Chapter 22 4. Public and private book collections and catalogs in the Song and Yuan Dynasties

Song and Yuan Dynasties paid great attention to book collection, and the prosperity of public and private book collections reached the peak of my country's middle ages. At the beginning of the founding of Song Taizu, he paid great attention to collecting books. At the beginning of Song Dynasty, the royal family had more than 10,000 volumes of books. By the middle of Kaibao, the collection of books from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms increased to more than 80,000 volumes.In addition, Song Taizu also extensively collected private collections to enrich official collections. In the first year of Taiping Xingguo (976), Song Taizong inspected the sites of the "Historical Museum", "Zhaowen Museum" and "Jixian Yuan". It was unfavorable, so it was decided to build the "Chongwen Academy" to collect the books in the three libraries.Chongwen Academy is divided into six libraries, the east corridor is Zhaowen library, the south corridor is Jixian library, and the west corridor has four libraries of classics, history, Zi and Ji.Liuku books include 80,000 volumes of originals and copies.Later Emperor Taizong issued an edict to collect books, published the catalog of missing books, and collected new public and private books and government publications to enrich the collection of Chongwen Academy. Fifteen years after its completion, Emperor Taizong visited the secret pavilion again, "seeing the neatness of the books, and his appearance is full of joy."In the eighth year of Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu (1015), the palace caught fire, which affected Chongwen Academy, and most of the books were destroyed.

"Song History Yiwenzhi" records that in the collection of books in the Song Dynasty, there were 3,327 books and 39,142 volumes in the three dynasties of Taizu, Taizong, and Zhenzong; One thousand four hundred and seventy-two volumes, eight thousand four hundred and forty-six volumes; Shenzong, Zhezong, Huizong, Qinzong four dynasties one thousand nine hundred and six volumes, twenty-six thousand two hundred and eighty-nine volumes.These figures are calculated independently and not added up.However, in the Jingkang disaster, the loss of books was heavy, and "the reserves of the pavilions and pavilions were all wiped out."After Emperor Gaozong established the Southern Song Dynasty, through various collections, although there were more than 40,000 volumes, it was still only three-quarters of the peak of the Northern Song Dynasty.During Ningzong's reign, the collection increased to 9,819 volumes, with more than 119,900 volumes.

In addition to paying attention to the collection of books, the Song government also paid attention to the collation of books and the editing of catalogs.During Renzong's time, Zhang Guan and others compiled Sikushu, imitating Tang Dynasty's "Kaiyuan Sibulu", and compiled "Chongwen Zongmu". In Qingli year, Wang Yaochen and others compiled it, with a total of 66 volumes.The book is divided into four parts and forty-five volumes. Each category is written in an orderly manner, and each book has a summary. A total of more than 30,600 volumes of books have been recorded.The original book has been lost, and the current five-volume "Chongwen Zongmu" is compiled from "Yongle Dadian" and other books.

During the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty, he also actively organized personnel to sort out books and compile bibliographies.In the fifth year of Emperor Xiaozong's Chunxi reign (1178), Chen Kui and others imitated the "Chongwen Bibliography" and compiled the "Zhongxing Guange Bibliography", with 70 volumes and one volume of preface, and recorded more than 44,000 volumes of books.During Ningzong's time, the number of books increased. Secretary Cheng Zhang Pan and others edited "Zhongxing Guange Supplementary Bibliography", which was completed in the 13th year of Ningzong Jiading, with 30 volumes and more than 14,000 volumes of recorded books.The two bibliographies have a total of nearly 60,000 volumes, which is more than the number contained in the "Chongwen Zongmu" of the Northern Song Dynasty.These two catalogs were later lost, and Zhao Shiwei's "Zhongxing Guange Bibliography Collection" and "Zhongxing Guange Sequel Book Research" are currently available for searching.

With the development and wide application of printing in the Song Dynasty, the number of books increased greatly, and private book collections far exceeded those of the previous generation, and a group of private book collectors appeared.The famous epigraphist Zhao Mingcheng and the poetess Li Qingzhao and his wife searched and searched for 20 years. When Zhao Mingcheng died, despite the war, there were still 2,000 volumes of inscriptions on gold and stone and more than 20,000 volumes of books.Ye Mengde has worked hard for decades, and has a collection of more than 100,000 volumes.In addition, there are Chao Gongwu, Wang Zhi, Zheng Qiao, You Bao and so on.

Private bibliophiles in the Song Dynasty also edited many private catalogs, among which there are more than 30 kinds of books whose titles can be tested.Song Youmao's "Suichutang Bibliography" is one of the earliest surviving private collection catalogs in my country, and it is a precedent for opening catalogs and describing editions.In addition, Chao Gongwu's "Junzhai Shulu Zhi" and Chen Zhensun's "Zhizhai Shulu Explanation" are the most praised by later generations. The whole book "Junzhai Dushuzhi" is divided into four parts: Classics, History, Zi and Ji, with forty-five categories, and each category is called "General Discussion" in an orderly manner.Each subcategory is disordered in form, but in fact, most of the academic origins are described in the synopsis of the first book of each category.After the title of the book, the biography of the author and the general content of the book are indicated.A total of 1,937 books have been cataloged, which is the earliest existing private bibliography with an abstract in my country. "Zhizhai Shulu Jieti" is divided into fifty-three categories of descriptions. Although it is not named as a sub-collection of classics and history, it is still classified according to the four-part method.Of the fifty-three categories, only nine have suborders.In addition to the title of each book, the number of volumes, author's name, official position, academic origin or edition category of the book are also recorded.In "Explanation of Problems", the styles and engravings of ancient books are recorded, or the acquisition process of rare books is explained; printed copies, transcripts and rubbings are also recorded.A total of more than 50,000 volumes of catalogs have been recorded, fully reflecting the situation of books before the Southern Song Dynasty, and creating a precedent for using bibliographies to solve problems.

In the history of Chinese bibliography, Zheng Qiao made great contributions.He made a relatively systematic summary of Chinese classical bibliography, put forward the concept of "category", pointed out the importance of book classification, and believed that "category has been divided, and the academics are self-explanatory", "classes are not clear, and books are out of order". .He created a new classification system of three-level categories, aiming at the classification system of two-level categories in the Han and Tang Dynasties. In view of the unprecedented development of the book industry in the Song Dynasty, he created an original classification system, including twelve categories, one hundred, three hundred and seven Twelve kinds.This three-level classification system has an important position in the history of bibliography development in my country.As for the description method, it is proposed to "collect" the books of past dynasties and contemporary times; "record the lost books" means to record the lost books when compiling;Only in this way can the catalog study the fundamentals of academics, making it easy for scholars to learn and seekers to find.When summarizing the reasons for the loss of books in the past dynasties, it points out the necessity of searching for books.In the "Tong Zhi", the "eight methods of seeking books" are systematically proposed: seeking by class, seeking by class, seeking by locality, seeking by family, seeking public, seeking private, seeking by people, seeking by Substitute. The "eight methods of seeking books" are regarded as the standard by later generations of bibliophiles.Zheng Qiao put forward the theoretical principles of the lost books after analyzing the various situations of the dead books in detail, which opened a precedent for the lost books and had a great influence on later generations.

As early as 1236, the Yuan Dynasty set up a classics and history office in Pingyang to compile scriptures and history.After the capture of Hangzhou, all the books and editions of the Southern Song Dynasty's official printing bureaus, central agencies, and counties in the south of the Yangtze River were transported to the north, which greatly increased the collection of books of the Yuan government.Although the collection of books in the Yuan Dynasty was rich, but because the royal family did not pay attention to the management of the collection and did not organize collation and collation, the quality was not good and the utilization was not enough. Only the three histories of Song, Liao and Jin were compiled, and no other large series of books were compiled. , Class books.