Chapter 29 Don't get angry, don't get angry

The Master said: "If you don't get angry, don't open up, if you don't complain, don't express. If you take one corner and don't use three corners to counter it, then there will be no more." ——"The Analects of Confucius" (excerpt) On the morning of September 9, 2005, on the occasion of the 21st Teacher's Day, when Premier Wen Jiabao met with teacher representatives in the Great Hall of the People, he quoted Confucius' words "Don't get angry, don't get angry, don't get angry" to express hope to the teacher representatives, I hope that everyone will implement heuristic education in teaching work, take students as the center of teaching, keep students active in the whole process of learning, and cultivate students' ability to think independently and innovatively.

Confucius's "Don't be angry, don't enlighten, don't be angry, don't send out" means: To educate a student, don't enlighten him until he thinks hard but still can't understand; don't enlighten him until he wants to say but can't say it Do not enlighten him.Zhu Xi, an agent scholar of the Song Dynasty, explained: "An angry person is the appearance of seeking understanding but fails to get it; a sulky person is the appearance of wanting to speak but not being able to. Enlightenment means to open up the meaning; sending out means expressing the words." Use today In other words, "anger" is the ambivalence of students when they are actively thinking about a certain problem, eager to solve it but have difficulties.At this time, teachers should give timely guidance to students on how to think about problems to help students open their minds, which is "enlightenment". "Full" is another kind of ambivalence in which students have been thinking about a certain issue for a while, but they have not yet considered it maturely.At this time, the teacher should help the students to clarify their thinking, and then express it in a more accurate language, which is "fa".How to inspire?Confucius put forward the idea of ​​"example". "Exemplify" is to give an example or to cite an aspect of a thing.Zhu Xi’s explanation of “juyu” is: “Those who have four corners in a thing, you can know three of them.” It is worth noting that the “no return” mentioned by Confucius is to emphasize the temporary cessation of the teacher’s activities, not the Say "get out of class is over" and stop students' learning activities, but create opportunities for students to think independently and introspect, to think about it, to explore, to understand the teaching content from a deeper and wider range, and to achieve meaningful speech Effect. "Never again" emphasizes that teachers' teaching behaviors should be measured, and enough is enough.

This sentence is the origin of the word "enlightenment" and the idiom "inference from one instance to other cases", and it is an important famous saying of Confucius on heuristic teaching, which has a profound influence on later generations.Einstein once said: "Posting a problem is often more important than solving a problem. Because solving a problem may only be a mathematical or experimental skill, and raising new problems, new possibilities, and starting from new Looking at the old problems from the perspective requires creative imagination, and it marks the real progress of science." The idea of ​​heuristic teaching is to require students to "learn knowledge, interrogate, think carefully, discern clearly, and practice earnestly". "Book of Rites·Xue Ji" once said: "A gentleman not only knows how to teach, but also knows how to abolish it, and then he can be a teacher. Therefore, the teaching of a gentleman is also a metaphor. The way is not restrained, strong but not suppressed, Kaier Fuda." It means that a gentleman should not only understand the experience of teaching success, but also understand the reasons for teaching failure, so that he can be a good teacher.When teaching students, teachers should use metaphors to inspire and induce.The induction of students should not lead students away, strictly require students but not make students feel depressed, and inspire students to think but not directly tell students the answer.Heuristic teaching thought is an important part of our traditional culture.It is recorded in the book that Confucius often uses various methods such as discussion, questioning, and metaphors to inspire, induce and demand students.The rational use of these methods has enabled Confucius’ teaching method of inspiration and induction, which not only mobilizes the enthusiasm of students to actively think about problems, but also avoids the disadvantages of simply and abstractly telling students the answers .

Premier Wen Jiabao attaches great importance to the idea of ​​heuristic education. On May 4, 2006, Premier Wen made a special trip to Beijing Normal University to visit young students.On the issue of heuristic education, Premier Wen told everyone: Heuristic education was invented by Confucius, not by Socrates.Confucius was 82 years earlier than Socrates, and it was Confucius who put forward the educational concept of "no anger, no enlightenment, no anger, no anger".Premier Wen further expressed his hope to the vast number of young students, hoping that their future teachers will not only teach students to use their brains, but also learn to do it; not only to teach students to know, but also to teach students to act.