Chapter 118 Muqam

Mukam, also known as "Makam", is a large-scale song and dance divertimento including songs, instrumental music and dances popular in various parts of Xinjiang. It was very popular as early as the 15th century. Folk musicians It is often performed in various celebrations or weddings and evening parties.In the "Lülu Zhengyi Houbian" compiled during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the titles of "Si Naman", "Selikasi", "Chahan" and "Zhulu" are recorded, which are the same as the titles of Dolang Muqam that are circulated today.The musical instrument drawings recorded and drawn are also the same as the Muqam and accompanying musical instruments that are circulated today.

In 1893, Mullah Ismutura, a scholar in Hetian, Xinjiang, recorded in his book "A Brief History of Artists" the creation of Muqam by seventeen famous artists from the 15th to the 16th centuries.Most of the Muqam titles and instruments used in the book are basically the same as the Muqam that is circulated today.However, like all other arts, it is the general public and many unknown folk artists who really create Muqam art. Uyghur Muqam can generally be divided into three types: Kashgar Muqam, Dolang Muqam and Hami Muqam. Kashgar Muqam is mainly popular in Kashgar, Hotan, Shache, Korla, Yili and other places in Xinjiang. There are twelve sets of Daqu in total, so it is also called "Twelve Muqam". They are: Reke, Qibiat, Mushawirek, Chariduo, Panjiduo, Ozhal, Ejaim, Ushak, Bayat, Nava, Siduo, Yilak.

Kashgar Muqam can be divided into three forms, namely: Qiongnaigema, Twelve Muqam and Ili Muqam. Qiong Nai Ma is an ancient Muqam Daqu, which consists of multi-section classical songs Muqam (scattered sequence), Taizai (reciting classical songs), Taizai Intermezzo (improvisational dance music), Nus Hai (recitative classical songs), Nusihai Intermezzo (improvisational dance music), Kekeselek (reciting classical songs), Keskeselek Intermezzo (improvisational dance music) and folk song and dance music La (march style), Sai Naim (happy song and dance), Joan Selekai (rapid song), Pacino (lyrical dance music), Taikashi (dance music) and finally the reappearance of the theme of Muqam.

Twelve Muqam is the most important form of Muqam.It is based on Qiong Nai Ema, adding Dastan (narrative song, composed of three or four songs, with interludes between songs, the music is beautiful and lyrical) and Mesilep (dance song, composed of three to four songs). Composed of seven songs, there is no interlude between the songs, and the tune is lively and cheerful). Since the part of Qiongnaigema (Daqu) in Yili Muqam has not been well preserved, it forms the performance form of Muqam Scattered Sequence-Dastan-Mexilep, and the musical structure is relatively compact. Dorang Muqam is mainly popular in the Tarim Basin of the Tarim River in Xinjiang.Its musical structure consists of five parts: Muqam Sequence, Cheketman, Sainaim, Sainaix and Seliman.There were originally twelve sets of Dorang Muqam, and nine sets are now in existence. Toute, Mushawirek, Bayat, and Chariduo mostly describe folk hunting life.

Hami Muqam is popular in Hami and Yiwu areas.It also has twelve sets, the names are: Jondor, Urukdor, Mustajat, Chariduo, Hupati, Muxiaweireke, Qibiat, Ozhal, Du Ah, Dolan Muxiaweireke, Yilak, Reke.Each set includes Muqam prologue and more than ten songs. Muqam is usually performed by five or six people, and the instruments used include Satar, Tanbul, Dutar, Rewafu, Aijieke, dulcimer, tambourine and so on. (Basic types of music above)