Chapter 15 1. Collection and arrangement of books in the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties

In 581 AD, Yang Jian proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of Zhou and established the Sui Dynasty.He is the Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty in history.The establishment of the Sui regime ended the long-term social turmoil since the Wei and Jin Dynasties.In the early Tang Dynasty, the further recovery and development of the social economy promoted the development of the book industry and social culture.At the same time, the improvement of papermaking technology and the improvement of book binding art have brought book writing in our country into its heyday. Both the Sui and Tang governments paid great attention to the collection and arrangement of books.At the beginning of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty accepted the suggestion of Secretary Niu Hong (545~610) and issued an edict to collect books, and stipulated that whoever presented a volume of books would be rewarded with a piece of silk. Return the book to its original owner.As a result, people from the people continued to contribute books, which enriched the collection of books in the Sui Dynasty.After the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen in 589 A.D., he took Chen’s collection of books as his own, but because of the poor quality of paper and ink and poor handwriting, it was preserved as an ancient copy. and the copy are hidden in the palace, and the rest of the collection is enriched in the three inner and outer pavilions of the Secretary's Province.At this time, the official collection of the Sui government had reached more than 30,000 volumes.

In 605 A.D., Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty succeeded to the throne, increased the number of officials from the Secretary Province, and vigorously carried out copying and supplementary work. It was stipulated that "the book of the secret pavilion should be limited to 50 copies" and stored in different grades.Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty actively promoted the construction of book collections, pushing scroll books in our country to a peak.Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty ordered the construction of houses in the East and West Wings of Guanwen Hall in Luoyang, the eastern capital.Buddhist scriptures and Taoist scriptures have just been stored in the Inner Daochang and cataloged separately.

In addition to the Eastern Capital, Chang'an in Xijing had a larger collection of books. At that time, the "Jiaze Palace" had a collection of 370,000 volumes.This is the highest record of government collections in history. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty attached great importance to the collection of books in Xijing, and once ordered Liu Guyan, the secretary supervisor, to organize the collection of books in Jiazedian.Liu Guyan removed the repetitive and messy ones, and after correcting them, he went to play the emperor, and obtained more than 37,000 volumes of the official manuscript, which were stored in the Guanwen Hall in Luoyang, the eastern capital.He also compiled nine volumes of "Sui Daye Zheng Yu Shu Catalog".The collection of books in the Sui Dynasty was very prosperous for a while, but with the outbreak of wars and the fall of the Sui Dynasty, a large number of books it had deliberately accumulated were also lost.

The rulers of the Tang Dynasty attached great importance to the collection of books from the beginning of the founding of the country.In the second year of Tang Zhenguan (628), Wei Zhengzuo, secretary supervisor, invited Tang Taizong Li Shimin to collect scholars and proofread four books.It was presided over by Wei Zheng, equipped with 20 school staff and 100 copywriters.Later, Yu Shinan and Yan Shigu took over, and finally Cui Xinggong, the secretary and young supervisor, was in charge.After 47 years of the two dynasties of Taizong and Gaozong, the scale of its school books is quite large.

At the same time, Wei Zheng presided over the compilation of "Sui Shu" in the Tang Dynasty.The "Jingjizhi" and "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi" in the book can be called the model works of Chinese classical bibliography. "Suishu·Jingjizhi" is based on "Dayezheng Yushu Catalogue" and proofread with 14,466 books in 89,666 volumes collected by the government in the early Tang Dynasty. Repeat, the books are divided into four volumes of classics, history, zi, and collections, with 47 categories, and 3,127 volumes and 36,780 volumes of books are recorded.If including the attached Daoist scriptures, Buddhist scriptures and all the living and dead books, there are 6,520 volumes and 56,881 volumes. In terms of style, "Sui Shu·Jing Ji Zhi" writes a preface imitating "Yi Wen Zhi" at the end of each department, briefly explaining the origin and evolution of various schools.It has a general sequence, a major sequence, and a small sequence.The general preface is an important chapter in the bibliographic literature, and its main content is based on the narration of "Qi Lu" and Sui Niuhong's "Wu E Ji".Under the title of the book, there are notes, indicating the author or marking the loss of the book.It also inherited and developed the four divisions of Xun Xu and Li Chong, and officially named the four parts A, B, C, and D as Jing, Shi, Zi, and Ji.It also refers to the categories of "Qizhi" and "Qilu" to distinguish subcategories.

"Sui Shu·Jing Ji Zhi" is the earliest surviving catalog of historical records in China. It plays a pioneering and guiding role in the history of Chinese bibliography and is an important document for studying ancient Chinese bibliography and examining books in the Middle Ages. During the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, many times of collecting and reorganizing classics were carried out.In the fifth year of Kaiyuan (717), Xuanzong ordered Chu Wuliang to sort out the books in the Qianyuan Hall in Luoyang.He also ordered Ma Huaisu to compile a catalog in the Secretariat Province to continue Wang Jian's "Seven Records".After three years of hard work, the "Si Bu Lu of Qunshu" was compiled in the ninth year of Kaiyuan (721).This catalog has 200 volumes, 2,655 books and 48,169 volumes. It has a general preface, category preface and problem-solving. It is one of the famous official catalogs in my country.Later, after correcting some of these mistakes, Wu Yi added more than 6,000 volumes of books and compiled them into "Gujin Shulu".This catalog is divided into classics, histories, sons, and collections, forty-five, and 3,600 books with 51,852 volumes.The collection of books ended in the Kaiyuan period of Tang Dynasty.Its preface is a very important classical bibliographical document.

The Anshi Rebellion was a turning point in the history of the Tang Empire, and it was also a turning point in the official collection of books in the Tang Dynasty.From 755 to 763 A.D., the eight-year Anshi Rebellion caused the Tang capital Chang'an and Luoyang to be destroyed several times, causing an unprecedented loss of books in the Tang Dynasty. Jane does not hide".Although the successors of the Tang Dynasty tried their best to restore it later, the Suzong and Daizong dynasties still "advocated Confucianism and repeatedly ordered to collect books", and even "purchased a volume of books with thousands of gold", but the effect was not great.When Wenzong searched and visited the posthumous texts, and added them every day, the collection of books was slightly restored.

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the Later Tang, Later Zhou and Southern Tang paid more attention to books.During the Tongguang period (923-925) of Emperor Zhuangzong of the Later Tang Dynasty, he purchased and collected civil books, and stipulated that three hundred volumes of books should be conferred with official titles.During the period of Emperor Shizong of the Later Zhou Dynasty, the society was relatively stable, and the national power was gradually enriched. There was enough energy to collect books. Thirty Confucian scholars were sent to organize and store the collection.Jinling (Nanjing), the capital of the Southern Tang Dynasty, was the economic and cultural center at that time, so it paid more attention to the collection of books.As early as the founding of the Southern Tang Dynasty, tens of thousands of books were collected and stored in Jixian Yuan. Later, through the vigorous collection of Li Houzhu (Li Yu), the collection reached more than 60,000 volumes.

Printing was invented in the Tang Dynasty. After the Five Dynasties, block printing became popular, and the history of Chinese books entered the era of printed books.Since then, there have been very few large-scale bookkeeping tasks.