Chapter 8 Two Poems with Master Guo (Part 2)

Heze Wednesday is Spring, and Qingliang Suqiu Festival.Lu Ning has no atmosphere, and the sky is high and solemn.Mausoleum towers over Yifeng, and it is amazing to look at from a distance.Fangju opens Linyao, and green pines crown rocks.With this chastity and beauty, Zhuo is the best under the frost.The cup of wine reads the lonely person, and the formula of caressing you for thousands of years.If you don't get the development of the inspection element, you will be tired of it for a good month. The two capitals of "He Guozhu Book" were both written in the same year. The former one is about Xia Jing, and the second one is about autumn scenery.It is a pioneering feature of this poem that it is able to find a new way to write about autumn scenery, contrary to the tradition of the predecessors who killed the desolate and sad autumn, but appreciates its clarity, elegance, splendor and splendor.In the ancient poems and Fu, it is written that the autumn scenery kills the sadness, and Song Yu's "Nine Debates" is the first to start: "Sorrowful, autumn is the breath! The grass and trees shake down and decay." Afterwards, the autumn scenery and sorrow have formed endlessly. The fate of solution, such as "Autumn Wind Song" by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, "Ancient Songs" of the Han Dynasty (Autumn Wind Xiao Xiaochou kills people), Cao Pi's "Yan Ge Xing", Mi Heng's "Parrot Fu", Cao Zhi's "Gift to Ding Yi", " Gift to White Mabia", "Ode to Yousi", Wang Can's "Ode to the Tower", Ruan Ji's "Yong Huai" (opening the cool air of autumn), Pan Yue's "Ode to Autumn", Zhang Xie's "Miscellaneous Poems" (cool wind in autumn night) etc., or touch the autumn scenery to feel sad, or use the autumn scenery to express sorrow, most of them have not jumped out of Song Yu's sad autumn pattern.However, the autumn scene in Tao Yuanming's poem is quite different and unique.The first sentence does not write about autumn scenery, but writes about the amount of spring rain, saying that the combined rain (Heze) this spring has been continuous, covering the entire spring and March.On the one hand, this is the continuation of Zhong's "Xing" technique. On the other hand, the comparison between the rainy spring and the cool autumn makes people feel that the delicate and wonderful autumn scenery described below is much better than the spring scenery.The following is a detailed description of the coolness and elegance of the autumn landscape: the dew condenses into a white frost, and there is no trace of haze in the sky (you atmosphere), so the sky is refreshing, especially fresh and clear.Looking at the undulating hills and hills from a distance, the peaks are flying and towering, all of which are beautiful and amazing; looking at the chrysanthemums in full bloom in the forest, they are dazzling and fragrant; the green pines on the rocks are arranged in rows and stand tall.The harsh autumn air makes all the flowers wither and wither, but the chrysanthemums bloom in full bloom in the face of the frost, showing their unique splendor; the chilling autumn wind shakes all trees down and decays, but only the pines grow luxuriantly and green after the cold.No wonder the poet can't help thinking of the steadfast and beautiful heroic figure of the pine and chrysanthemum, admiring its extraordinary style, and calling it the master under the frost!

Another notable feature of this poem is that he is good at using metaphors and symbols in the realism of scenery to embody strong subjective emotions.The poet raises a glass to the chrysanthemum and drinks wine. From the wonder of Yifeng and the chastity of Songju, he naturally associates and misses those ancient masters who are quite similar to Yifeng and Songju. Hermits (Youren), they have been adhering to (fu) Songju (Er)'s proud secrets for thousands of years, and their integrity is really admirable.Here, praising the integrity of admiring the "youren" also contains the self-examination and self-strengthening of the poet's inner character.However, this is only one aspect of the poet's inner world; on the other hand, it is "strong and powerful when young, traveling alone with a sword" ("Bigu" No. 8); fifth); the grand ambition of "may help the common people" ("Gan Shi Bu Yu Fu"). The second part of "Miscellaneous Poems" was written around the age of fifty, but he still lamented: "The sun and the moon throw people away, and if you have ambitions, you will not be able to achieve it." You can't do evil", praised "Xing Tianwu is a relative, and his ambition is always there", and "Ode to Jingke" also sang: "Although he is gone, there is still love for thousands of years." Not forgetting the reality of love; while yearning for the seclusion of "Youren", there is always a torrent of unfulfilled ambition and grief in his heart.This ambivalence of source and possession is reflected in this poem, forcing the last two sentences: The poet checks that he has always had ambitions but has not been able to display them. Under the bright autumn moon, he can't help but always feel bored.Admiring "youren" is exactly a kind of self-strengthening of "individual kindness" after the ambition of "Jianji" has "not been developed"; Sometimes showing injustice: This is different from "Youren".

It can be seen that writing about the coolness and clarity of autumn scenery symbolizes the innocence and purity of Youren and the poet; Youren and poets are different from popular morals.From the perspective of external connection, it is completely logical to remember Youren with the autumn scenery, and to reflect on oneself from Youren; All of them symbolize the various qualities and morals of the "youren", and all of them embody the poet's aesthetic subjective consciousness.And in the spiritual quality of Youren, it also reflects the spiritual quality of the poet; but the sigh of "you have no way to express", is different from the kind of "Youren" who is full of tranquility.

Using pine and chrysanthemum as a metaphor to describe people or to use pine and chrysanthemum as images to describe scenes has long existed in predecessors. "The Analects of Confucius Zihan": "When the year is cold, you will know that the pines and cypresses will wither." But this is just purely metaphorical reasoning.Qu Yuan's "Li Sao" has "Evening Meal of Autumn Chrysanthemums and Falling Flowers". Although there is a symbol, it is only an imaginary metaphor in the lyric, not a realistic scene.In Cao Zhi's "Ode to the God of Luo", "glory of autumn chrysanthemums and luxuriant spring pines" uses chrysanthemums and pine to describe the radiance of Luoshen's face. The comparison is only in appearance rather than inner quality, and it is still not a realistic scene.Zuo Si's "Zhaoyin" has "autumn chrysanthemums and grains, and orchids are heavy." It is the same in nature as the two sentences "eating autumn chrysanthemums falling at night" and "Ren Qiulan thinks of admiration" in "Li Sao".The "Yuyu Jiandi pine" in his "Ode to History" refers to the depression of talented people from poor families, and it is not realistic.As for Zhong Hui and Sun Chu's "Chrysanthemum Fu", although it describes the scenery, it has no profound symbolic meaning.It was Tao Yuanming who really skillfully integrated the realism of scenery with the symbolic nature of Bixing.Su Shi commented on Tao Yun: "Only with a great rate can have a high meaning and a far-reaching meaning, so that it can be embodied in a wonderful way, and the choice of words is so precise that it can be like this. It is like a master craftsman transporting a catty, and there is no trace of the ax chisel." (quoted in Lengzhai Poetry Talk) Read This poem, I know that Su Ping is indeed not beautiful.