Chapter 3 "Miscellaneous Copy of Literature and History" - (1-10)

(one) Almost all the great thinkers in the history of philosophy put forward a central topic (moral principles), that is, the task of philosophy is to enable people to have the power (rationality) to change external oppression and internal impulse.This is the ego in Kant, the subjective freedom in Hegel, the power of reason in Spinoza, the domination of the origin of restraint in Diderot, love and temperance in Feuerbach—the different forms of power of reason, Improve the human soul, transcend reality and move towards a nobler realm.Their value lies here. The Wumenglou (Zhongxiao) case: Kant was an exception, he doubted the power itself.

(two) The specific principle of philosophy should be a meaningful understanding of natural forces or spiritual forces.It empowers man to exercise his heart and develop his spirit, so that the real man, the man worthy of the name, is accomplished as a spiritual entity. Wumenglou (Zhongxiao) case: If the material life improves, but the heart is empty and the spirit shrinks, then the spirit is not enough to feed the body, and it will inevitably become indulgence and madness. (three) In the face of the power of Hegel's concepts, any logical thinking is weak and empty, and any rationality is rigid and dry. Only perceptual language does not lose its vividness and vividness, and moral aphorisms still have a certain value in life. and speculative forms, for the moral aphorism itself is at the same time a particular.

(Four) Understanding philosophy requires a certain ability to think abstractly.And the general nature of newspapers is: constant readiness for battle, passionate concern for sensational current issues that urgently need coverage. (Fives) A purely formal category can be applied to denote many very different things.Therefore, people sometimes do not know that the opinions they attack are the same as the opinions they insist on, and their mutual attacks, whether they make enemies outside the door or in the military room, are really due to empty and literal differences.For example, the immediate knowledge of faith says that the subjective intuition of the personality of God establishes belief and conviction in the intuition of the personality which is universal in itself.Subjective speakers think that on the basis of indirect knowledge, that is, limited knowledge (intellect), it is impossible to find God (expression within infinity).Faith or immediate knowledge, also known elsewhere as inspiration or inner revelation, truth (conscience?), man's health or common sense given to man by God.All these forms share the same basic principle of the direct presentation of a truth to consciousness.

Wumenglou (Zhongxiao) case: The doctrine of direct belief does not mean denying facts and ideas (truth), but taking them as something to arouse and promote belief, rather than as itself. (six) Abstract thinking always contradicts current real problems.Just like the contradiction between necessity and chance, essence and appearance.A great thinker is not understood until many years after his death, because the eyes of his contemporaries are always blocked by the chaos of present reality and the iron walls of prejudice. (seven) Eternity - the negation of present reality, and reality - the negation of historical eternity.From a realistic point of view, there are only temporary things, not eternal things.

(Eight) Human beings create history, and human actions and struggles constitute the content of historical development.The path of history is not predetermined, it is not a priori path, but rather it is the result of past human actions and the beginning of future human actions.It counts wherever you go, -- the experimentalist view of history.For quite a long time, people have been using superstition to explain history, but we should use history to explain superstition and deny superstition.As a reasonable and ethical explanation of the highest purpose of life, it is the work and responsibility of moral philosophy today, and it is also the morality and militancy of historical philosophy.

(Nine) History is sentimental, not impermanence, just as history is ruthless, not karma.For the world is not a court, but a place to live.Necessity can rest. History does nothing, it does not possess any infinite richness, it does not fight any battles!It is not history (conceptual, abstract history) that does all this, owns it, and fights for it, but it is man, real, living man. History is not some particular personality that uses man as a means to an end.History is nothing but the activity of men pursuing their own ends. (ten) The simplest premise emphasized by the mechanists would not, by itself, be repeated a thousand times enough for us to know anything that exists.Because of understanding, we must first affirm the spiritual power of the thinker, which is externally manifested as independent thinking and creative labor, and its results are original insights and works of scientific value. here.