drums are used to gather people in temples.Of course, using drums to gather crowds, as we quoted earlier, the Buddha has long shown, and there are also examples of drumming for gatherings in Buddhist scriptures.However, the use of this method in Chinese Zen temples may be realized from the government: this method of gathering people can continue to be used.It should be noted that this drum is a French drum.
Dharma drums are commonly seen in Chinese translations of Buddhist scriptures, for example:
I also saw that the Buddha's son was full of concentration and wisdom.Use immeasurable metaphors to teach the Dharma for the public.Enjoy the Dharma and transform all Bodhisattvas.Destroy the demon soldiers and beat the Dharma drum. ("Lotus Sutra Preface")
The present Buddha, World Honored One, wants to expound the Great Dharma: rain the Dharma rain, blow the Dharma conch, beat the Dharma drum, and demonstrate the meaning of the Dharma. ("Lotus Sutra Preface")
I only hope that the gods and humans will turn the wheel of the supreme Dharma.Hit the Dharma drum and blow the Dharma conch.The rain of Dharma rains everywhere, saving countless sentient beings.I'll wait for the salty return, and I will act as a far-reaching sound. ("Lotus Sutra · Metaphors of Huacheng")
The term "dharma drum" in this sutra is probably used to translate the word Dharma-dundubhi in Sanskrit, which obviously refers to the real drum, which is a metaphor for Sakyamuni Buddha's teaching.However, since the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China, "Dharma Drum" is often used in poetry and prose:
Dharma drums vibrate, and all the fragrances are fragrant to raise smoke. (Eastern Jin·Sun Chuo's "Tour to Tiantai Mountain Fu")
Dharma drums sounded loudly, and verses were chanted clearly. (The Song of the Southern Dynasties Xie Lingyun's "Mountain Dwelling Fu")
The floating smoke in the clear sky, the Dharma drum in the empty forest. (Southern Song Dynasty Xie Lingyun's "Mountain Monk Passing Quxi" poem)
Thunder multiplies Dharma drums, and trees accumulate heavenly fragrance. (The Inscription on the Maijiya Buddhist Shrine in Tianshui County, Qinzhou by Yu Xin, Zhou Dynasty, Northern Dynasties)
The sound of the tide welcomes the Dharma drum, and the rain is moist and the sky is fragrant. (Poem "White Crane Temple" by Shen Quanqi of the Tang Dynasty)
Dharma drums are vibrated in the two corridors, and kites are chanted in the four corners. (Tang Li Bai's "Dengwa Guange" poem)
Some of the "dharma drums" in these poems refer to the Buddha's teachings.However, when Tang people annotated "Selected Works of Zhaoming", Li Zhouhan made an annotation under the two sentences we quoted in "Ode to Tiantai Mountain" and said: "Fagu, Zhongye." After that, until the Qing Dynasty, commentators followed it.For example, in the twelfth volume of Ni Fan [fan Fan]'s "Yuzishan Jizhu", the two sentences in the "Buddha Shrine Ming" still say: "Fagu, the bell." This shows that, for one thing, "Qianzhi" is translated as " Zhong", as mentioned earlier, is a comprehensive translation.People in the Tang Dynasty also knew that there were not so many ringers in primitive Buddhism in the ancient South Asian subcontinent, so they took it for granted that the "dharma drum" in the scriptures refers to the bell.Second, the temples of the Tang Dynasty used bells instead of drums, so it was natural to think that Dharma drums were bells.
However, in later monasteries, the Dharma drum must have been a real drum.Even speaking, the tea drum is naturally a drum.Their usage is as stated in the eighth volume of "Emperor Xiu Baizhang Qinggui":
Dharma Drum: When the abbot goes to the hall, the little ginseng, general speaking, enters the room, and hits it.The method of beating the drum: three times when going to the hall, one time for small references, five times for general speaking, and three times for entering the room.All should slow down.
A long blow on the tea drum, served by the master.
The three links of fasting and drums are like going to the hall, but the festival will be a little shorter.
Please give a long drum beat.
In the morning and evening, Genggu hits the three-way flat, and the rest follows Geng, and Kusi takes the lead.
The bath drum is connected in four directions, waiting for the public to hit it in order to know the master of the bath.
Each of the above should have their own norms, so there should be no inaccuracies.If the new abbot is admitted to the hospital, all the dharma instruments will sound together.
The above has made it very clear.It should be added that sometimes a drum is set up under the corridor of the Buddhist hall, which is used for drumming during fasting, bathing, and general invitation (the whole temple goes outside the temple to participate in agricultural and forestry sideline labor).In addition, when the deceased monk is buried, the general prayer drum is also played; when the eminent monk goes to the hall to chant sutras to mourn, the Dharma drum is also played to gather the crowd.In the monasteries in modern and contemporary cities, since most monks already wear watches and have electric bells and other equipment, the method of beating drums is often only used when the preaching is gathered. It is also.
It should be noted that the tea drum is a creation of Sinicized Buddhism, especially Zen Buddhism.As we all know, drinking tea is a Chinese invention.Monks are particularly fond of drinking tea, and even the tea sage Lu Yu was born in a Buddhist temple.Drinking tea is closely related to sitting meditation.The tea drum is used to summon monks to use tea, and it is specially used in monasteries:
Chanting these two poems, the scene of the Buddhist temple in the Song Dynasty beating the tea drum in the evening can be heard vividly.
Since the Song Dynasty, there has been a custom in Zen forests to introduce new monks when drums are played and tea is held:
When Zen master Mingshuixun of Fuzhou was in Fayun's servant's office, Zen master Daolinlin hung up.The abbot specially made tea for the new arrivals.Xun bowed to Liao to ask for it.Shilin was not there, and a colleague contacted Lin about the case, saying: "Go. When the canal comes, I will invite you for you." Go away, and the monk will forget it.After fasting, drums will be played and tea will be held, but Lin will not be there.Yuantong asked, "Is it new?" Please ask.When Lin arrived, Yuan Tong ordered him to sit back and stand on the couch. All the people in charge said: "The gate of the mountain is specially made of tea, which shows the etiquette of the forest. Why do you neglect and come here from time to time?" Before." Yuantong said: "My drum is not a croton, and when I hit it, shit will come out!" Baiyun said, "I forgot to invite him. I should be discharged from the hospital." At that time, the peers said: "Don't do it. The waiter and the new arrival The matter is that a certain does not agree to accept it, so I ask for it, but I forget it. The two of you were discharged from the hospital." Yuantong expressed his righteousness and forgiven it. ("Dahui Pujue Zen Master Zongmen Arsenal")
This story vividly shows the importance of tea.