Chapter 95 Tang Ten Music

Before talking about the "Ten Music" of the Tang Dynasty, we must first talk about the "Seven Music" and "Nine Music" of the Sui Dynasty. In 581 A.D., Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty unified China. While developing the economy, he also vigorously promoted rituals and music, and developed cultural undertakings.In the second year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (582), Yan Zhitui, the servant of the Huangmen, thought that elegant music was too common and used Hu Sheng, so he asked him to rectify it according to Liang's music.Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty disagreed. He believed that Liang Yue was the voice of subjugation.Therefore, he asked Zheng Yi, Niu Hongguo, Xin Yanzhi, He Tuo and others to discuss Zhengle.After several years of trying to get no results, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty said very angrily: "I have been appointed by heaven for seven years, and the Yuefu still plays the merits and virtues of the previous generation?" Ping Chen, won the Song and Qi old music.After hearing this, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty said happily: "This is the Zhengsheng of China." (See "Sui Shu·Music Records") He set up the Qing Commercial Department in Taichang Temple to manage music.

Taichang Temple has departments of Taiyue, Advocacy, and Qingshang, which manage all music matters in the country. They sort out the music handed down from previous generations, as well as the music of ethnic minorities and foreign countries introduced to the Central Plains, and divide them into seven parts. They are : Guoqi, Qingshangju, Goryeo, Tianzhu, Anguo, Qiuci, Wenkang. In Dayezhong (605-618), Emperor Sui Yang changed the "seven parts of music" to "nine parts of music", which are: Qingyue, Xiliang, Qiuci, Tianzhu, Kangguo, Shule, Anguo, Goryeo, Libi (that is, Wenkang Ji) (see "Sui Shu·Music History" for both).

Just as a very healthy person is not afraid of eating rough food, the rulers of the early Tang Dynasty were not afraid that the music left over from Chen and Sui would affect the prosperity of the country, so they continued to use the "Nine Parts of Music" of the Sui Dynasty. According to "Sui Shu·Music Records", "Old Tang Book·Music Records" and "New Tang Book·Ritual and Music Records", the situation of "Nine Music" in the Sui and Tang Dynasties is as follows: Qingyue: At first, it was the "three tunes of Qing and Shang Dynasties" since the Han and Wei Dynasties.During Wu Zetian's time, there were still sixty-three songs, and later only thirty-seven songs remained.The musical instruments used in the Tang Dynasty included one bell, one chime, one qin, one sanxianqin, one percussion instrument, one se, one Qin pipa, one lying konghou, one building, one zither, one festival drum, two sheng, and two flutes. , Xiao Er, Chi Er, Ye Er and two singers.

Xiliang Music: Xiliang is the land of Liangzhou (now in Wuwei, Gansu Province), and it was formed according to the sound of Liangzhou's time-changing Kucha by Lvguang in Houliang and Juqu Mengxun in Beiliang.During the Northern Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties, it was used as national music, and the quxiang pipa and vertical konghou used were not musical instruments from the Central Plains.Its songs include "Eternal Music", "Wan Shifeng" as its solution, and "Khotan Buddha Song" as its dance music.The musical instruments used include bell, chime, playing zither, zither, lying harp, vertical harp, pipa, five strings, sheng, xiao, big harp, vertical small harp, horizontal flute, waist drum, Qi drum, drum, cymbals, shellfish Wait for nineteen kinds.

Kucha music: Kucha music is the most developed in Kuqa, Xinjiang today.In the Sui Dynasty, there were three kinds of Kucha in the Western Kingdom, Kucha in the Qi Dynasty, and Turkucha in the Qi Dynasty, and they were very popular among princes, nobles and relatives as well as among the people.At that time, there were Cao Miaoda, Wang Changtong, Li Shiheng, Guo Jinle, An Jingui and other famous musicians who were good at Kucha music. It also played a role in fueling the flames.Its songs include "Shanshan Mani", its interpretations include "Pojiaer", and its dance songs include "Xiaotian" and "Shuleyan".Fifteen kinds of musical instruments are used, such as vertical harp, pipa, five strings, sheng, flute, xiao, 筚篥, Maoyuan drum, Dutan drum, Dala drum, waist drum, Jie drum, chicken drum, copper cymbals, and shellfish.

Tianzhu music: Tianzhu is now India.Its music was transmitted to China after four translations from Liangzhou and other places.Its songs include "Sandstone Border", and its dance music includes "Tianle".There are nine kinds of musical instruments used: phoenix-headed harp, pipa, five strings, flute, bronze drum, Maoyuan drum, Dutan drum, copper cymbals, and shellfish. Kang Guole: Kang Guo is in present-day Masar Khan of Central Asia.The emperor of the Northern Zhou Dynasty often hired Beidi women as queens, so he got the Xirong music brought by them.His songs include "Ji Dian Nong He Zheng", and his dance songs include "Helan Bo Bi Shi", "Mo Xi Bo Di", "Nong Hui Bi Bo Shi", "Qian Ba ​​Di Hui Di" and other four pieces.There are four kinds of musical instruments used: flute, Zhenggu, Jiagu and copper cymbals.

Shule music: Shule is now Shule, Xinjiang.Together with Anguole and Gaolile, they all originated from the time when the Later Wei Dynasty communicated with the Western Regions.Its songs include "Kang De Shi Let Le", dance music "Yuanfu", and interpretation music "Jianqu".There are ten kinds of musical instruments used, including vertical harp, pipa, five strings, flute, xiao, 筚篥, Dala drum, waist drum, Jie drum, and chicken drum. Anguole: Anguo is located in Bukhara, Central Asia.His songs include "Fu Sa Dan Shi", the dance music "Mo Xi", and the interpretation music "Ju He Zhi".There are ten kinds of musical instruments used, including harp, pipa, five-stringed strings, flute, flute, 筚篥, king drum, harmony drum, and copper cymbals.

Goryeo: Goryeo is now North Korea.Its songs include "Zhi Qi", and its dance music includes "Ge Zhi Qi".There are fourteen kinds of musical instruments used, including zither, lying harp, vertical harp, pipa, five strings, flute, sheng, xiao, small harp, peach skin harp, waist drum, Qidan drum, and shellfish. Libi: It is the "Wenkang Opera" in the "Qibu Music" of the Sui Dynasty. After the death of the Taiwei Gengliang in the Jin Dynasty, his family artificers remembered him and made a mask that looked like him, and let the dancers wear it. Mimic his movements.After Geng Liang's death, he was posthumously named "Wenkang" (see "Book of Jin Geng Liang Biography"), so the house performers named this song and dance "Wenkang".When Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty set the "Nine Parts of Music", he put it at the end and renamed it "Li Bi".Its music includes "Danjiaolu", and its dance music includes "Scattered Flowers".There are seven kinds of musical instruments used: flute, sheng, xiao, chi, bell pan, pan drum, and waist drum.

In the sixteenth year of Zhenguan (642), when Emperor Taizong pacified Gaochang, Gaochang music was paid too often, and "nine parts of music" became "ten parts of music".At the same time, "Li Bi" was removed, and "Yan Yue" was created, which is still ten.These ten pieces of music are "generally called Yanyue" (Guo Maoqian Volume 79 "Modern Songs Preface").According to "Old Tang Book·Music Records", Gao Changle used Dala drums, waist drums, chicken drums, Jie drums, Xiao, Hengdi, 筚篥, pipa, five-stringed pipa, copper horns, and konghou.

Yanle was created by Zhang Wenshou during Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty.Later, it was included in "Zitbu Ji", and we will introduce it later. Judging from the "Seven Music", "Nine Music" and "Ten Music" in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.The music of the Tang Dynasty was greatly influenced by foreign music and ethnic minority music. Except for the music of the Central Plains in the "Qing and Shang Dynasty", almost all other music clubs were foreign and ethnic minority music. Among them, Qiuci music and Xiliang music It had a great influence on the music of the Tang Dynasty.According to the "Old Tang Book·Music History": "Since the Zhou and Sui Dynasty, there have been hundreds of orchestral and miscellaneous songs, most of which are Xiliang music, and most of the drum songs are Qiuci music."