Chapter 28 2. The rise and development of modern books and periodicals

The development of publishing and printing and the needs of journalism have enriched the content of publications and increased the types of publications.Magazines and newspapers are derivatives of books, which were not officially published in my country in the early Qing Dynasty.According to records, until the 20th year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty (1815), the British missionary Morrison published the first Chinese magazine "Monthly Statistical Biography of Cha Secular Statistics" in Malacca, with a total of seven volumes.Its content is mainly related to religion, news and current affairs and Western knowledge.Subsequently, in the third year of Daoguang (1823), the church in Bataya published four volumes of the magazine "Selected Summary" to promote religion, history, and current events.At that time, the magazines were mainly woodblock printing. In 1828, the missionary Medduz founded the "World News" in Malacca, with Chinese news, European news, science, history, religion, etc. as its content.It was a comprehensive magazine of close to modern standards and was printed with movable lead type.In the thirteenth year of Daoguang (1833), the missionaries in Guangzhou founded the magazine "Monthly Statistical Biography of Eastern and Western Studies", which published news and articles on religion, politics, science, business, etc.This is the earliest magazine in our country.Through these Chinese magazines, some people in our country have come into contact with Western culture and have a preliminary understanding of Western conditions.However, these magazines, which mainly promote Western religious culture, became an important tool for promoting imperialist aggression after the Opium War.

There was no strict distinction between magazines and newspapers in the early days.Some magazines contain news reports, and some newspapers also contain treatises or monographs.According to the catalogs of some daily newspapers and magazines compiled at that time, the magazines were called "series newspapers" or "books". After the Opium War, Western missionaries and businessmen entered my country to preach and do business, which also promoted the development of modern newspapers in my country.For example, "Xianfeng Guanzhen" was published in Hong Kong in the third year of Xianfeng (1853), and "Liuhe Congtan" was published in Shanghai in the seventh year of Xianfeng (1857), as well as "Hong Kong News", "Shanghai New News" ("Beihua Jiebao Weekly") Chinese version), "Declaration", "News", etc.Among them, "Shenbao" is the newspaper with the longest publication time in modern my country, and it is also the earliest newspaper in my country, which has a great influence in our country. In 1876, "Minbao" was added as a newspaper supplement, and in 1884, "Yinghuan Pictorial" was added, which was the beginning of a newspaper picture supplement. "Children's Monthly" is the earliest children's publication in my country, with poetry, stories, celebrity biographies, natural history, science, etc. as its content.From then until the end of the 19th century, the magazines published by foreigners in the mainland of my country included Shanghai's "Yiwenlu", "Picture News", "East Asia Times", "Datong Daily" and Hankou's "Yiwen Monthly".

Stimulated by the influence of foreigners who founded Chinese newspapers in China, domestic people began to run their own modern newspapers and periodicals.Among them, "China and Foreign News" founded by Wu Tingfang in Hong Kong in 1858 is the earliest.In the mainland, "Yangcheng Caixin Shilu", which was founded in Guangzhou in 1872, and "Zhaowen Xinbao", edited by Ai Xiaomei in Hankou in 1873, were the earliest.In the thirteenth year of Tongzhi (1874), Wang Tao founded "Circular Daily" in Hong Kong. It was the first newspaper to spread bourgeois political reform ideas.After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, with the prosperity of the bourgeoisie's political reform ideas, in order to publicize their respective ideas, the newspaper industry in our country flourished.The bourgeois reformists represented by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao successively founded "Chinese and Foreign Jiwen" (Beijing), "Qiangxue Journal" (Shanghai), "Current Affairs News", "Xiangxue Journal" (Changsha), etc., to publicize the idea of ​​reform and reform. .After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, the development of newspapers and periodicals continued to flourish like mushrooms after rain.According to Liang Qichao’s statistics in the “Record of Chinese Newspapers and Losses”, there are 100 kinds of newspapers and periodicals (including life and death) published successively in China, including Hong Kong and Macao, including 62 kinds of newspapers and 38 kinds of magazines.Since then, as a new product of books, newspapers and periodicals have penetrated among readers from all walks of life in our country, and have had a huge impact on the development of our country's culture.

Before the Revolution of 1911, bourgeois revolutionaries also ran many newspapers in order to publicize their political views. In 1900, Sun Yat-sen founded "China Daily" in Hong Kong as the official newspaper of the Xingzhonghui, which was used to expose the corrupt rule of the Qing Dynasty and spread the political views of the bourgeois revolutionaries.Later, during the debate with the royalists and diehards, revolutionary intellectuals founded newspapers and periodicals in Japan, Shanghai and all over the country to publicize revolutionary ideas, oppose the slander of the royalists, arouse the patriotic enthusiasm of the people, and arouse the people's consciousness. Zhang Taiyan founded Jingshi Bao in Hangzhou in 1896, and Hu Zhang founded Su Bao in Shanghai in the same year. With Wu Zhihui, Wang Wenpu, Zhang Shizhao and others as the main writers, it became a front for propagating the national revolution.Later, the publication of Zou Rong's "Revolutionary Army" and Zhang Taiyan's "Refutation of Kang Youwei's Discussion on Revolution" caused a strong shock in the society and triggered the "Su Bao Case", which became a major political event at that time.The "Guowen Bao" and "Guowen Compilation" (Xunkan) (1897) founded by Yan Fu were newspapers of the reformers. In 1904, Cai Yuanpei and others founded "Russian Police News" in Shanghai to expose the crimes of imperial Russia's occupation of Northeast China.It was later renamed "Alarm Bell Daily", which was another revolutionary newspaper after "Su Bao". In 1905, the Tongmenghui founded Minbao in Tokyo as an official publication to promote the Three People's Principles.The "Qing Yi Bao" and "Xin Min Cong Bao" founded by Liang Qichao and others started from the royalists and fought with the bourgeois revolutionaries.

At the same time, magazines with progressive ideas appeared.For example, the "Compilation of Translated Books" and "Kaizhilu" founded by students studying in Japan in Yokohama in 1900 introduced the political masterpieces of Western bourgeois scholars and mainly promoted the theory of bourgeois democracy, freedom, and equality.Stimulated by the continuous imperialist aggression, these treatises aroused the patriotic revolutionary thoughts of Chinese students studying in Japan, and also founded many publications, such as "Hubei Student Circle", "Zhejiang Tide", "Jiangsu" and so on.In China, there are "Chu News", "Hubei Daily", "Dajiang News" in Hubei, and "National Daily" in Shanghai.

During this period, general social, political and scientific journals also appeared successively.For example, "Journal of Agriculture" (1896) founded by Luo Zhenyu; "Yaquan Magazine" (1900) of Yaquan Library is the earliest scientific magazine run by Chinese people; Magazine" (1904). Also published in 1897 were "Gezhi News", "Journal of Industry and Commerce", "Commercial News" and so on.In addition, there are some specialized magazines, such as "New Fiction" and "Fiction Forest" which specialize in literature and art, and "China Women's Daily" founded by Qiu Jin.

After the Revolution of 1911, newspapers and magazines prospered. At most, more than 500 newspapers were published nationwide, of which Beijing accounted for one-fifth. After Yuan Shikai stole the victory of the 1911 Revolution in 1912, many newspapers were banned. After the failure of the Second Revolution in 1913, there were only more than 20 newspapers left in Beijing; except for those run by foreigners, there were only five in Shanghai; only in Hankou. two.Some were bought by Yuan Shikai to advocate the restoration of the monarchy, among which "Asia News" was the most prominent.For Yuan Shikai's conspiracy, the famous newspapers criticized and exposed include Beijing's "National Gazette", "Guofeng Bao", Shanghai's "Republic of China Daily", etc., which were finally banned by Yuan Shikai.During this period, vernacular newspapers and periodicals were published for ordinary people to read, which spread to almost every province and became the herald of the vernacular movement.

Magazines were also very active at this time.Major political magazines include "Independent Weekly" (1912) edited by Zhang Shizhao, "Yongyan" (1912) edited by Liang Qichao, "National" (1913) founded by the Kuomintang, and "Jiayin" (1914) edited by Zhang Shizhao , "Great China" (1915) edited by Liang Qichao, etc., all put forward the idea of ​​opposing Yuan Shikai's proclaiming emperor to varying degrees.The periodicals that represented advanced thinking in this period were "Youth Magazine" (renamed "New Youth" in 1916) founded by Chen Duxiu in the fourth year of the Republic of China (1915) and "Weekly Review" founded by Li Dazhao in the seventh year of the Republic of China (1918). 》, which was the first progressive publication in my country to accept the influence of the Russian October Revolution and then promote Marxism.In terms of academics, there are "Science" (1915), which was founded in Shanghai by the "Science Society", an organization of students studying in the United States; "Min Duo" (1916); "Pacific" published in Shanghai; "New Education" published by New Education Gongjin Society in Shanghai; Peking University Monthly, etc.In terms of science and technology, there are "Guanxiang Congbao", "Chinese Medical Journal", "Journal of the Institution of Engineers", "Dianjie" and so on.Literary magazines include "Novel Monthly", "Novel Times", "Novel Congbao", "China Novel World", and publications of the Mandarin Duck and Butterfly School such as "Minquan Su" and "Saturday".